Hasil untuk "Commercial law"

Rostand A. K. Fezeu, Lilian C. Freitas, Eman Ramadan et al.

Radio Access Network (RAN) sharing, which often also includes spectrum sharing, is a strategic cooperative agreement among two or more mobile operators, where one operator may use another's RAN infrastructure to provide mobile services to its users. By mutually sharing physical sites, radio elements, licensed spectrum and other parts of the RAN infrastructure, participating operators can significantly reduce the capital (and operational) expenditure in deploying and operating cellular networks, while accelerating coverage expansion -- thereby addressing the spectrum scarcity and infrastructure cost challenges in the 5G era and beyond. While the economic benefits of RAN sharing are well understood, the impact of such resource pooling on user-perceived performance remains underexplored, especially in real-world commercial deployments. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first empirical measurement study of commercial 5G spectrum and RAN sharing. Our measurement study is unique in that, beyond identifying real-world instances of shared 5G spectrum and RAN deployment "in the wild", we also analyze users' perceived performance and its implication on Quality of Experience (QoE). Our study provides critical insights into resource management (i.e., pooling) and spectrum efficiency, offering a blueprint (and implications) for network evolution in 5G, 6G and beyond.

Indresh Yadav, P. M. Geethu

Newtons Laws of Motion form the basis of classical mechanics, but misconceptions about their interrelationships persist in pedagogy. A prevalent misunderstanding is that Newtons First Law is a trivial consequence of the Second Law. This paper argues that the First Law serves a logically distinct foundational role that defines the context in which the Second Law is valid. This conceptual distinction is clarified through classical thought experiments and further supported by insights from relativistic mechanics. Furthermore, the paper discusses the notion of the zeroth Law. It evaluates several candidates, including the absoluteness of space and time, the conservation and additivity of mass, and the locality of force in time. By articulating the details of the logical structure of Newtons Laws, this article offers theoretical clarity and pedagogical value for the teaching and interpretation of Newtonian mechanics.

Megan Powell, Euan Parry, Conor McGeough et al.

Silicon carbide is a wide-bandgap semiconductor with an emerging CMOS technology platform and it is widely deployed in high power and harsh environment electronics. This material is also attracting interest for quantum technologies through its crystal defects, which can act as spin-based qubits or single-photon sources. In this work, we assess the cryogenic performance of commercial power MOSFETs to evaluate their suitability for CMOS-compatible quantum electronics. We perform a statistical study of threshold voltage and subthreshold swing from 300 K down to 650 mK, focusing on reproducibility and variability. Our results show significant performance degradation at low temperatures, including large gate hysteresis, threshold voltage shifts, and subthreshold swing deterioration. These effects suggest instability in electrostatic control, likely due to carrier freeze-out and high interface trap density, which may pose challenges for the reliable use of this transistor technology towards the realisation of quantum devices or cryo-CMOS electronics.

Arash J. Khabbazi, Elias N. Pergantis, Levi D. Reyes Premer et al.

A large body of simulation research suggests that model predictive control (MPC) and reinforcement learning (RL) for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) in residential and commercial buildings could reduce energy costs, pollutant emissions, and strain on power grids. Despite this potential, neither MPC nor RL has seen widespread industry adoption. Field demonstrations could accelerate MPC and RL adoption by providing real-world data that support the business case for deployment. Here we review 24 papers that document field demonstrations of MPC and RL in residential buildings and 80 in commercial buildings. After presenting demographic information -- such as experiment scopes, locations, and durations -- this paper analyzes experiment protocols and their influence on performance estimates. We find that 71% of the reviewed field demonstrations use experiment protocols that may lead to unreliable performance estimates. Over the remaining 29% that we view as reliable, the weighted-average cost savings, weighted by experiment duration, are 16% in residential buildings and 13% in commercial buildings. While these savings are potentially attractive, making the business case for MPC and RL also requires characterizing the costs of deployment, operation, and maintenance. Only 13 of the 104 reviewed papers report these costs or discuss related challenges. Based on these observations, we recommend directions for future field research, including: Improving experiment protocols; reporting deployment, operation, and maintenance costs; designing algorithms and instrumentation to reduce these costs; controlling HVAC equipment alongside other distributed energy resources; and pursuing emerging objectives such as peak shaving, arbitraging wholesale energy prices, and providing power grid reliability services.

Timur Almabetov, Petros Androvitsaneas, Zhongze Ren et al.

Spin lasers leverage electron spin-polarisation to control photon polarisation, offering the potential for lower thresholds, rapid modulation, and all-optical data processing. We report successful spin injection into a commercial Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) using optical pumping at wavelengths of 794 nm and 810 nm. Maximum circular polarisation achieved was about 20% at 794 nm, whereas this falls to 5% with exciting at 810 nm. We attribute this to reduced spin injection due to the longer excitation wavelength in line with previous measurements on quantum wells under optical orientation. We extend the Spin-Flip Model (SFM) to account for realistic excitation conditions and find our theoretical analysis accurately reproduces experimental trends.

Carlos E. Zambra, Diógenes Hernandez, Jorge O. Morales-Ferreiro et al.

This study introduces a novel mathematical model tailored to the unique fluid dynamics of paper-based microfluidic devices (PBMDs), focusing specifically on the transport behavior of human blood plasma, albumin, and heat. Unlike previous models that depend on generic commercial software, our custom-developed computational incorporates the Richards equation to extend Darcy’s law for more accurately capturing capillary-driven flow and thermal transport in porous paper substrates. The model’s predictions were validated through experimental data and demonstrated high accuracy in both two- and three-dimensional simulations. Key findings include new analytical expressions for uniform paper wetting after sudden geometric expansions and the discovery that plasma and albumin preferentially migrate along paper edges—a phenomenon driven by surface tension and capillary effects that varies with paper type. Additionally, heat transfer analysis indicates that a one-minute equilibration period is necessary for the reaction zone to reach ambient temperature, an important parameter for assay timing. These insights provide a deeper physical understanding of PBMD operation and establish a robust modeling tool that bridges experimental and computational approaches, offering a foundation for the optimized design of next-generation diagnostic devices for biomedical applications.

Fatimah Hs, Nursalam Rahmatullah, Hamsah Hamsah et al.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of personal data protection under Law Number 27 of 2022 and to examine the urgency of establishing an independent supervisory authority for personal data protection. The research employs a normative juridical approach by reviewing primary and secondary legal sources as well as relevant literature, then analyzed descriptively to identify regulatory and institutional weaknesses. The findings indicate that although Law Number 27 of 2022 marks a significant step in protecting personal data in Indonesia, its provisions remain partial due to the absence of an independent supervisory body. The lack of such authority may undermine law enforcement, as a body directly under the president is vulnerable to political and bureaucratic interests. This study emphasizes that an independent supervisory institution is essential to ensure legal compliance, the enforcement of sanctions, and the effective protection of citizens’ privacy rights. Therefore, the establishment of an autonomous supervisory authority is urgent to realize the objectives of the Personal Data Protection Law in ensuring justice, legal certainty, and utility.

Dragana Radovanović

The labour law implications of establishing foster care are reflected in the special protection granted to foster parents in employment. This protection is designed to ensure, with additional and intensive support from society, that a child without parental care, or a child under parental care who has developmental disabilities or behavioural disorders and is temporarily unable to live with their parents, can achieve optimal development in a family environment. The ultimate goal is the child’s return to the biological family, preparation for independent living and work, or the adjustment of protective measures. On the other hand, for the foster parent who directly cares for the child based on the decision of the guardianship authority, it is necessary to facilitate the reconciliation of family responsibilities with obligations towards the employer. This entails occasional leave from work for child care, as well as leave for special child care, job protection, and protection within the framework of working time regulations. This paper is based on the application of legal-dogmatic and comparative-legal methods, and aims to reaffirm the special protection of foster parents in employment, with an overview of the most important aspects of its regulationn at the international and national levels.

Courtney Golden, Dan Ilan, Nicholas Cebry et al.

DNA sequence alignment is an important workload in computational genomics. Reference-guided DNA assembly involves aligning many read sequences against candidate locations in a long reference genome. To reduce the computational load of this alignment, candidate locations can be pre-filtered using simpler alignment algorithms like edit distance. Prior work has explored accelerating filtering on simulated compute-in-DRAM, due to the massive parallelism of compute-in-memory architectures. In this paper, we present work-in-progress on accelerating filtering using a commercial compute-in-SRAM accelerator. We leverage the recently released Gemini accelerator platform from GSI Technology, which is the first, to our knowledge, commercial-scale compute-in-SRAM system. We accelerate the Myers' bit-parallel edit distance algorithm, producing average speedups of 14.1x over single-core CPU performance. Individual query/candidate alignments produce speedups of up to 24.1x. These early results suggest this novel architecture is well-suited to accelerating the filtering step of sequence-to-sequence DNA alignment.

Aulia Rahmawati, Marlina br Purba

The position and strength of a PPAT deed as an authentic deed in the evidence system due to the lack of synchronization of laws and regulations, so it is interesting to conduct further research. One of the authentic deeds made by PPAT discussed in this thesis is a deed of gift, where to make a gift for immovable property can be done with an authentic deed or a deed under hand. However, to ensure legal certainty and to be a valid evidence, the transfer of the gift is carried out by making an authentic deed. The research uses the Normative Juridical method (legal research), namely legal research using legal norms as the object of its research based on an internal perspective that is able to provide legal arguments when conflicts, ambiguities, or legal gaps are found.  The result is The power of grant deed made by the PPAT is a private deed, because the form and format of the deed of grant made by the PPAT are not regulated in the Law but are only regulated in the Ministerial Regulation. Therefore, the deed of grant made by the PPAT is not an authentic deed, so that its legal force remains binding on both parties but only as a private deed. The legal consequence of the deed of grant made by the PPAT is that the deed of grant is downgraded to a private deed because the position of the deed of grant made by the PPAT does not meet the qualifications of an authentic deed as stipulated in Article 1868 of the Civil Code. This is certainly detrimental to the parties, because the implementation of the grant as stipulated in Article 1682 of the Civil Code must be carried out with an authentic deed.

Michael Law, Peter Bühlmann, Ya'acov Ritov

We consider the problem of statistical inference on parameters of a target population when auxiliary observations are available from related populations. We propose a flexible empirical Bayes approach that can be applied on top of any asymptotically linear estimator to incorporate information from related populations when constructing confidence regions. The proposed methodology is valid regardless of whether there are direct observations on the population of interest. We demonstrate the performance of the empirical Bayes confidence regions on synthetic data as well as on the Trends in International Mathematics and Sciences Study when using the debiased Lasso as the basic algorithm in high-dimensional regression.

Rema Syelvita, M. Amin Qodri, Fakhriyah Annisa Afro

This article discusses the controversial issue of victims of online lending (Pinjol) and whether they are eligible to receive zakat. Online lending has become a social problem affecting many people who are trapped in difficult debt situations. This discussion raises ethical and humanitarian aspects of assisting Pinjol victims. The fundamental question is what criteria make Pinjol victims eligible to receive zakat, a conventional form of assistance given to the poor and needy. The aim of this article is to explore the concept of victims in the context of online lending and consider the Islamic legal aspects related to the acceptance of zakat. The article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of Pinjol on the financial lives of communities, considering factors such as interest rates, lending practices, and the psychological impact on borrowers. Furthermore, the article discusses the principles of Islamic Sharia related to zakat, such as the criteria for zakat recipients, justice, and debt management. The analytical method used is a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing literature studies and Islamic legal perspectives on the status of Pinjol victims as gharimin (debtors). It is hoped that the results of this research will provide a clear understanding of whether those indebted to Pinjol can be considered victims and eligible for zakat. Additionally, this article can serve as a guide for zakat institutions, governments, and communities to develop more effective ways of providing assistance to those affected by the negative impacts of online lending.

Anku Adhikari, Samuel Guo, Paris Smaragdis et al.

We show that as a side effect of building code requirements, almost all commercial buildings today are vulnerable to a novel data exfiltration attack, even if they are air-gapped and secured against traditional attacks. The new attack uses vibrations from an inconspicuous transmitter to send data across the building's physical infrastructure to a receiver. Our analysis and experiments with several large real-world buildings show a single-frequency bit rate of 300Kbps, which is sufficient to transmit ordinary files, real-time MP3-quality audio, or periodic high-quality still photos. The attacker can use multiple channels to transmit, for example, real-time MP4-quality video. We discuss the difficulty of detecting the attack and the viability of various potential countermeasures.

Nick Zhang

Moore's Law has been used by semiconductor industry as predicative indicators of the industry and it has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Now more people tend to agree that the original Moore's Law started to falter. This paper proposes a possible quantitative modification to Moore's Law. It can cover other derivative laws of Moore's Law as well. It intends to more accurately predict the roadmap of chip's performance and energy consumption.

John Francis, Stephen Law

Information on urban tree canopies is fundamental to mitigating climate change [1] as well as improving quality of life [2]. Urban tree planting initiatives face a lack of up-to-date data about the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the tree canopy in cities. We present a pipeline that utilizes LiDAR data as ground-truth and then trains a multi-task machine learning model to generate reliable estimates of tree cover and canopy height in urban areas using multi-source multi-spectral satellite imagery for the case study of Chicago.

V. P. Kirilenko, Yu. V. Mishalchenko, E. V. Vasileva

The article conducts a study to determine the mechanism of effective legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts when establishing mutually beneficial relations between participants in a foreign economic transaction who are subjects of law of different states by type of economic activity in accordance with and in accordance with the terms agreed by the parties on the basis of the applicable norms of national and international law and the legislation of the countries regulating these legal relations in foreign economic activity.Aim. To propose the most optimal directions for improving the legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts in the system of international integration.Tasks. To determine the legal basis for regulating foreign trade contracts in modern integration processes; to investigate the legal aspects, specifics and procedure for concluding foreign trade contracts, as well as to identify legal problems that hinder the development of these legal relations.Methods. In this research we used methods of comparative law, methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of deduction and induction.Results. In the course of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that there are some problematic aspects of both national and international regulation in the field of foreign trade contracts. These problems are expressed in the absence of a single legal regulation for the conclusion and execution of foreign trade contracts, the presence of specific requirements for the content of the contract in different countries, and as a result, the appearance of conflicts at the stage of agreement of the text of the contract by partners from different countries, as well as in the absence of a single legal mechanism ensuring fair resolution of disputes between the parties to the contract.Conclusion. As a result of the analysis of the actual problems associated with the lack of the necessary comprehensive legal regulation of the content of foreign trade contracts, the authors propose optimal ways to solve them by harmonizing legislation at the international level in order to humanely and fairly bring together the legislations of states and establish comparable regulatory legal regulation in relation to the legal regulation of the content, conclusion and execution of a foreign trade contract.

Carmine Guerra

Sergio Carreño Mendoza

Los breakup fees o pagos por terminación operan como instrumentos distributivos del riesgo que permite el reembolso de lo invertido cuando la operación se frustra por alguna de las causales definidas en el acuerdo. Con todo, han sido objeto de intenso debate cuando el reembolso se establece en favor del comprador por las repercusiones que pueden tener sobre la compañía objetivo, sus accionistas y el bienestar social. En esta línea, el Decreto 2555 de 2010 y la Circular Básica Jurídica de la Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia han optado por una solución restrictiva que proscribe los pagos asumidos por la compañía objetivo. Pese a las nobles intenciones que persigue la norma, ha llegado el momento de modificar la estrategia, pues no existe información que permita establecer de forma concluyente que la prohibición mejora la posición de los accionistas y, por el contrario, puede estar afectando el volumen de operaciones y los precios de venta. Teniendo esto presente, se propone la adopción de un modelo regulatorio que establezca de antemano los requisitos que deberán cumplir los administradores cuando los negocian.

Stacey Law, Yuji Okitani

We prove a recursive formula for plethysm coefficients of the form $a^μ_{λ,(m)}$, generalising results on plethysms due to Bruns--Conca--Varbaro and de Boeck--Paget--Wildon. From this we deduce a stability result and resolve two conjectures of de Boeck concerning plethysms, as well as obtain new results on Sylow branching coefficients for symmetric groups for the prime 2. Further, letting $P_n$ denote a Sylow 2-subgroup of $S_n$, we show that almost all Sylow branching coefficients of $S_n$ corresponding to the trivial character of $P_n$ are positive.

Geo Magri