Hasil untuk "Forestry"

Ruijia Wang, Hongda Guo, Tao Zhang et al.

ABSTRACT Fixation of CO2 through photocatalytic cycloaddition with epoxides to synthesize cyclic carbonates is an important but challenging process. In this work, carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from gallic acid and polyethylenimine are used for the efficient catalytic cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides in the absence of any solvent, additives, and halides, and importantly upon irradiation by natural sunlight. Specifically, carbon dots generated thermal energy and electrons upon solar irradiation, which together with their surface N‐sites activated the inert CO2. Meanwhile, epoxides were activated by the surface hydroxyl and carboxylic groups of the carbon dots, which reacted with activated CO2 at solar thermal‐induced high temperatures. The CDs shows excellent stability and recyclability during the catalysis. A 1000 mmol scale reaction for cyclic carbonate synthesis performed well upon irradiation with natural sunlight in the presence of CDs, showing great potential for the industrial application due to the simple, mild, and energy‐saving process.

Changlian Wu, Huang Li, Qingxiu Lin et al.

One of the main factors constraining the growth of the tea business is the low use rate of summer tea. To enhance the utilization rate and improve the quality of summer tea, this study innovatively integrated shaking, freezing, and rolling into the traditional processing methods of white tea. Processing parameters were optimized through single-factor experiments combined with an L₉(3⁴) orthogonal experimental design. The quality of summer teas was systematically evaluated using sensory analysis, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. This study found that the optimal processing for summer tea was as follows: fresh leaves, room-temperature cold-air withering for 6.5 h, shaking at 10 rpm for 10 min, −20 °C freezing for 5 h, 25% strength rolling for 9 min, and drying at 75 °C for 2 h. The relative content of esterified catechins in summer tea produced by the optimal processing method was reduced by 14.62% compared with the control group. There were alterations in the content of amino acid components, with fresh and sweet amino acids increasing by 4.96% and 2.95%, respectively, and bitter amino acids reducing by 2.15%. Furthermore, γ-aminobutyric acid and L-theanine contents increased by 0.51% and 5.77%, respectively. Five characteristic volatile compounds were identified, namely, methyl salicylate, phenethyl formate, linalool, dimethyl sulfide, and isobutyraldehyde. The volatile profile was dominated by floral and fruity notes, except for dimethyl sulfide, which exhibited a distinct cooked corn-like aroma characteristic. This process was shown to improve the quality of summer tea. The results of this study provide a metabolite-level grounds for improving the quality of summer tea.

Pratik Ojha, Radha Kandel

ABSTRACT Canopy structure plays a critical role in regulating forest regeneration and soil nutrient dynamics, yet its specific effects remain insufficiently understood in the subtropical forests of Nepal. This study investigates the impact of canopy openness on forest regeneration and soil nutrients in six Shorea robusta‐dominated mixed community forests within the Chure region of Makawanpur District, Nepal. A total of 90 sample plots for regeneration assessment and 45 soil samples were systematically distributed across three canopy classes—dense (70%–100%), moderate (40%–70%), and open (10%–40%) to evaluate seedling and sapling density, species diversity, and key soil nutrients (N, P, K, SOM, and SOC). The results revealed a distinct trade‐off between regeneration density and species diversity. Seedling density was significantly higher in open canopies, following a clear gradient (open > moderate > dense, p < 0.001), whereas sapling density showed no significant difference among canopy classes. In contrast, biodiversity indices (Shannon–Wiener, Simpson's, and equitability) were consistently highest in dense canopies for both seedlings and saplings. Canopy openness also had a strong influence on soil fertility: soil organic matter (SOM), soil organic carbon (SOC), and total nitrogen (N) were all significantly higher in open canopies, supported by positive Spearman correlations (e.g., SOM, ρ = 0.51). Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels were unaffected. These findings highlight a trade‐off between regeneration density and diversity, emphasizing the importance of balanced canopy management to sustain both species diversity and soil fertility. The study provides valuable ecological insights for optimizing canopy interventions and promoting sustainable forest management in Nepal's community forests.

郭俊宏(GUO Junhong), 李丹青(LI Danqing), 王琪瑶(WANG Qiyao) et al.

The underground-bud plants, namely, the geophytes, constitute an important category in bud classification of plants. These plants include a significant number of ornamental flowers. These plants adapt to cold and other unfavorable environments through the dormancy of buds (including persistent organs) that are partially or fully covered beneath the surface of the growth substrate. Therefore, the regulatory mechanism of underground-bud dormancy is a crucial aspect in the research field of ornamental flowers. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the research findings on the physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in the induction, maintenance, and release of endodormancy in underground-bud ornamental flowers over the past decade or more. They covered external environmental factors such as light and temperature, as well as internal factors such as hormone metabolism, carbohydrate conversion, reactive oxygen species clearance, secondary metabolism, epigenetics, and intercellular communication via symplast. Subsequently, a comparison of various research findings and experimental methods was conducted between underground-bud ornamental flowers and Poplar spp., which is the model plant for bud dormancy research. Finally, we analyzed the bud-dormancy research characteristics of two important categories in underground-bud ornamental flowers (perennial flowers and bulbous flowers). This review helps to comprehensively understand the latest research progress of the underground-bud dormancy research in landscape plant and ornamental horticulture field and can provide systematic theoretical support for flower cultivation and production. . 地下芽植物是植物芽位分类中的一个重要类别，许多观赏花卉属于地下芽植物。它们通过全部或部分覆盖于生长基质表面之下的芽或延存器官的休眠来适应寒冷等不利环境。因此，地下芽休眠的调控机制是观赏花卉研究领域里的重要内容。本文系统综述了过去十余年间地下芽观赏花卉的生理休眠诱导、维持和解除过程中的生理和分子调控机制研究结果，涉及光、温等外部环境因素和激素代谢、碳水化合物转换、活性氧清除、次生代谢、表观遗传、共质体胞间运输等内在因素。随后，将地下芽观赏花卉与芽休眠研究的模式植物杨树的研究结果和实验方法进行比较，并分析了地下芽观赏花卉中的2类重要植物（宿根花卉和球根花卉）的芽休眠特征。本文有助于园林植物与观赏园艺界全面了解地下芽休眠的最新研究进展，也可为花卉栽培和生产实践提供系统的理论支持。

Sun Caowen, Xu Run, Guo Xuchen et al.

Abstract Cyclocarya paliurus, endemic to the subtropical regions of southern China, holds significant potential as a health product, with its leaf-derived secondary metabolites commanding considerable value. This study aimed to investigate the secondary metabolites associated with graft success in C. paliurus by selecting three clones and three provenances as grafting scions and rootstocks. The survival rates of various graft combinations were meticulously recorded. Targeted metabolic profiling of the graft union was employed to analyze the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways in both compatible and incompatible graft combinations. The results indicate that phenylpropanoids preferentially accumulate in compatible graft unions, while flavonoids are more abundant in incompatible unions. In the grafted seedlings of C. paliurus, ferulic acid, glycitein, dihydromyricetin, pinocembrin, and apigenin exhibited distinct accumulation patterns. These findings revealed the regulatory patterns within the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway for predicting graft success in C. paliurus. The insights are valuable for the optimization of C. paliurus grafting practices and for future breeding programs aimed at enhancing the species’ horticultural and economic potential.

Yi Zhang, Yuling Chen, Bohua Liao

The ongoing advancements in synthetic biology, employing either “bottom-up” or “top-down” approaches to construct synthetic life, are generating significant interest. However, the broad application of these scientific practices remains fraught with ethical controversies. Thus, investigating the intrinsic value associated with synthetic life is crucial for determining whether and how synthetic life should be constructed and utilized. This study draws upon and extends Ronald Sandler’s theory of intrinsic value, analyzing the intrinsic subjective value of synthetic life from the perspectives of ecocentrism, human culture, and the structural properties of synthetic life itself. It examines the intrinsic objective value of synthetic life based on its natural purposes. Additionally, the study explores the inherent worth of synthetic life from three angles: biology, subjectivity, and relationships with human beings. We conclude that the intrinsic value of synthetic life increases sequentially from synthetic microorganisms to synthetic plants, synthetic invertebrates, synthetic vertebrates, and synthetic humans. All forms of synthetic life possess intrinsic subjective and objective value. However, only synthetic life above the grade of synthetic microorganisms has inherent worth; thus, humans have moral obligations towards them.

Guozhe Zhang, Cuihua Gu, Yacheng Ye et al.

Heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) are among the most important regulators of plant responses to abiotic stimuli. They play a key role in numerous transcriptional regulatory processes. However, the specific characteristics of HSF gene family members and their expression patterns in different tissues and under drought stress have not been precisely investigated in <i>Heimia myrtifolia</i>. This study analyzed transcriptome data from <i>H. myrtifolia</i> and identified 15 members of the HSF family. Using a phylogenetic tree, these members were classified into three major classes and fifteen groups. The amino acid physicochemical properties of these members were also investigated. The results showed that all <i>HmHSF</i> genes are located in the nucleus, and multiple sequence alignment analysis revealed that all HmHSF proteins have the most conserved DBD structural domains. Interestingly, a special HmHSF15 protein was found in the three-dimensional structure of the protein, which has a conserved structural domain that performs a function in addition to the unique structural domain of HSF proteins, resulting in a three-dimensional structure for HmHSF15 that is different from other HmHSF proteins. GO enrichment analysis shows that most <i>HmHSFA</i>-like genes are part of various biological processes associated with abiotic stresses. Finally, this study analyzed the tissue specificity of <i>HmHSF</i> genes in different parts of <i>H. myrtifolia</i> by qRT-PCR and found that <i>HmHSF</i> genes were more abundantly expressed in roots than in other tissues, and <i>HmHSF05</i>, <i>HmHSF12</i>, and <i>HmHSF14</i> genes were different from other <i>HSF</i> genes, which could be further analyzed to verify their functionality. The results provide a basis for analyzing the functions of <i>HmHSF</i> genes in <i>H. myrtifolia</i> and help to explore the molecular regulatory mechanism of <i>HmHSF</i> in response to drought stress.

Neelam Kumari, Ashok K. Thakur, N.S. Kaith

Blackgram (Vigna mungo) is an important pulse widely consumed in India. Area and production under this crop are declining in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh due to non-adoption of improved varieties and recommended practices. Krishi Vigyan Kendra Shimla conducted cluster frontline demonstrations on blackgram with an objective to demonstrate and popularize the improved technologies on farmers’ fields for effective transfer and fill the gap between recommended practices and farmers’ practices. Frontline demonstrations on blackgram during Kharif season were studied for four years (Kharif 2016-17, Kharif 2017-18, Kharif 2018-19 and Kharif 2019-20) in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh. Data revealed that there was a wide yield gap between the potential and demonstration yields mainly due ineffective transfer of technology. Increase in blackgram yield over farmers practice ranged from 7.22 to 54.84%over four years. Improved technology package has also improved the profitability of blackgram crop in terms of gross and net returns besides enhanced benefit cost ratio ranging from 1.62 to 2.68. The technology index in blackgram (13.20 to 36.00%) has revealed that demonstrated improved crop technology is feasible under prevailing farming situations in Shimla district of Himachal Pradesh, but there is urgent need to aware the farmers to adopt the technologically feasible and economically viable farm technologies.

Zhigang Zheng, Xiaoming Yang, Yaping Fu et al.

Because of the long and unpredictable flowering period in bamboo, the molecular mechanism of bamboo flowering is unclear. Recent study showed that Arabidopsis PIN1-type parvulin 1 (Pin1At) is an important floral activator and regulates floral transition by facilitating the cis/trans isomerization of the phosphorylated Ser/Thr residues preceding proline motifs in suppressor of overexpression of CO 1 (SOC1) and agamous-like 24 (AGL24). Whether bamboo has a Pin1 homolog and whether it works in bamboo flowering are still unknown. In this study, we cloned PvPin1, a homolog of Pin1At, from Phyllostachys violascens (Bambusoideae). Bioinformatics analysis showed that PvPin1 is closely related to Pin1-like proteins in monocots. PvPin1 was widely expressed in all tested bamboo tissues, with the highest expression in young leaf and lowest in floral bud. Moreover, PvPin1 expression was high in leaves before bamboo flowering then declined during flower development. Overexpression of PvPin1 significantly delayed flowering time by downregulating SOC1 and AGL24 expression in Arabidopsis under greenhouse conditions and conferred a significantly late flowering phenotype by upregulating OsMADS56 in rice under field conditions. PvPin1 showed subcellular localization in both the nucleus and cytolemma. The 1500-bp sequence of the PvPin1 promoter was cloned, and cis-acting element prediction showed that ABRE and TGACG-motif elements, which responded to abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), respectively, were characteristic of P. violascens in comparison with Arabidopsis. On promoter activity analysis, exogenous ABA and MeJA could significantly inhibit PvPin1 expression. These findings suggested that PvPin1 may be a repressor in flowering, and its delay of flowering time could be regulated by ABA and MeJA in bamboo.

Yorleny Badilla, Aloisio Xavier, Olman Murillo Gamboa

ABSTRACT The study aimed to evaluate the influence of storage length on Tectona grandis mini-cuttings survival and rooting. A factorial arrangement (4 x 7) was utilized, based on four clones (Carapá, Ipê, GU5 and TB7) and seven time intervals from mini-cuttings harvesting until final sowing (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 hours). A randomized block design with three replicates and 16 mini-cuttings per experimental unit was utilized. Survival and rooting rates were evaluated after greenhouse culture (30 days after sowing) and after shadow house culture (40 days after sowing); as well as height, collar diameter, aerial and root biomass 55 days after sowing. No significant differences were observed in survival and rooting rates among time intervals in teak mini-cuttings preparation from these four clones. However differences among clones were registered for rooting rate, suggesting a genotypic effect. Survival and rooting rates were very high after greenhouse culture (93% and 90% respectively), as well as survival after culture in a shadow-house (88%).

Kadri Cemil Akyüz, İbrahim Yıldırım, İlker Akyüz et al.

Firmaların rekabet ortamlarında ayaktakalabilmeleri ve geleceğe yönelik doğru kararlar verebilmeleri finansal anlamdabaşarılı olmaları ile yakından ilişkilidir. Finansal başarı ya dabaşarısızlıklar finansal analizlerle ölçülmekte, yöneticilere ve yatırımcılarayön verebilmekte ve önceden tedbir almalarını sağlamaktadır. Oran analizi buamaçla kullanılan yöntemlerden biridir. Bu çalışmada 2015 yılı verileriyardımıyla Borsa İstanbul’da (BİST) işlem gören kâğıt ve kâğıt ürünleri sanayiişletmelerinin finansal başarısızlıklarının ölçülmesinde kullanılabilecekoranların belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İlk aşamada işletmelerin başarılı olupolmadığının belirlenmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılan Altman Z-skor testikullanılmıştır. Daha sonra 23 adet finansal oran istatistiksel analizlerledeğerlendirilmiş ve finansal gruplandırmada anlamlı olanlar belirlenmiştir.Çalışmada 7 adet finansal oranın sınıflandırma amacıyla kullanılabileceği ve sınıflandırmabaşarısının yaklaşık %94 olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Jouni Partanen, Risto Häkkinen, Heikki Hänninen

Mohammad Matinizadeh, مصطفی خوشنویس, نگین آرمند et al.

Mycorrhizal fungi are essential components of sustainable soil–plant systems and have a main role in sustainable forestry. The present study was carried out to investigate the evaluating status of mycorrhizal symbiosis, activities of acid and alkaline phosphatase and some nutrients (phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium) in rhizosphere of Lonicera nummulariifolia located in Chahartagh Ardal habitat in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province. For this purpose, roots of five trees of L. nummulariifoli and soils around them were sampled in spring and autumn. The results showed that Lonicera is an incredible symbiosis since the percentage of colonization was 90.2 and 80.6 in spring and autumn, respectively. The activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase also was 240.59 and 392.85 in spring and 146.48 and 295 (ρNP) in autumn, respectively. All measured elements had higher values in spring than autumn. Correlation was significant between soil phosphatases with total nitrogen and organic matter in spring and alkaline phosphatase with total nitrogen in autumn. High level of AMF colonization and acid phosphatase activity in spring may be due to good conditions of soil and growing of root hairs are in the early growing season. With regard to the microbial origin of alkaline phosphatase, increasing this enzyme in spring illustrated increasing the quality and quantity of microorganisms and mineralization of organic matter and rising nutrients. In general, impressive percentage of mycorrhizal colonization in L. nummulariifolia indicates dependency of this species to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Therefore, the role of these fungi in planting with this species, especially in destruction habitats, is vital.

Eduardo Luiz LONGUI, Israel Luiz de LIMA, Osny Tadeu de AGUIAR et al.

We investigated wood samples of five Anadenanthera colubrina trees, aiming to study radial variation of anatomy and basic density. The trees were cut from “lote 5 do Rodoanel trecho sul” in Embu municipality, State of São Paulo, where vegetation is classified as Montane Ombrophilous Dense Forest and climate is classified as Cwa. We cut discs from the diameter at breast height ‒ DBH, and then cut samples from pith-to-bark to anatomical and basic density analysis. The results suggest that Anadenanthera colubrina has a very common anatomical and basic density radial variation pattern from pith-to-bark between hardwoods with an increase in vessel diameter favoring hydraulic conductivity, fiber wall thickness and length, ray height and width, and basic density. While the negative relationship between vessel diameter and frequency is well reported for many species, it has not been observed in A. colubrina because vessel frequency oscillates radially. This typical radial pattern also occurs in other native species in planting conditions, already demonstrated by our group in other studies, obviously with some changes depending on species. Investigamos amostras de madeira de cinco árvores de Anadenanthera colubrina objetivando estudar a variação radial da anatomia e densidade básica. As árvores foram cortadas no lote 5 do Rodoanel trecho sul, no município de Embu, com a vegetação de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana e clima do tipo Cwa. Cortamos discos à altura do peito ‒ DAP e destes obtivemos amostras radiais da medula para a casca, destas preparamos amostras para a determinação anatômica e da densidade básica. Os resultados sugerem que Anadenanthera colubrina apresenta um padrão radial de variação bastante comum no sentido medula-casca para as angiospermas arbóreas, com aumento no diâmetro dos vasos, consequentemente condutividade hidráulica, comprimento e espessura da parede da fibra, altura e largura do raio e densidade básica. Contudo, a relação negativa entre diâmetro e frequência dos vasos é bem reportada para muitas espécies, mas não ocorreu em A. colubrina, pois a frequência oscilou radialmente. Esse típico padrão radial também ocorre em outras espécies nativas em condições de plantio, como já demostrado por nosso grupo em outros estudos, obviamente com algumas alterações dependendo da espécie.

Tuti Herawati, Nurheni Wijayanto, Saharuddin Saharuddin et al.

Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis respon para pemangku kepentingan di daerah terhadap kebijakan Hutan Tanaman Rakyat. Penelitian menggunakan metode pendekatan kuantifikasi data kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara sengaja dengan pertimbangan tingginya potensi pengembangan kegiatan HTR, yaitu di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan dan Riau. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat di Kalimantan Selatan, khususnya mereka yang telah terlibat dalam pengembangan tanaman kehutanan memiliki minat yang tinggi untuk menjadi peserta program HTR. Sedangkan masyarakat di Riau kurang berminat terhadap program penanaman tanaman kehutanan, disebabkan adanya pengalaman buruk di masa sebelumnya. Para pemangku kepentingan di tingkat kabupaten yang terdiri dari pihak pemerintah daerah dan swasta menyambut baik program tersebut, dan mendukung terselenggaranya program sebagai upaya peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat sekitar hutan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis stakeholder diketahui bahwa terdapat sejumlah pemangku kepentingan di daerah yang memiliki posisi dan pengaruh penting untuk keberhasilan program. Hal ini berimplikasi bahwa para pengambil kebijakan di tingkat pusat harus mempertimbangkan aspirasi mereka untuk mewujudkan keberhasilan program HTR.

Maryam Sadat Alizadeh, Mohammad Saeed Mossadegh, Mehdi Esfandiari

The pink hibiscus mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a serious economic pest in tropical and subtropical regions and causes damage to many agricultural, forestry and greenhouse crops. In order to identify the natural enemies of this pest, bi-weekly samplings were done in infested areas of Ahvaz, located at southwest Iran during 2011-2012. Samples were also taken from Chinese hibiscus shrubs, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. at two urban areas in Ahvaz to determine the pest population fluctuations. Other infested plants were also sampled for exploring natural enemies associated with M. hirsutus. The identified natural enemies in this study are as follows: Nephus arcuatus Kapur, Hyperaspis polita Weise, Hyperaspis vinciquerrae Capra, Exochomus nigripennis Erichson, Scymnus (Pullus) syriacus Marseul (Col., Coccinellidae) – Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neu., Chrysopidae) – Anagyrus sp. (Hym., Encyrtidae). Also one parasitoid of coccinellid larvae and three species of hyperparasitoids were identified as follows: Homalotylus quaylei Timberlake (parasitoid of coccinellid larvae), Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus (Mercet), Prochiloneurus bolivari Mercet (Hym., Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus kurdjumovi (Nikol’skaya) (Hym., Signiphoridae). The coccinellid H. vinciquerrae is new to the fauna of Iran. The natural enemies, i.e. N. arcuatus and Anagyrus sp. had the highest populations on the host plants throughout the year.

Basuki Wasis, Nuri Fathia

Mining activities could have negative impacts on the environment if the tailings produced were not processed properly. Non-economic tailing is a composite of various minerals (heavy metal) with sandy texture. Environmental impacts that might occur as a result of poor processing of tailings is a disruption of natural ecosystems as indicated by a decline in quality and productivity of the environment as a result of changes in soil morphology and physical properties, chemical, and biological properties. One vegetative technique that could be applied to rehabilitate degraded land is re-vegetation with the application of fertilizer. Compost could improve the physical properties, chemical, and biological properties of soil. Compost was also an agent of bioremediation so that toxic heavy metals elements in growing medium could be eliminated or reduced. The experimental design used in this study was Completely Randomized Design with compost applications consisting of 4 levels of treatment with each level of treatment consisting of 3 replications, each replication consisted of one gmelina seedling. Research showed that the application of compost would significantly affect the growth of gmelina’s height, but not significantly affected the diameter growth. Single-dose effect of 30 g of compost would significantly affect the seedling’s height. The combination of planting and fertilizing glemina using compost could be recommended in an effort to reclaim land of ex-gold mining.  

Jurišić Branislav, Obratov-Petković Dragica, Bjedov Ivana et al.

One of the essential analyses performed during the floristic study of a region is the analysis of the biological spectrum. The analysis of the biological spectrum of the flora includes the determination of the type of life form for each taxon described in the flora of the study region. If it is considered that life form is a specific structural-functional response to the environmental effects and the result of the adaptation during the species evolution, it is clear that the basic characteristics of the site are more or less reflected in any life form. This fact is confirmed by the analysis of the biological spectrum of the flora of Ravni Srem. The analysis of the Ravni Srem flora shows the domination of the hemicryptophytes and the subdomination of the phanerophytes with a considerable participation of the therophytes.

Bob Nobles

The Department of Horticulture (HORT) and the School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences (SFWS) offer an Urban Forestry minor for graduate students. Urban Forestry is the design, establishment and maintenance of urban forests to enhance the economic value of cities and to provide a healthier environment for people. The minor promotes interdisciplinary studies and trains students for employment in the urban forestry arena. Auburn University, with its strengths in Horticulture, Forestry, Landscape Architecture, Community Planning and Agriculture and its proximity to major urban centers such as Atlanta, Birmingham, Columbus and Montgomery, offers a unique opportunity for urban forestry research and education.

S. Draper, H. Gregersen, K. D. Elz