Hasil untuk "Environmental engineering"

Oludare Isaac Abiodun, A. Jantan, Abiodun Esther Omolara et al.

This is a survey of neural network applications in the real-world scenario. It provides a taxonomy of artificial neural networks (ANNs) and furnish the reader with knowledge of current and emerging trends in ANN applications research and area of focus for researchers. Additionally, the study presents ANN application challenges, contributions, compare performances and critiques methods. The study covers many applications of ANN techniques in various disciplines which include computing, science, engineering, medicine, environmental, agriculture, mining, technology, climate, business, arts, and nanotechnology, etc. The study assesses ANN contributions, compare performances and critiques methods. The study found that neural-network models such as feedforward and feedback propagation artificial neural networks are performing better in its application to human problems. Therefore, we proposed feedforward and feedback propagation ANN models for research focus based on data analysis factors like accuracy, processing speed, latency, fault tolerance, volume, scalability, convergence, and performance. Moreover, we recommend that instead of applying a single method, future research can focus on combining ANN models into one network-wide application.

M. Ramage, H. Burridge, Marta Busse-Wicher et al.

Trees, and their derivative products, have been used by societies around the world for thousands of years. Contemporary construction of tall buildings from timber, in whole or in part, suggests a growing interest in the potential for building with wood at a scale not previously attainable. As wood is the only significant building material that is grown, we have a natural inclination that building in wood is good for the environment. But under what conditions is this really the case? The environmental benefits of using timber are not straightforward; although it is a natural product, a large amount of energy is used to dry and process it. Much of this can come from the biomass of the tree itself, but that requires investment in plant, which is not always possible in an industry that is widely distributed among many small producers. And what should we build with wood? Are skyscrapers in timber a good use of this natural resource, or are there other aspects of civil and structural engineering, or large-scale infrastructure, that would be a better use of wood? Here, we consider a holistic picture ranging in scale from the science of the cell wall to the engineering and global policies that could maximise forestry and timber construction as a boon to both people and the planet.

Aya Samir, F. Ashour, A. A. Hakim et al.

The interest in producing biodegradable polymers by chemical treatment, microorganisms and enzymes has increased to make it easier to dispose after the end of its use without harming the environment. Biodegradable polymers reported a set of issues on their way to becoming effective materials. In this article, biodegradable polymers, treatment, composites, blending and modeling are studied. Environmental fate and assessment of biodegradable polymers are discussed in detail. The forensic engineering of biodegradable polymers and understanding of the relationships between their structure, properties, and behavior before, during, and after practical applications are investigated.

A. Gladman, A. Gladman, Elisabetta A. Matsumoto et al.

Yunqing Zhu, C. Romain, Charlotte K. Williams

Shaowen Cao, Jingxiang Low, Jiaguo Yu et al.

M. Khayet

W. Oberkampf, Christopher J. Roy

P. Glavič, R. Lukman

G. Song, A. Atrens

Ibrahim Dincer, MarcA . Rosen, A. Bejan

A1 R. E. Mackay, Ipod Nano 8gb, Jessica D. Knoll

L. T. Angenent, H. Richter, W. Buckel et al.

D. Voytas, Caixia Gao

As Caixia Gao and Dan Voytas explain, new techniques make it possible to precisely edit plant genomic DNA, providing opportunities to create crop varieties that will help meet the challenges facing agriculture, including an expanding world population and environmental change.

H. Sinan Bank, Daniel R. Herber

The proliferation of data across the system lifecycle presents both a significant opportunity and a challenge for Engineering Design and Systems Engineering (EDSE). While this "digital thread" has the potential to drive innovation, the fragmented and inaccessible nature of existing datasets hinders method validation, limits reproducibility, and slows research progress. Unlike fields such as computer vision and natural language processing, which benefit from established benchmark ecosystems, engineering design research often relies on small, proprietary, or ad-hoc datasets. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a systematic framework for a "Map of Datasets in EDSE." The framework is built upon a multi-dimensional taxonomy designed to classify engineering datasets by domain, lifecycle stage, data type, and format, enabling faceted discovery. An architecture for an interactive discovery tool is detailed and demonstrated through a working prototype, employing a knowledge graph data model to capture rich semantic relationships between datasets, tools, and publications. An analysis of the current data landscape reveals underrepresented areas ("data deserts") in early-stage design and system architecture, as well as relatively well-represented areas ("data oases") in predictive maintenance and autonomous systems. The paper identifies key challenges in curation and sustainability and proposes mitigation strategies, laying the groundwork for a dynamic, community-driven resource to accelerate data-centric engineering research.

Haimo Joehri

This paper gives an overview about aspects of mechanical engineering of undulators. It is based mainly on two types that are used in the SwissFEL facility. The U15 Undulator is an example of an in-vacuum type and the UE38 is an APPLE-X type. It describes the frame, the adjustment of the magnets with flexible keepers and the adjustment of the whole device with eccentric movers.

Navid Rabiee

Ana Arauzo

This lecture presents an overview of the basic concepts and fundamentals of Engineering Materials within the framework of accelerator applications. After a short introduction, main concepts relative to the structure of matter are reviewed, like crystalline structures, defects and dislocations, phase diagrams and transformations. The microscopic description is correlated with physical properties of materials, focusing in metallurgical aspects like deformation and strengthening. Main groups of materials are addressed and described, namely, metals and alloys, ceramics, polymers, composite materials, and advanced materials, where brush-strokes of tangible applications in particle accelerators and detectors are given. Deterioration aspects of materials are also presented, like corrosion in metals and degradation in plastics.

Vincenzo De Martino, Mohammad Amin Zadenoori, Xavier Franch et al.

Language Models are increasingly applied in software engineering, yet their inference raises growing environmental concerns. Prior work has examined hardware choices and prompt length, but little attention has been paid to linguistic complexity as a sustainability factor. This paper introduces Green Prompt Engineering, framing linguistic complexity as a design dimension that can influence energy consumption and performance. We conduct an empirical study on requirement classification using open-source Small Language Models, varying the readability of prompts. Our results reveal that readability affects environmental sustainability and performance, exposing trade-offs between them. For practitioners, simpler prompts can reduce energy costs without a significant F1-score loss; for researchers, it opens a path toward guidelines and studies on sustainable prompt design within the Green AI agenda.

K. Zeider, K. McCauley, K. McCauley et al.

<p>Quantifying the degree of coupling between marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds and the surface is critical for understanding the evolution of low clouds and explaining the vertical distribution of aerosols and microphysical cloud properties. Previous work has characterized the boundary layer as either coupled or decoupled, but this study rather considers four degrees of coupling, ranging from strongly to weakly coupled. We use aircraft data from the NASA Aerosol Cloud meTeorology Interactions oVer the western ATlantic Experiment (ACTIVATE) to assess aerosol and cloud characteristics for the following four regimes, quantified using differences in liquid water potential temperature (<span class="inline-formula"><i>θ</i>_ℓ</span>) and total water mixing ratio (<span class="inline-formula"><i>q</i>_t</span>) between flight data near the surface level (<span class="inline-formula">∼150</span> m) and directly below cloud bases: strong coupling (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ≤1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t≤0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>), moderate coupling with high <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ</span> (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ&gt;1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t≤0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>), moderate coupling with high <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t</span> (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ≤1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t&gt;0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>), and weak coupling (<span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>θ</i>_ℓ&gt;1.0</span> K, <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t&gt;0.8</span> <span class="inline-formula">g kg⁻¹</span>). Results show that (i) turbulence is greater in the strong coupling regime compared to the weak coupling regime, with the former corresponding to more vertical homogeneity in 550 nm aerosol scattering, integrated aerosol volume concentration, and giant aerosol number concentration (<span class="inline-formula"><i>D</i>_p&gt;3</span> <span class="inline-formula">µm</span>) coincident with increased MBL mixing; (ii) cloud drop number concentration is greater during periods of strong coupling due to the greater upward vertical velocity and subsequent activation of particles; and (iii) sea salt tracer species (<span class="inline-formula">Na⁺</span>, <span class="inline-formula">Cl⁻</span>, <span class="inline-formula">Mg²⁺</span>, <span class="inline-formula">K⁺</span>) are present in greater concentrations in the strong coupling regime compared to weak coupling, while tracers of continental pollution (<span class="inline-formula">Ca²⁺</span>, non-sea-salt (nss) <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M25" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">SO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msub><mrow><mn mathvariant="normal">2</mn><mo>-</mo></mrow></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="34pt" height="16pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="95945f53b3fbc040b883e7623294c88b"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00001.svg" width="34pt" height="16pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M26" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">NO</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">3</mn></msub><mo>-</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="30pt" height="15pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="854abc5cffcc47c7a8d3c23f4d8e54ba"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00002.svg" width="30pt" height="15pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>, oxalate, and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M27" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><msub><mi mathvariant="normal">NH</mi><mn mathvariant="normal">4</mn></msub><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="23356e89e697acb5868d09068ed8ea2c"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00003.svg" width="29pt" height="14pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00003.png"/></svg:svg></span></span>) are higher in mass fraction for the weak coupling regime. Additionally, pH and <span class="inline-formula"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M28" display="inline" overflow="scroll" dspmath="mathml"><mrow class="chem"><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Cl</mi><mo>-</mo></msup><mo>:</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">Na</mi><mo>+</mo></msup></mrow></math><span><svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="46pt" height="12pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="de49dbf95b867cd2cc39cd77ac0f153e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00004.svg" width="46pt" height="12pt" src="acp-25-2407-2025-ie00004.png"/></svg:svg></span></span> (a marker for chloride depletion) are consistently lower in the weak coupling regime. There were also differences between the two moderate regimes: the moderate with high <span class="inline-formula">Δ<i>q</i>_t</span> regime had greater turbulent mixing and sea salt concentrations in cloud water, along with smaller differences in integrated volume and giant aerosol number concentration across the two vertical levels compared. This work shows value in defining multiple coupling regimes (rather than the traditional coupled versus decoupled) and demonstrates differences in aerosol and cloud behavior in the MBL for the various regimes.</p>