Abstract As the main eastern theater of the World Anti-Fascist War, the Chinese People’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression (1931–1945) was not only of great military and political significance but also represented a profound cultural and spiritual resistance. The period of the War of Resistance also marked a critical phase in the formation of the self-awareness, or conscious collective identity, of the Chinese nation. Taking the Resistance songs (1931–1945) as its research focus, this article examines their distinctive role against the backdrop of global anti-fascist cultural resistance, exploring how aspects such as lyrical content, musical dissemination, and the practice of collective singing conveyed and popularized the concept of the Chinese nation and fostered a widespread identification with it. It begins by reviewing forms of cultural resistance in the European theater, including songs, language, and the spread of knowledge, then shifts to the Chinese context. The analysis highlights how the songs of Resistance against Japanese Aggression promoted the transformation of the concept of the Chinese nation from an intellectual discourse into a popular emotional identity through historical narrative, spiritual exaltation, and the fostering of a sense of community. The conclusion traces the trajectory from the inscription and dissemination of the concept of the Chinese nation through Resistance Songs to how such cultural practices during the War of Resistance contributed to the Communist Party of China’s eventual formulation of the fundamental theory of the Chinese nation. It further explicates the establishment and core connotations of this theory.
The relevance of the study lies in the need to revise the application of the concept of totemism by Ukrainian ethnologists and the interpretation of certain phenomena in Ukrainian culture as survivals of totemism. This necessity is driven by the persistence of outdated perceptions of totemism, dictated by the legacy of Soviet dogmatic evolutionism. The aim of the article is to analyze the history of the concept of totemism in Western anthropology and to compare its theoretical achievements with the Ukrainian perspective on totemism. This comparison demonstrates the methodological issues inherent in interpreting specific phenomena of Ukrainian culture as survivals of totemism. The methodological basis of the study comprises a complex of general scientific and specialized methods. The application of critical historiography combined with comparative analysis allowed for a juxtaposition of domestic and Western theoretical approaches, revealing the prevalence of outdated evolutionary definitions of totemism. Elements of Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of the social field were employed to explain the inertia of these approaches within Ukrainian ethnology. The analysis of folklore material relies on structural-semantic analysis, which enabled the identification of binary oppositions (culture/nature). This approach is supplemented by the principles of interpretive anthropology (after C. Geertz), ensuring the avoidance of broad generalizations and maintaining a focus on the cultural context. The results of the article reveal a significant discrepancy between domestic ethnology, which relies on outdated evolutionism, and global anthropology, which denies the universality of totemism. The study outlines the methodological problems associated with using the concept of «survivals of totemism» in the context of Ukrainian culture.
Life-writing research has traditionally relied on the autobiographies of older individuals, shaping prevailing understandings of what people choose to narrate when recounting their lives. In contrast, this study examines 154 autobiographical texts written by teenagers in 1989, 1990, and 1993 – during Estonia’s transition toward a democratic political system and a market economy, a period marked by profound changes in attitudes, aspirations and worldviews. At the time of writing, the authors were between 14 and 18 years old. The aim of the research was to identify the thematic structure of teenagers’ life narratives and describe their distinctive features. The analysis revealed twelve recurring subthemes: early childhood, family, home, schooling, youth organizations, hobbies, special life episodes, rural and urban life, attitudes, emotions, the future and historical background. When compared with studies of adult autobiographies, the findings show a high degree of convergence. Despite their relative brevity, teenagers’ life stories encompass all the essential subthemes required to construct a coherent autobiographical narrative. A defining characteristic, however, is the strong emphasis on the future-oriented subtheme, whereas autobiographies by older writers, unsurprisingly, focus more on the past. Another notable feature is that about one-third of the teenage authors explicitly addressed emotions: 31 wrote about joy, while 48 reflected on worry. These reflections often combined abstract considerations of joy and concern with concrete examples, such as achieving good grades, enjoying a secure home, or belonging to a conflict-free family. In contrast, teenagers’ worries were frequently tied to their families’ economic well-being and to the fate of the Estonian state. The prevailing stance of these young authors was distinctly patriotic. Their narratives convey deep concern for Estonia’s independence and for the realization of Self-Managing Estonia (IME), an abbreviation that also carries the meaning “miracle” in Estonian. These autobiographical texts, produced during a time of political and social upheaval, thus reveal an acute sensitivity to historical change, articulated with remarkable clarity.
The article explores the concept of kutok, a distinctive Ukrainian type of sustainable settlement unit that originated well before the industrial era and remains embedded in rural culture. Unlike the more recent notion of sustainable urban neighbourhoods, which emerged from late urban theory, kutok has deep ethnohistorical roots that shape its spatial and social organization. The study examines the formation of kutok based on familial economic activities, natural resources, and the topography of specific locales. It draws a compelling analogy between the structure of a kutok and that of an atom, emphasizing the interconnectedness of smaller social and spatial units. The article delves into the mechanisms through which kutok fosters local identity and community cohesion. These mechanisms include spatial organization, such as the vygony (common grazing lands), and public spaces that serve as informal social control systems. The persistence of these structures in contemporary rural settlements highlights their role in maintaining social stability and cultural continuity. Concrete examples from Ukrainian villages and small towns illustrate how kutok structures endure as fundamental components of rural spatial planning, offering insights into traditional settlement patterns. These examples demonstrate how the formation of kutok is intricately linked to local resources and the socio-economic activities of its residents, creating a complex yet cohesive system of community governance and spatial interaction. The study further analyzes the influence of kutok on the formation of public spaces, where familial and communal ties are reinforced through shared economic and social activities. It also examines how the kutok model can inform contemporary urban development strategies, particularly in fostering sustainable neighbourhoods rooted in local cultural practices. Attention is given to the evolving nature of kutok in response to modern pressures such as urbanization and socio-economic changes. The article underscores the relevance of kutok as a research framework for exploring broader urban and rural dynamics, bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary spatial forms. Targeted at researchers in urban studies, social anthropology, architecture, and ethnology, the article offers a nuanced perspective on how kutok can serve as a model for sustainable spatial organization. It also suggests that recognizing and integrating kutok structures into modern urban planning could contribute to more resilient and culturally grounded community development strategies.
The theoretical and applied perspectives on the study of neighborhood as a socio-cultural, socio-political, and geographical phenomenon relevant to contemporary ethnology are submitted in the article. The aspects under consideration are dictated by the realities of the Russian-Ukrainian war, which, with its tools, has changed radically the paradigm of coexistence of the communities in the bordering territories, led to a reassessment of relations and formed a new perception of those on the other side of the frontier. Taking into account empirical, statistical, and numerous audiovisual sources, as well as the reflection on the authoress’s own experience of living in the studied space, the researcher presents her original concept of understanding the process of neighborly ties and relations destruction caused by aggression. The main efforts are aimed at showing the changing nature of relations in the borderland amid the war. Focusing specifically on the northeastern area, we have managed to find out that the inhabitants of the territory lost their deep-rooted ethnic complementarity and tolerance for their Russian neighbors mainly after experiencing their hostility. The full-scale invasion, despite years of armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine, has become a turning point. Only personal losses and feelings caused by the events that turned a peaceful space of coexistence into a zone of confrontation polarized communities and forced them to build boundaries in their relationships. The social closeness natural to the borderland environment and the fake kinship imposed at the same time, which gave rise to a false sense of a safe neighborhood, are described in the paper. Significant attention is paid to war narratives reflecting the tendencies of dividing into “us” and “them”, contain expressive verbal formulas that transmit opposition and negative emotions as a response to aggression. The submitted model of analysis begins the consideration of issues that are extremely acute in the context of studying the anthropology of conflicts.
Ljubica Milosavljević, Ana Banić Grubišić, Vladimira Ilić
This paper analyses Croatian film Night boats (2012), directed by Igor Mirković, from the anthropology of film and anthropology of age point of view. The film story is analyzed as the so-called diegetic universe, i.e. as an ethnography of the film, and is connected to the real experiences of the elderly. The plot of the film follows the meeting and emotional bonding of Helena and Jakov in one of Zagreb's nursing homes. Shortly after their brief acquaintance, these "seventy-year-old teenagers" begin a romance, run away from home and embark on a road adventure. In terms of genre, this film can be viewed as a road movie since, in addition to the fact that the main characters spend more than half of the plot on the road, the film thematically and visually follows the conventions of the aforementioned genre. Their road adventure is initiated on a metaphorical level, as an escape from illness and death, as well as an escape from loneliness and the circumstances that life in old age brings. The main characters flee from the lack of choice they are faced with which is why their journey can be interpreted as a search for lost, almost stripped identities. The journey of Helena and Jacob, two elderly individuals faced with the problems of loneliness and physical decline, represents a transformative experience for the main characters and signifies a form of quiet rebellion, a refusal to accept cultural conventions according to which active life ends with a socially constructed notion of old age. In this sense, this film story served to critically address various issues and problems concerning society’s stereotypical attitudes towards the elderly.
The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (now the HUN-REN research network) have long maintained systematic and fruitful cooperation. An example of this is the more than thirty years of scientific contacts between the Maksym Rylsky Institute of Art History, Folklore and Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the Hungarian Institute of Ethnographic Studies of the Center for Humanities, which first took place within the framework of intergovernmental agreements and now continues within the framework of projects. Thus, over the past decade, the following topics have been developed: "Changes at the national, regional and local levels in the folk culture and society of Ukraine and Hungary in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries" (2016-2018); "Hungarian-Ukrainian borderland: issues of national identification, interethnic relations and cultural heritage" (2019-2021), led by the project managers, the Director of the Institute of Art History, Folklore and Ethnology, Academician Hanna Skrypnyk, and the Director of the Institute of Ethnographic Studies, Dr Balazs Balogh.Over the past period, appropriate forms and types of cooperation and contact, development of topical issues in the context of new methods and directions of modern European science have been worked out. The main achievements are manifested in the formof scientific works, collective and individual monographs, collections, etc. Within the scope of cooperation, scientists of the Institute of Art History, Folklore and Ethnologyand the Institute of Ethnographic Studies visited Budapest several times, worked in libraries and archives, met with Hungarian colleagues, and participated in many diverse conferences.The obtained results were promising not only in the field of ethnography and folkloristics, but also in other areas -history, social and cultural anthropology, linguistics, etc. At the same time, these assets can be of interest to wide cultural circles, contribute to intercultural communication and contacts between the two countries, and further involvement of Ukrainian science in the European integration of Ukraine in general.
The aim of the paper was to introduce the specialized press oriented towards jazz music and its practitioners that was published from 1953 to 1965 on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The marked period was chosen for consideration since it represents the most fruitful stage in the development of the press of a specific thematic profile, but also because of the significant changes in the entire Yugoslav society. These changes, as it was possible to show, influenced the complex processes that shaped the press of the time, as well as the attitude towards this musical genre and its practitioners. The processes in question include, first of all: certain internal political movements that consistently modeled the cultural policy of the time, within which jazz attempted to obtain a favorable position; integration of the former socialist state into polarized international currents that implied the use of jazz as a means of affirming the foreign policy orientation of Yugoslav society; and the creation of the operational power of artists for self-organization and the acquisition of certain labor and social rights within the Association of Jazz Musicians. The association was founded in 1953 in Belgrade with the aim of advocating for the rights of contemporary musicians, while at the same time initiating the publication of the first newspaper Jazz: Journal of Popular and Jazz Music (Jazz. List za pitanja zabavne i džez muzike). Under this name, the journal was published from 1953 to 1954, and during the publication period from 1957 to 1958 it changed its name to Bulletin of the Association of Jazz Musicians (Bilten Udruženja Jazz muzičara). After that, in Novi Sad, in 1962, Rhythm – Yugoslav Review of Jazz and Popular Music (Ritam – Jugoslovenska revija za džez i zabavnu muziku) began to be publish by NIP Dnevnik, and later changed its name to Rhythm – Yugoslav Review of Popular Music (Ritam – Jugoslovenska revija za zabavnu muziku), under which it continued to be published until it ceased publication in 1965.
The aim of this paper is to illustrate how a cultural response is shaped by a natural phenomenon. A solar eclipse is, in a sense, a laboratory for humans have no influence on this natural phenomenon and the occurrence of the phenomenon itself, for the most part, has no significant consequences on people. This analysis is focused on two solar eclipses that occurred in Belgrade on February, 15th 1961 and on August, 11th 1999. The behavior of the citizens during these eclipses was entirely different. In 1961, the citizens curiously observed the eclipse through special glasses or darkened glasses whereas in 1999 they withdrew to their homes, avoiding any contact with the outside world. These contradictory behaviors were influenced by the positive propaganda in 1961 and the panic and fear stricken propaganda induced in 1999, both of which were created by the media under the control of the authorities of the time. Through the analysis of these dissimilar behaviors, as well as different contexts in which they occurred, deeper meanings are discerned, considering both the intentions of the authorities and the citizens' reactions to media propaganda related to these eclipses. It is also observed that there is a certain constant, i.e., each eclipse is closely intertwined with politics, even regarding traditional beliefs about the consequences of an eclipse. It may be concluded that the intrusion of politics into shaping the response to an eclipse is a consequence of the fact that the eclipse is socially consequence-free, so as to say an empty sign suitable for inscribing new meanings that holders of power wish to convey.
Due to unfavourable demographic trends and increased emigration of Croatian citizens, resulting in a reduced active workforce, the Republic of Croatia has witnessed a growing number of immigrants in recent years, including a significant influx from India. This study aims to examine the drivers and motivations behind these migration trends and analyse the integration process of Indians into Croatian society. Migration drivers are explored in relation to the push-and-pull factor theory (Lee, 1969), which identifies economic, political, environmental (climatic), social, and cultural reasons as key drivers of migration (Mesić, 2014: 161). Integration is a prolonged and complex process through which immigrants become part of the host society (cf. Heckmann, 2006; Penninx, 2007; Penninx and Garcés-Mascareñas, 2016). It is also a two-way, interactive process between migrants and the host community. In designing interview questionnaires, the study adhered to three dimensions of integration: legal-political, socio-economic, and cultural-religious, and three levels of integration: individual, organisational, and institutional (Penninx and Garcés-Mascareñas, 2016: 14–17, 18). The research utilised qualitative ethnological and cultural anthropological methods (Zapata-Barrero and Yalaz, 2018). Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with four women and five men, aged 21 to 45, who had been living and working in Zagreb or Zagreb County for periods ranging from one to six years. Among the participants, five hold bachelor’s or master’s degrees and work as engineers in the automotive industry, possessing EU Blue Cards; one has a polytechnic degree and works in a delivery company, while three have completed secondary education and are employed in agriculture. Preliminary interviews revealed that the EU Blue Card and the associated rights create stratification and hierarchies among migrant workers (e.g., Blue Card holders work in positions aligned with their qualifications). The interviews, conducted in English, were recorded and transcribed. The collected ethnographic material was coded and thematically analysed (Braun and Clark, 2006). Interlocutors with secondary and polytechnic degrees frequently cited financial difficulties in India, unemployment, and a lack of prospects as push factors for emigration. The research highlights the presence of a migration culture in India. All highly qualified interlocutors emphasised their desire for professional advancement and international work experience in the European Union as their primary motivation for migration. As significant pull factors, they identified the opportunity to experience European work culture, a better work-life balance, and an enhanced quality of life. All interlocutors secured employment before arriving in Croatia through recruitment agencies, social media platforms − particularly LinkedIn – or migrant networks. This recent trend of immigration from India to Croatia should be viewed within the broader context of the increased employment of workers from the Global South in Global North countries (Sajed, 2020; Haug, Braveboy-Wagner and Maihold, 2021), facilitated in Croatia by the new Aliens Act, adopted in 2021. Although this migration is relatively recent, the research highlights the emergence and significant role of social migrant networks. These networks, beyond familial and friendly connections, are increasingly formed through social media platforms. For the interviewed Indian migrants, obtaining residence and work permits, along with visas, and preparing for relocation to Croatia took between three and seven months. The research reveals the absence of an adequate institutional or governmental framework for the integration of migrants. This role has been assumed by employers, who implement it to varying extents. For all interviewees, employers arranged and secured their (initial) accommodation and provided administrative support, such as assistance with residence and work registration, opening bank accounts, and obtaining health insurance. The company employing the engineers developed an Englishlanguage handbook and offers Croatian language courses for its employees. For all interlocutors, knowledge of the Croatian language has not been a requirement for finding or performing their jobs, nor during their leisure time. The primary language of communication is English, so most of them do not speak Croatian. Although there are opportunities for free language courses, agricultural workers and delivery personnel are generally unaware of such programmes, even though they express a desire to learn Croatian. All interlocutors emphasised the cultural heterogeneity of Indians, both in India and in Croatia, particularly in terms of language and religion. The interviewed Indians speak various mother tongues, including Marathi, Hindi, Kannada, Allar, and Tamil, and come from different states (Maharashtra, Goa, New Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu). The biggest challenge cited by all interviewees is food. However, the research indicates that this immigrant community is expanding, evidenced by the recent opening of an Indian food store in addition to existing Indian restaurants in Zagreb. Six of the interlocutors are Hindus, while three are Muslims. For the Hindu interviewees, visiting the temple in Zagreb is not a matter of great importance, as they practice their religious rituals at home. The research shows that Muslim women are adapting to the host society by abandoning traditional clothing and headdresses (hijabs) that they wore in India. Hindu women occasionally wear traditional clothing, mostly during festival celebrations (e.g., Diwali), which they celebrate at home, inviting both Indian and Croatian friends. One Hindu interviewee wears a bindi on her forehead, which symbolically represents a “third eye”. Employers accept the religion of the interviewed migrants and, when needed, provide flexible working hours for prayer. Given the significant diversity among Indian nationals – across religion, language, caste, education, and family status – further research on a larger sample would be valuable to assess the impact of these factors on integration. Additionally, attention should be paid to the preservation and celebration of traditional customs and practices. All interlocutors socialise with Indians, other foreigners, and Croatians. Some have developed very close, “family-like” relationships with colleagues from work. They typically meet other Indians at the workplace or during recreational activities, namely cricket. Although the Croatian–Indian Society has been active in Zagreb since 1994, the interviewed Indians are unaware of its existence. Instead, they are members of social media groups on platforms such as Facebook (Indians in Croatia, Indians in Croatia (official)) and WhatsApp. The interlocutors spoke about positive experiences of living in Croatia, with most denying having faced negative experiences. Only one mentioned poor living conditions, challenges at work, and an incident where security guards refused to allow Indians into a nightclub in Zagreb. While most interviewees are satisfied with their living and working conditions in Croatia – particularly in terms of working hours and safety – their decision to remain in the country depends largely on professional and family plans, such as providing care for parents and starting a family. The research, conducted on both highly skilled and moderately skilled workers, reveals significant disparities in integration opportunities and future plans, influenced by migration and integration policies. These differences stem from whether migrants hold an EU Blue Card, given that different statuses entail varying rights. Blue Card holders, for instance, may immediately apply for family reunification upon the approval and registration of their residence in an EU member state, unlike those without the card. This highlights that, at the institutional level, permanent settlement in the EU – and, by extension, in Croatia – is not supported for lower- and medium-skilled labourers. The lack of a comprehensive migration policy in Croatia, the reliance on employers to recruit (inexpensive) labourers, and the absence of integration policies suggest that the objective is for foreign workers to remain in Croatia temporarily, with no long-term projections for their future. The findings indicate an urgent need for Croatia to develop and implement immigration and integration policies.
Рurpose. This paper analyzes the evolution process and cultural connotation of Qiang costume form, discusses the application form of Qiang costume elements in modern clothing design, and provides a theoretical basis for the innovative design of national costumes. Methodology. The field research method, literature analysis method, and case study method are used to analyze the evolution process, cultural connotation, and design application of Qiang costumes. Results. By studying the development process and style design changes of the Qiang costumes, it is concluded that its unique cultural connotation and design characteristics are closely related to the social characteristics, production methods and religious beliefs of the Qiang people. It is the materialized expression of the Qiang people's world outlook and national psychology. It reveals the reasons for the change of the Qiang costume modelling and proposes the method of using ethnic elements in modern costume design. Scientific novelty. This paper studies the development process of Qiang costume shape from the perspective of design, history, ethnology and anthropology, and puts forward that Qiang costume is the materialized expression form of local people 's world outlook, values and aesthetics, and clarifies that the change of Qiang costume shape is influenced by religious culture and Han-Tibetan culture. Suggestions are made in the form of integration of national costume elements with modern clothing design. Practical significance. The Qiang costume has been fused with other ethnic cultures in the course of historical changes, which is both inherited and changed, which is very inspiring to modern costume design. Digging deeper into the cultural connotation and design language of Qiang costume, so that it can innovate the design method and explore the design carrier while inheriting the national culture, so as to provide reference for the creation of a costume design that can embody both the traditional Chinese culture and the sense of the times.
The paper questions the attitude of believers towards the nativity scene in the church in the light of the piety of believers, presenting four unusual compositions of the nativity scene in the churches of the Diocese of Subotica, through an ethnological approach and from the perspective of cultural anthropology. Based on an analysis of personal stories of people in charge of setting up the nativity scene in churches, we are striving to find out what the nativity scene means to them personally and what role the nativity scene plays in society in general. That is, whether it is only a part of the church inventory and décor at Christmas time or the Christmas nativity scene in Subotica can be consideredas a form of traditional piety of Catholic believers. The paper also uses theological insights in connection with the interpretation of certain aspects of religion, as well as the social practices that were studied.
Culture and tradition have long been the domains of social science, particularly social/cultural anthropology and various forms of heritage studies. However, many environmental scientists whose research addresses environmental management, conservation, and restoration are also interested in traditional ecological knowledge, indigenous and local knowledge, and local environmental knowledge (hereafter TEK), not least because policymakers and international institutions promote the incorporation of TEK in environmental work. In this article, we examine TEK usage in peer-reviewed articles by environmental scientists published in 2020. This snapshot of environmental science scholarship includes both critical discussions of how to incorporate TEK in research and management and efforts to do so for various scholarly and applied purposes. Drawing on anthropological discussions of culture, we identify two related patterns within this literature: a tendency toward essentialism and a tendency to minimize power relationships. We argue that scientists whose work reflects these trends might productively engage with knowledge from the scientific fields that study culture and tradition. We suggest productive complicity as a reflexive mode of partnering, and a set of questions that facilitate natural scientists adopting this approach: What and/or who is this TEK for? Who and what will benefit from this TEK deployment? How is compensation/credit shared? Does this work give back and/or forward to all those involved?
As narrativas mitológicas dos povos originários dos afluentes da margem direita do médio rio Guaporé revelam uma íntima conexão entre relações de gênero e a diferença humano/animal/espírito. Enfatizam, por um lado, as condições de possibilidade de uma sociedade composta por relações de sexo oposto, e por outro lado, a “antropofagia” praticada pelas mulheres. A partir da articulação com a etnografia cotidiana, em particular referente à produção e consumo de bebida fermentada, o artigo sugere que a antropofagia feminina, i.e., a identificação virtual das mulheres com as onças, é a condição para a diferença (atual) que separa os humanos dos não-humanos e os humanos entre si.
Anthropology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
The first and only edition of the journal “Vardar” was published on September 1, 1905, in Odessa under the editorship of Krste Petkov Misirkov. K. Misirkov.
His aim and goal were to attract the attention of the general public in the region and in Europe toward the “Macedonian question” and to the Macedonian national separatists’ program and followers (as Misirkov calls himself and his followers), while facing opponents with a series of arguments and negating those that deny the existence of a separate, Slavic, Macedonian nation. K. Misirkov published an article devoted to the emergence and interpretations of the Serbian and Bulgarian theories on the Macedonian nationality where he clearly points to the official stances and both sides’ non-recognition of the distinctiveness of the Macedonian nationality, which in turn were reflected in the official territorial claims of the neighboring Bulgarian and Serbian states toward Macedonia.
The following article of “Vardar” presents statistical data for villages: their names, populations according to nationality, land ownership, number of houses and affiliation to the Southern Macedonian kazas, specifically Pazar, Thessaloniki, Gevgelija and Kukuš.
Во текстот се прави обид за расветлување на круцијални настани поврзани со отворањето и укинувањето на академските студии по етнографија и етнологија на Филозофскиот факултет во Скопје во периодот на раниот социјализам од 1946 до 1953 г. Во анализите се користени и архивски материјали од фондовите на Филозофскиот факултет и Министерството за образование на СРМ. Истакнати се општествено-политичките услови во кои студиите се создадени и за кратко време укинати. Се укажува на општите и локаните политички и идеолошки рамки на дејствување во социјалистичката заедница. Прашањата поврзани со подемот и падот на националната етнологија во Социјалистичка Република Македонија се поврзани со идеолошките рамки за справување на социјализмот со селанството, ројализмот, назадноста, традиционализмот наспроти работништвото, комунизмот, напредокот и модерноста.