Олександр Сирський, Андрій Лебеденко, Олег Семененко
The contemporary war launched by the russian federation against Ukraine demonstrates a fundamental change in the nature of armed confrontation. This conflict is gradually moving beyond classical conceptions of war as a set of active combat actions, frontline clashes, and rapid operations. Instead, Ukraine has encountered a phenomenon that exhibits all the features of a so-called “war of attrition” – a protracted, gradual, fragmented yet systemic confrontation that causes destructive impact not only on the frontline but also in the rear, in the information space, economy, energy sector, international diplomacy, and in the public consciousness. Therefore, the main aim of the article is to explore “war of attrition” as a phenomenon and to introduce this concept into scientific, strategic, and public discourse, as it reflects the new realities of Ukraine’s military experience that no longer fit within traditional frameworks. The main results of the article are as follows: an analysis of the military confrontation in the context of the russian-Ukrainian war is conducted in order to examine the phenomenon of a slow, incremental advance that lacks a clearly defined frontline breakthrough but is instead characterised by months-long pressure and attrition of the enemy; a conceptual and terminological justification and a definition of the philosophical concept of “war of attrition” are provided; the main principles of conducting a “war of attrition” are defined; the main characteristics of “war of attrition” are outlined; the periods of transformation of the russian-Ukrainian war into a “war of attrition” are established; possible projected consequences of “war of attrition” for russia and Ukraine are identified; the system of external and internal factors that may push russia to shift from “war of attrition” to active operations is revealed; numerical indicators of “war of attrition” based on the russian-Ukrainian experience are defined; and the foundations of the Concept of “war of attrition” are elaborated using the russian-Ukrainian conflict as an example. The materials of the article may be useful to military theorists and practitioners involved in developing strategies for contemporary warfare; security and defence analysts studying the transformation of armed conflicts; researchers in the field of the philosophy of war, military history, and international relations; as well as policymakers and military leaders who shape defence policy and military doctrines.
Although platform work is becoming increasingly important, and increasingly present in the public discourse, its representation in the media remains insufficiently researched. In Poland, the simultaneous changes brought about by platformisation and the growing diversification of society due to immigration are evident, with many migrants choosing platform work for various reasons. Media functions as a site where competing meanings of platformisation and migration are articulated, contested, and potentially normalised. This research paper examines how migrant platform workers are represented in Polish online media between 2022 and 2024, a period marked by significant changes in migration flows and platform labour regulation. Drawing on a corpus of 80 news articles published across outlets of diverse political orientations, the study applies a qualitative framing analysis informed by social constructionism and media theory. The analysis identifies three dominant frames – neoliberal, portraying migrants as flexible entrepreneurs and economic assets; solidarity, emphasising precarity, exploitation, and empathy; and securitisation, constructing migrants as sources of risk or threat. The findings highlight how narratives about platforms and migration are fragmented and often contradictory, oscillating between inclusion, protection, and exclusion. The study contributes to debates on platformisation and migration by showing how Polish media discourses not only reflect but also participate in the production of “common sense” understandings of digital labour, mobility, and worker rights.
The persistence of violence in Nigeria’s socio-political space has called for critical interventions of government and other stakeholders with a view to finding solutions from ideological and combative fronts. Nollywood filmmakers have been consistently intervening in national discourses aimed at ushering in peace and national cohesion through the subject matter and themes of their films. Pascal Amanfo’s Nation Under Siege (2013) is one of the Nollywood films that have intervened in ideological discourse aimed at sustainable peace in Nigeria. With the tenets of psychoanalysis, the article critiques the film’s focus on Boko Haram insurgents. With content analysis, the article found that the film highlights the operative strategies of the insurgents and the ineptitude of the government in the fight against them. The film, however, upholds the view that ideological warfare should also be engaged in the fight against the insurgents as underlined in the characterisation and role of Lina, a prostitute in the film. With the topicality and relevance of the film to ideological discourse, Nollywood has come of age considering the quality of its story and boldness to take risk in the face of state censorship.
Polygamy continues to generate deep contention within Muslim societies, particularly due to conflicting interpretations regarding its implications for gender justice. While Islamic teachings permit polygamy under strict conditions, its practice often triggers public debate over whether it reinforces patriarchal dominance or violates women’s rights. This study aims to critically examine the contrasting perspectives on polygamy through the lens of two influential figures: Coach Hafidin, who advocates for polygamy through paid mentoring programs, and Musdah Mulia, a leading feminist Muslim scholar who opposes it. Utilizing a qualitative content analysis approach, this research draws on primary data from video documentation—especially the Narasi Newsroom’s broadcast—and complementary secondary materials including academic literature and social media discourse. The findings reveal a fundamental dialectic between a religious-cultural defense of polygamy and feminist critiques that highlight the institutionalization of gender inequality. Coach Hafidin’s arguments frame polygamy as a legitimate, even necessary, religious practice, while Musdah Mulia deconstructs it as a form of gendered injustice that undermines women’s autonomy and dignity. This article underscores the need for contextual and ethical reconsiderations of polygamy, advocating for interpretations of Islamic teachings that prioritize justice, equality, and human dignity in contemporary Muslim life.
The process of manually generating question and answer (QA) pairs for assessments is known to be a time-consuming and energy-intensive task for teachers, specifically in higher education. Several studies have proposed various methods utilising pre-trained large language models for the generation of QA pairs. However, it is worth noting that these methods have primarily been evaluated on datasets that are not specifically educational in nature. Furthermore, the evaluation metrics and strategies employed in these studies differ significantly from those typically used in educational contexts. The present discourse fails to present a compelling case regarding the efficacy and practicality of stated methods within the context of higher education. This study aimed to examine multiple QA pairs generation approaches in relation to their performance and the efficacy and constraints within the context of higher education. The various approaches encompassed in this study comprise pipeline, joint, multi-task approach. The performance of these approaches under consideration was assessed on three datasets related to distinct courses. The evaluation integrates three automated methods, teacher assessments, and real-world educational evaluations to provide a comprehensive analysis. The comparison of various approaches was conducted by directly assessing their performance using the average scores of different automatic metrics on three datasets. The results of the teachers and real educational evaluation indicate that the assessments generated were beneficial in enhancing the understanding of concepts and overall performance of students. The implications of the findings from this study hold significant importance in enhancing the efficacy of QA pair generation tools within the context of higher education.
This article explores how the January 6th attack on the Capitol building is represented in the discourse of the participants in the insurrection. We analyze a self-compiled corpus of depositions and interviews with individuals involved in the January 6, 2021, assault, which we have named TruJan. The TruJan corpus was compiled from the GovInfo website. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC-22) was used for the analysis to extract the most frequent topics discussed by the interviewees during the hearings, along with sentences that showcase the attitudes of the speakers regarding the most salient issues. The second part of the article offers a close reading of the depositions and interviews with movement leaders or founders: Ali Alexander (Stop the Steal), Henry “Enrique” Tarrio (Proud Boys), and Stewart Rhodes (Oath Keepers). We argue that Trumpism’s latent totalist potential was made manifest in the January 6 attacks due to the political setbacks Trump faced when losing the 2020 elections, which was perceived as a state of crisis.
History (General) and history of Europe, English literature
The aim of this paper is to shed light on how teachers’ talk about children’s physical activity in school-age educare can be seen as part of comprehensive social discourses concerning education and physical activity. Focus-group interviews with a discourse-analytic approach have been carried out with staff from two municipal school-age educare in Sweden. The transcriptions was analyzed with inspiration from critical discourse analyze which is the theoretical standpoint. In the result the discourses of risk, shortage, activity, complement and joy of movement are the most prominent. In analysis these discourses are seen as inter-discursively influenced by the public health discourse wherein concepts as activity rate, discipline, joy of movement and organization are central. These discourses, concepts and possible implications for school-age educare are discussed. It is also argued that a social pedagogical discourse of care with focus on children’s relation making and conflict management seems to be manifest within Swedish school-age educare.
Ponomarenko, Elena Alikovna, Chureyeva, Olga Aleksandrovna
The issue raised in this study touches upon different aspects related to expression of negative judgment in medical discourse. This issue lies within the boundaries of speech genre theory. The authors use analysis tools of such disciplines as functional linguistics, medical rhetoric and elocutary mastery. The comparison of accusation and reproach – two related to each other speech genres of expressing disapproval – is made in the introduction to the article. Lexicographic sources allowed to reveal essential semantic peculiarities of these genres. The authors have found that the most frequent means of expressing accusation and reproach is a rhetoric question which is used to express the doctor’s disapproval of the patient’s behaviour. It is pointed out that one of the reasons for the doctor’s failures in communication with patients is the improper use of rhetorical questions. This study attempts to discover communication pitfalls dealing with expressing disapproval. Understanding the structure and semantics of rhetoric questions allows to avoid common mistakes in the speech of medical students. It is necessary to view the object of the research in the context of argumentation and manipulation theories. The article also analyzes whether expressing disapproval can be regarded as a manipulative speech tactic. The authors claim that rhetoric questions should be regarded as irrelevant in the doctor’s dialog with the patient due to their negative impact on the patient’s emotional and psychological state. It is necessary to remember about risks related to iatrogenic factors.
Olga A. Solopova, Natalya N. Koshkarova, Igor V. Sibiriakov
The paper studies the evolution of the image of Chelyabinsk in the 20th century British media discourse. The research proves relevant as it involves both linguistic and historical analyses; it aims at retrospective study of the evolution of the image of the foreign city in British media discourse over a large time span. A wide range of methods is employed in the study: comparative, diachronic, cognitive-matrix, cognitive-discursive methods, source study, and content analysis. The source of the data is a digitized archive of British historical media texts. The authors fixed nine variations of the city name. The frequency of modeling the image of Chelyabinsk is dissimilar: it is rather high at the beginning of the century, declines in the second decade, reaches its minimum in 1921-1930, and rises again in the subsequent decades, which is explained by the interest of the British media to industrialization and the events of World War II. Most of the newspapers and magazines that modelled the image of Chelyabinsk were published in the capitals and large industrial centres, which is explained by the peculiarities of British print media, a higher level of education of large cities residents, and Britains economic interests in Russia / the Soviet Union. The significant difference in the images of Chelyabinsk across the time is in their emotive load: negative images of the beginning of the century are contrasted to positive images generated in the latest time span.
Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar, Semantics
This comparative study uses Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory as analytical framework. The aim is to analyze the types of grammatical, lexical items, and language resources used regarding the experiential, interpersonal, and textual functions that are all respectively realized by the register category of field, tenor, mode along with the schematic structure, and the unity of the speech texts. After being converted into clauses, the speech texts were analyzed. Although the doer is slightly different, the result of analysis revealed that the field, as the realization of the experiential function of the texts, is similar. As such, the realization of experiencing action taken by the speaker and audience for the advancement of America is a feature shared by the transitivity patterns focusing on material process, reference, and lexical string analysis. In the meantime, the interpersonal function which is realized by the tenor, differs slightly in that Joe Biden and Barack Obama developed a close distance with the audience, whereas in Donald Trump’s text, there is no sense of intimacy and a great deal of separation from the audience. Then, all texts belong to the spoken mode resulting from simple nominal group constructions. Pushing further, the texts were written in a similar manner in terms of their schematic organization, which included an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The study also discovered that the texts are classified as being highly cohesive by the anaphoric references that were frequently employed, a strong pattern of conjunction linkages, and lexical relations between lexical items appearing across sentences.
У статті розглянуто три типи війни, гібридно нав’язані Росією Україні: «війну Ареса», «війну Афіни» та «війну Аполлона», а також причини, хід та результати використання культури й літератури як блискотливої вуалі для маскування імперської суті «русского мира», «кривой рожи России» (М. Гоголь). Проаналізовано, чому, попри широкомасштабну агресію, розв’язану 24.02.2022 Російською Федерацією проти України, а також доведені міжнародними судами воєнні злочини рашистів, у широких колах світової спільноти й навіть українського суспільства все ще зберігається пієтет до Росії та її «великої» літератури й культури. Зроблено висновок, що смертельно небезпечне (як «яблуко Білосніжки») поєднання, з одного боку, естетичної привабливості, та, з другого боку, імперської ідеологічної токсичності (надто в умовах повномасштабної військової агресії РФ, коли навіть сама російська мова, що нею написано згадані твори, для мільйонів українців стала тригером) робить російську літературу абсолютно неприйнятною для вивчення в ЗСО України. Простежено витоки й етапи закорінення міфу про «світову велич» російської літератури та зроблено обґрунтований висновок, що значна питома вага російських творів у наших шкільних програмах є не свідченням їхнього гаданого «світового» ідейно-естетичного рівня, а важкою спадщиною імперської (у т. ч. радянської) доби, коли в колонізованих Московією землях (зокрема й в Україні) відбувалася примусова асиміляція («обрусение») населення, тож усе російське насаджувалося силоміць. Спрогонозовано ефективні шляхи корекції стратегій вивчення російської літератури в ЗВО України: інтенсивне застосування постколоніальної інтерпретації та компаративного аналізу, оновлення кола досліджуваних літературних творів та застосування нових підходів до вивчення біографій письменників. Зазначено, що стратегічний поворот у викладанні російської літератури та культури в ЗВО України вимагатиме титанічних зусиль не лише освітян, а й усієї держави, розробки та реалізації спеціальної цільової державної програми.
Ключові слова: «війна Аполлона», гібридна війна, глорифікація імперського літературного канону, імперський міф, національна ідентичність, постколоніальні студії, «рашизм», семантична (парадигмальна) війна, «трубадури Імперії».
Discourse analysis, Computational linguistics. Natural language processing
There are simple answers based on the author's own statements about the reason for writing the book of Tohfato al-Alam, which its subject is a description of Shah Sultan Hussein Safavid. The claim of this research is that the writing of Tohfato al-Alam is related to the crises that the Safavid government was facing at that time. This article seeks to clarify why Tohfato al-Alam was written in that historical and social situation by using critical discourse analysis. The crisis that had engulfed the Safavid rule at that time led Fenderski to present the Shah with a linguistic order as the central signifier around which other forces move and to see the imperfections and weaknesses of the Shah invisible, and instead of the forces around him to emerge. Know crises and weaknesses are effective and to blame. In the discourse of Tohfato al-Alam, the Shah, with his full personality, seeks to train other forces in order to organize the government and society.
The article is devoted to the multimodal analysis of the representation of the national-cultural phenomenon “Confucianism” in the field of advertising in modern China on the examples of nationally-oriented advertising texts of different thematic varieties. The relevance of the work is due to the importance of preserving and continuing the heritage of Confucianism in modern Chinese society, especially in the media space. Particular attention is paid to the multimodal analysis of verbal and non-verbal means of expressing the key concept of Confucianism “five constancies of a righteous person” in Chinese nationally oriented advertising texts. It is shown that the concept of “five permanencies” as one of the important components of Confucianism gets its continuation in the field of advertising in modern China, develops in accordance with the social life of the Chinese people in the modern era. It has been established that the use of the Confucian idea of the five permanencies of a righteous person can be considered as one of the most important and effective ways to create advertising with the aim of influencing the target audience of the Chinese domestic market. The conclusions and results of the study allow us to get a general idea of the concept of the five constancies of Confucianism, as well as the practice of its application as methods of manipulating public consciousness in modern Chinese advertising, which is of great importance for sinological research in various scientific fields.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Este texto analisa a relação existente entre identidade do homem negro e relações inter-raciais a partir do filme Corra!. O objetivo foi verificar como a identidade do homem negro é subalternizada em um contexto de hegemonia branca. Primeiro são apresentadas considerações sobre identidade e masculinidade negra, com destaque para aspectos de raça e classe. Em seguida, o texto trata de tensões vividas pelos homens negros em relações inter-raciais. A terceira parte é dedicada a uma interpretação do filme, a partir dos pressupostos teóricos, seguida de sugestões para uso em sala de aula. Corra! serve como metáfora para o espaço de subalternidade muitas vezes ocupado pelo homem negro em relações inter-raciais nas sociedades racialmente hierarquizadas, como a brasileira; e portanto pode ser utilizado como texto para discussões em disciplinas de educação das relações étnico-raciais.
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis is a neurological chronic disease with continuous and differentiated evolution, it demands body self-knowledge for better understanding of preserved capacities, gradual losses and repercussion in the performance of activities and social participation. Objective: To analyze the group experience of the application of physical techniques based on self-healing method for health promotion and rehabilitation of people
with multiple sclerosis, developed by Occupational Therapy. Method: Documental qualitative research referring to written records and audio transcripts of group sessions. Data analysis used the Collective Subject Discourse method. Results: Ten adults with multiple sclerosis, with varying ages and disease times, participated in the therapeutic group. Five participants reported representations and experiences due to the disease and the effect of learning the physical techniques of self-sealing. The benefits include a greater body awareness, decreased symptoms, improved functional capacity and recognition of the need of body practice routine. Conclusion: The therapeutic use of self-healing
method demonstrated its applicability to promote the health benefits, rehabilitation, according to health policies. Due to limited literature on the benefits of using the self-healing method indicates the development of new studies.
This work seeks an adequate definition of syncretism within the theoretical context suggested by dialogism. One of the issues examined here is the usual description of syncretism as a possible dialectical operation. This discussion also points to the use of syncretism in the analysis of cultural practices. In order to do that, it refers to the work of Mikhail Bakhtin as well as the writings by researchers of his oeuvre.
<p>Intercultural encounters generally imply dynamics of (re-)elaboration of symbolic universes by the social groups affected. Imperial domination of Asia, from the 18<sup>th</sup> to the 20<sup>th</sup> century, furthered the reinterpretation of existing symbolic universes, such as religious communities, as well as the creation of new modes of symbolic organization of social life, as national communities. This paper analyzes the construction of a religious-nationalist symbolic universe in a context strongly influenced by otherness. We consider the discourse on Hindu nation and its Muslim other, by V.D. Savarkar, a Hindu nationalist ideologue that was written in the early decades of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. We adopt phenomenology as theoretical framework and undertake content analysis of a primary source – <em>Hindutva: Who is a Hindu? </em>We argue that the Hindu nationalist ideologue elaborated a rhetoric of annihilation, in which the other of Hindu nation, the Muslim, is depicted as inferior through a double strategy: selective exaggeration of characteristics attributed to the Muslim; transfer of socially negative definitions to the other.</p>
In this article, I set out new methods of analysis in critical discourse analysis. I develop ways to examine multiple genres over time, based in the discourse-historical approach, and ways to analyse the representation of social actors, based in social actor analysis. These methods provide a detailed way of using critical discourse analysis diachronically for multiple texts, analysing the textual, intertextual and contextual. I argue that because there is not a binary relationship between power at an elite level and resistance at a grassroots level, power and resistance rather being present everywhere, critical discourse analysis can and should examine simultaneously multiple societal ‘levels’. My methods help show to what extent more marginal speakers can make themselves heard. I explain how these methods were usefully applied to a study of the role that immigrant organisations have played in discussions about immigration control in the UK since the 1960s.