Hasil untuk "Cities. Urban geography"

Mohsen Mohammadi

Industrial policy has re-emerged as a central concern of economic strategy, yet dominant frameworks − most notably the developmental state and political settlements − still offer only partial explanations of how states pursue industrial transformation under the pressures of globalization. This article develops a multi-level perspective that connects domestic politics, institutional capacity, leadership agency, and transnational forces within a single analytical frame. It argues that the effectiveness of industrial policy depends not on any one of these domains alone, but on how they interact and reinforce − or undermine − one another across scales of governance. Drawing on the experiences of South Korea (1961–1979) and Malaysia (1981–2003), the paper shows how similar developmental ambitions yielded varying degrees of success, reflecting differences in bureaucratic autonomy, coalition cohesion, and the ability to navigate global regimes and value-chain dynamics. The analysis suggests that successful industrial policy in a globalized world requires both embedded and autonomous institutions, adaptive and committed leadership, and the capacity to negotiate a viable policy space within transnational constraints. The framework thus contributes to a broader research agenda on global industrial policy, linking domestic governance to the evolving architecture of globalization that now shapes industrialization itself.

Zhaoya Gong, Bin Liu, Chenglong Wang et al.

The hierarchy and proximity are key dimensions of urban relational processes, but their interplay in shaping intercity interactions and the underlying structures of city systems remain unclear. We develop a novel geometric model of city systems embedding intercity mobility into a latent hyperbolic geometry, which unravels the measures of hierarchy and proximity accounting for their interplay. It is successfully validated against 12 different nationwide intercity mobility datasets. We find a bottom-up emergence of city hierarchies, along which the variations of city-hinterland relations are non-stationary in terms of their nesting and range properties. Such non-stationarity originates from trade-offs between city hierarchy and hinterland range in determining the formation of city-hinterland structures. Hierarchy- and proximity-dominated urban processes can be elucidated from examining dynamics of the trade-offs. The revealed urban relational processes of city systems are at the core of the emerging science of cities and crucial for spatial planning and regional policymaking.

Noha Elsayed

Heritage gardens, imbued with historical significance and meaning, hold a special value due to their rich aesthetic and historical qualities. These qualities are often evident in the distinctive architectural, urban, and design elements of the landscape, creating a unique visual image that reflects the cultural and historical context of the time. Such gardens represent a sustainable cultural asset for future generations. In Egypt, during the latter half of the 20th century, rapid urban development, often disregarding cultural and historical values, led to the neglect of public gardens and green spaces, particularly heritage gardens. These gardens suffered from deterioration and loss of area, resulting in a distortion of their original visual image. This constitutes a significant research problem, as these gardens must be preserved through the development of tailored plans based on their current conditions. This research aims to develop a methodology to revive the visual image of the heritage gardens. In this context, three research methodologies are employed: theoretical, analytical, and applied. Initially, the concept of heritage gardens, the reasons for their deterioration, methods of preservation, and the most important heritage gardens in Egypt are explored. Adopting a case-study approach, Al-Azbakeya Heritage Garden in Cairo is analyzed, examining its historical significance, heritage value, and the changes in its layout over the years. Finally, the applied methodology involves documenting the garden current condition and assessing the extent to which its visual image has been restored by reviving its original design and, ultimately, the proposed methodology is tested.

Hernán Lameda Luna

El objetivo de este artículo es verificar cómo se presenta la arquitectura de Latinoamérica en varias historias universales escritas en el siglo XX. Se revisan siete libros de historia de arquitectura internacional, cuyos autores son: Henry Russell-Hitchcock (1903-1987), Leonardo Benévolo (1923-2017), Kenneth Frampton (1930), Manfredo Tafuri (1935-1994), Charles Jencks (1939-2019), Josep María Montaner (1954) y William Curtis (1948). Se cotejan cuáles obras y arquitectos de América Latina son aludidos en estas historias, junto con los criterios de valoración de la arquitectura latinoamericana en el escenario global. También, se comparan los siete libros entre sí; para corroborar los diversos enfoques, fuentes de información, temporalidad y estrategias usadas para incorporar a la arquitectura de Latinoamérica en historias de ámbito mundial. En las conclusiones, se explica cómo ha sido la construcción de una historicidad desde miradas foráneas, así como la influencia de estas historias en las ideas existentes sobre arquitectura latinoamericana.

Yasuhiro Shimazaki, Jihui Yuan, Masaki Tajima

Abstract The development and high population in urban areas contribute to environmental pollution. Countermeasures have been separately implemented for each type of pollution. However, public comfort in urban areas is influenced by multiple factors. Therefore, we focused on two distinct factors that influence public comfort: thermal comfort and noise. We attempted to understand their combined effect on overall comfort and to formulate the effect using subjective measurements in real streets. Experiments were conducted in three seasons with six different noise levels in Toyohashi-Japan with ten male subjects for each season. Climatic thermal factors, such as air temperature, human factors, such as activity level, and physiological conditions such as body temperature, were considered. To evaluate the acoustic conditions, we measured the sound level for each frequency-band. Moreover, a questionnaire survey was conducted to assess thermal, acoustic, and overall perceptions. Thermal sensation and the acoustic sensation of loudness were quantified using human thermal load (HTL) and equivalent noise level (LAeq) respectively. Additionally, thermal and acoustic sensations are effective indicators of thermal and acoustic comfort, respectively. Consequently, thermal and acoustic comfort can be determined using the objective HTL and LAeq, respectively. Finally, overall comfort was obtained in terms of thermal and acoustic comfort. The overall effect of thermal–acoustic comfort on subjective comfort remains unclear; however, overall discomfort appears to be more sensitive to thermal discomfort than to acoustic discomfort in this study. The proposed methodology can be used for comprehensively evaluating environmental comfort in different scenarios, with potential applications in urban planning.

Gonzalo G. Peraza-Mues, Eugen Resendiz, Rodolfo Figueroa-Soriano et al.

Despite its pervasive implications, many cities worldwide continue to expand in a fragmented, horizontal manner. We analyse urban growth dynamics in 69 Mexican metropolitan areas from 1990 to 2020 using census data, developing a model of urban form change based on population size, density, and spatial configuration. We employ a radial probability density function and the urban expansion factor to create a framework for comparing urban expansion over time and across different regions. Over the past three decades, Mexico's urban population has nearly doubled. However, populations have shifted outward, resulting in a decline of 2.5 million residents in central areas. Our analysis shows that distances from the city centre have increased by 28% on average, driven by population losses in central zones combined with growth in peripheral regions.

Luca Maria Aiello, Anastassia Vybornova, Sándor Juhász et al.

Urban highways are common, especially in the US, making cities more car-centric. They promise the annihilation of distance but obstruct pedestrian mobility, thus playing a key role in limiting social interactions locally. Although this limiting role is widely acknowledged in urban studies, the quantitative relationship between urban highways and social ties is barely tested. Here we define a Barrier Score that relates massive, geolocated online social network data to highways in the 50 largest US cities. At the unprecedented granularity of individual social ties, we show that urban highways are associated with decreased social connectivity. This barrier effect is especially strong for short distances and consistent with historical cases of highways that were built to purposefully disrupt or isolate Black neighborhoods. By combining spatial infrastructure with social tie data, our method adds a new dimension to demographic studies of social segregation. Our study can inform reparative planning for an evidence-based reduction of spatial inequality, and more generally, support a better integration of the social fabric in urban planning.

Chenyang Yu, Xinpeng Xie, Yan Huang et al.

Understanding and predicting Origin-Destination (OD) flows is crucial for urban planning and transportation management. Traditional OD prediction models, while effective within single cities, often face limitations when applied across different cities due to varied traffic conditions, urban layouts, and socio-economic factors. In this paper, by employing Large Language Models (LLMs), we introduce a new method for cross-city OD flow prediction. Our approach leverages the advanced semantic understanding and contextual learning capabilities of LLMs to bridge the gap between cities with different characteristics, providing a robust and adaptable solution for accurate OD flow prediction that can be transferred from one city to another. Our novel framework involves four major components: collecting OD training datasets from a source city, instruction-tuning the LLMs, predicting destination POIs in a target city, and identifying the locations that best match the predicted destination POIs. We introduce a new loss function that integrates POI semantics and trip distance during training. By extracting high-quality semantic features from human mobility and POI data, the model understands spatial and functional relationships within urban spaces and captures interactions between individuals and various POIs. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of our approach over the state-of-the-art learning-based methods in cross-city OD flow prediction.

Lu Zhong, Lei Dong, Qi Wang et al.

Human mobility is a fundamental process underpinning socioeconomic life and urban structure. Classic theories, such as egocentric activity spaces and central place theory, provide crucial insights into specific facets of movement, like home-centricity and hierarchical spatial organization. However, identifying universal characteristics or an underlying principle that quantitatively links these disparate perspectives has remained a challenge. Here, we reveal such a connection by analyzing the spatial structure of individual daily mobility trajectories using network-based modules. We discover a universal scaling law: the spatial extent (radius) of these mobility modules expands sublinearly with increasing distance from home, a pattern consistent across three orders of magnitude. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these modules precisely map onto the nested hierarchy of urban systems, corresponding to local, city-level, and regional scales as distance from home increases. These findings deepen our understanding of human mobility dynamics and demonstrate the profound connection between classical urban theory, human geography, and mobility studies.

Cecile Cuny

Die Logistikbranche ist in letzter Zeit ins Zentrum vieler politischer sowie wissenschaftlicher Diskussionen gerückt. Diese wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten, die den Verkehr von Gütern von ihrem Produktionsort zu ihrem Verkaufsort effizient und zu den niedrigstmöglichen Kosten organisieren, werden von Arbeitgeber- und Arbeitnehmer-Interessenverbänden einerseits als eine technologieintensive und zukunftsfähige Branche beschrieben, andererseits als exemplarisch für die dramatische Prekarisierung der europäischen Arbeitswelten. Der folgende Magazinbeitrag stellt einen Fotospaziergang mit einem deutschen Leiharbeiter vor, der in der Logistikhalle eines deutschen Herstellers von Energieerzeugungsgeräten tätig war. Er analysiert, wie durch eine Videomontage dieser auf dem Spaziergang entstandenen Fotos mit eingeblendeten Interviewaussagen die Zuschauer_innen dazu aufgefordert werden, die Bilder mit einem „zivilen Blick“ zu betrachten.

Mamdouh Alenezi

In today's world, many cities are embracing cutting-edge technology and transforming into "smart cities". These emerging innovations are revolutionizing the standard of living for people, and as a result, smart city infrastructure development has become a major focus for city planners and policymakers worldwide. The goal is to create more livable, sustainable, and efficient urban environments, and software engineering plays a crucial role in achieving this. In this article, we will delve into what makes a city "smart" and what it means for the future. We will explore the software engineering roadmap for smart city infrastructure development, highlighting the goals and challenges that come with this innovative approach to urban planning. Our aim is to provide valuable insights into the importance of software engineering in achieving successful smart city infrastructure development. As cities continue to grow and evolve, it is essential to adopt new technologies that can help us build smarter, more sustainable communities. Smart city initiatives are paving the way for a brighter future, and software engineering is at the forefront of this movement. By understanding the software engineering roadmap for smart city infrastructure development, we can work towards creating more livable, efficient, and sustainable urban environments for generations to come.

Kashif Ishaq, Syed Shah Farooq

The rise of Internet of things (IoT) technology has revolutionized urban living, offering immense potential for smart cities in which smart home, smart infrastructure, and smart industry are essential aspects that contribute to the development of intelligent urban ecosystems. The integration of smart home technology raises concerns regarding data privacy and security, while smart infrastructure implementation demands robust networking and interoperability solutions. Simultaneously, deploying IoT in industrial settings faces challenges related to scalability, standardization, and data management. This research paper offers a systematic literature review of published research in the field of IoT in smart cities including 55 relevant primary studies that have been published in reputable journals and conferences. This extensive literature review explores and evaluates various aspects of smart home, smart infrastructure, and smart industry and the challenges like security and privacy, smart sensors, interoperability and standardization. We provide a unified perspective, as we seek to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of smart cities while overcoming security concerns. It then explores their potential for collective integration and impact on the development of smart cities. Furthermore, this study addresses the challenges associated with each component individually and explores their combined impact on enhancing urban efficiency and sustainability. Through a comprehensive analysis of security concerns, this research successfully integrates these IoT components in a unified approach, presenting a holistic framework for building smart cities of the future. Integrating smart home, smart infrastructure, and smart industry, this research highlights the significance of an integrated approach in developing smart cities.

Yanyan Xu, Luis E. Olmos, David Mateo et al.

The urban spatial structure represents the distribution of public and private spaces in cities and how people move within them. While it usually evolves slowly, it can change fast during large-scale emergency events, as well as due to urban renewal in rapidly developing countries. This work presents an approach to delineate such urban dynamics in quasi-real-time through a human mobility metric, the mobility centrality index $ΔKS$. As a case study, we tracked the urban dynamics of eleven Spanish cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results revealed that their structures became more monocentric during the lockdown in the first wave, but kept their regular spatial structures during the second wave. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of mobility from home, we also introduce a dimensionless metric, $KS_{HBT}$, which measures the extent of home-based travel and provides statistical insights into the transmission of COVID-19. By utilizing individual mobility data, our metrics enable the detection of changes in the urban spatial structure.

Lokuthula Msimanga, Geoffrey Mukwada

Rural livelihoods will continue to face the consequences of climatic change in the short and long term, and the outlook is likely going to deteriorate further with the increasing frequency and intensity of weather extremes. This paper aims to investigate the common traits and heterogeneity of climate change impacts on rural livelihoods across the globe. This study focused on systematically reviewing 86 publications using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The review of these articles resulted in the identification of 4 main themes and 11 sub-themes. The results indicate that the substantial body of literature on climate change and rural livelihoods emphasizes the vulnerability of natural-resources based livelihoods to climate-related impacts. Our analysis found that worldwide, the indicators of climate change and variability vary in terms of how climate change affects rural livelihoods and accordingly how rural communities cope with or adapt to climate change also differ. Based on the analysis, the study concludes that these differences are attributed to exposure to various climate change conditions and non-climatic factors, namely social, economic, cultural, and political factors. To employ effective and sustainable rural livelihoods in the face of climate-induced events, it is crucial for internal and external institutions to recognize such heterogeneity, making the formulation of adaptation plans and policies context-specific.

Lars Kraehnke

Am Beispiel des kollektiven Alkoholkonsums einer Szene von Drogen- und Alkoholabhängigen im Kieler Stadtteil Gaarden untersucht der vorliegende Artikel, inwiefern auf den ersten Blick banal erscheinende Praktiken wie das gemeinsame Konsumieren alkoholhaltiger Getränke einen Beitrag zur sozialen und materiellen Ausgestaltung von Szenetreffpunkten im öffentlichen Raum leisten. Klassischerweise wird die Gestaltung dieser Räume als zentrale Aufgabe von Planerinnen und Planern auf verschiedenen Maßstabsebenen (Bund, Land, Kommune etc.) angesehen. Räumlich wird der Planungsprozess dabei in der Regel in den Büros der Verwaltung oder den Plenarsälen der Politik verortet. Der vorliegende Beitrag hingegen schlägt ein anderes Planungsverständnis vor. Unter Rückgriff auf aktuelle Theorieentwicklungen im Bereich raumbezogener Praktikentheorien werden sowohl die Praktiken der formal autorisierten Planerinnen und Planer als auch diejenigen der Szenemitglieder als konstitutiver Bestandteil des Planungsprozesses aufgefasst. Der Planungsprozess verlagert sich damit zu einem nicht unwesentlichen Teil an die Szenetreffpunkte vor Ort. Die Szenemitglieder leisten durch ihr Handeln einen Beitrag zum Planungsprozess und werden in gewisser Weise selbst zu Planerinnen und Planern, die mittels kollektiver Konsumpraktiken ihren Treffpunkt mitgestalten.

Jiawei Xue, Nan Jiang, Senwei Liang et al.

Quantifying the topological similarities of different parts of urban road networks (URNs) enables us to understand the urban growth patterns. While conventional statistics provide useful information about characteristics of either a single node's direct neighbors or the entire network, such metrics fail to measure the similarities of subnetworks considering local indirect neighborhood relationships. In this study, we propose a graph-based machine-learning method to quantify the spatial homogeneity of subnetworks. We apply the method to 11,790 urban road networks across 30 cities worldwide to measure the spatial homogeneity of road networks within each city and across different cities. We find that intra-city spatial homogeneity is highly associated with socioeconomic statuses such as GDP and population growth. Moreover, inter-city spatial homogeneity obtained by transferring the model across different cities, reveals the inter-city similarity of urban network structures originating in Europe, passed on to cities in the US and Asia. Socioeconomic development and inter-city similarity revealed using our method can be leveraged to understand and transfer insights across cities. It also enables us to address urban policy challenges including network planning in rapidly urbanizing areas and combating regional inequality.

Martin Fleischmann, Alessandra Feliciotti, Ombretta Romice et al.

Cities are complex products of human culture, characterised by a startling diversity of visible traits. Their form is constantly evolving, reflecting changing human needs and local contingencies, manifested in space by many urban patterns. Urban Morphology laid the foundation for understanding many such patterns, largely relying on qualitative research methods to extract distinct spatial identities of urban areas. However, the manual, labour-intensive and subjective nature of such approaches represents an impediment to the development of a scalable, replicable and data-driven urban form characterisation. Recently, advances in Geographic Data Science and the availability of digital mapping products, open the opportunity to overcome such limitations. And yet, our current capacity to systematically capture the heterogeneity of spatial patterns remains limited in terms of spatial parameters included in the analysis and hardly scalable due to the highly labour-intensive nature of the task. In this paper, we present a method for numerical taxonomy of urban form derived from biological systematics, which allows the rigorous detection and classification of urban types. Initially, we produce a rich numerical characterisation of urban space from minimal data input, minimizing limitations due to inconsistent data quality and availability. These are street network, building footprint, and morphological tessellation, a spatial unit derivative of Voronoi tessellation, obtained from building footprints. Hence, we derive homogeneous urban tissue types and, by determining overall morphological similarity between them, generate a hierarchical classification of urban form. After framing and presenting the method, we test it on two cities - Prague and Amsterdam - and discuss potential applications and further developments.

Iwona Jażdżewska

The article attempts to find in the history of Poland facts and processes that influenced the contemporary shape of the Polish urban network. In comparison with other parts of Europe, the process of urbanisation in Central and Eastern Europe was significantly delayed. During the last millennium, the Polish state changed its borders many times, mainly in the east-west direction, because the Baltic Sea from the north and the Sudeten and Carpathian ranges from the south effectively inhibited territorial changes in the north-south direction. The process of shaping and strengthening the urban settlement network in Poland to the present day has been divided into five periods. The first, lasting from the 8th century until the union of Kreva in 1385, encompasses the beginnings of the establishment and spreading of urban settlement network; the second – the merger of the urban network with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its strengthening in the joint state; the third – the disappearance of Poland from the map of Europe and the breakup of the settlement network into three parts: tsarist Russia, the Habsburg monarchy, Prussia, and the start of industrialisation of the partitioned land; the fourth refers to the period when Poland, after 123 years, reappeared on the administrative map of Europe (1918-1939); and the fifth one covers the period from 1945 to the present day. When undertaking scientific research on the contemporary urban network of Poland, many political, social and economic factors should be taken into account. These should be taken into account when making hypotheses, drawing conclusions and developing economic and geographical theories.

S. Aslam, H. Sami Ullah

Smart city technology is making cities more effective which is necessary for the rapid growth in urban population. With the rapid increase in advanced metering infrastructure and other digital technologies, Smart cities have become smarter with efficient electronic devices and embedded sensors based on the Internet of Things (IoT). This paper provides a comprehensive review of the smart cities concept with its components and applications. Moreover, technologies of IoT used in smart cities infrastructure and some practically implemented smart cities in the world are mentioned as exemplary implementations. Some open issues and future directions concluded the paper.

Maria-Alexandra Barina, Gabriel Barina

Converting the city into a "smart" one is the emerging strategy of alleviating the problems generated by the rapid population growth in most urban areas, i.e., urbanisation. However, as the rate in which the different concepts of the smart city architecture are implemented is very high, academic research pertaining these advancements simply can not keep up. To improve the existing knowledge-base regarding the concept of smart cities, this paper reviews the existing definitions, as well as its architectures, based on an in-depth literature review of relevant studies and research fields alike. Additionally, we also provide our own definition of the smart city concept.