The grid plays a prominent role in architecture, aiding in space organization and influencing all aspects of planning, ranging from urban design to intricate building details. This paper posits that the grid receives heightened emphasis in Brutalism, particularly in constructivist Brutalism, where materials and construction are intentionally exposed. A question arises regarding the grid’s characteristics—despite its subtle appearance, the grid can sometimes be deceptive, ambiguous, and manipulative. The paper analyzes the merits and drawbacks of employing the grid in architecture, shedding light on its contributions to both structural and perceptual comprehensibility, as well as its role in increasing usefulness. To illustrate the application and perception of the grid, the paper examines two primary planning levels: urban planning and building design. The case studies focus on examples from New York City housing developments, specifically those constructed between the 1950s and the 1970s, and projects by architect I. M. Pei, which offer valuable insights into practical implementation. The paper concludes that while the grid can establish order, it may also engender an “uncanny” feeling.
Anton G. Yablokov, Vintsas V. Skinkajtis, Aleksey V. Derevyanko
The article presents ceramic materials from the excavations on the Pashenkovo Russian medieval settlement of the Golden Horde period, located in the Middle Don. The site is located on the territory of the village of Pashenkovo in the Khokholskiy district of the Voronezh region. The main purpose of the study is to determine the chronology of Russian pottery from the Pashenkovo settlement based on the technical and morphological features of the ceramics and a comparative analysis with materials from other sites, located on the territory of the Middle and Upper Don. All analyzed ceramic material from the Pashenkovo settlement comes from the filling of the pit and the layers above it, which represent a single complex. Individual finds from the territory of the site made it possible to tentatively date it within the XIV century. The analyzed pottery consisted of more than one thousand fragments, which included fragmented upper profile parts, walls and bottoms of pots. As a result of the work carried out on the archaeological site, a pre-Mongol ceramic tradition was identified, which has complete parallels in the Upper Don and Ob regions. The greatest similarity in technical and morphological characteristics, and sometimes complete identity, is found with the pottery from the Semiluki settlement, located 45 km upstream of the Don river on its right bank. Based on the obtained data, the authors propose to date the pottery assemblage of the Pashenkovo settlement within the second half of XIII-first half of XIV century.
In Great Britain, there were people who thought about the former Prime Minister‘s safety upon leaving the British Legation (inside the British Mission) – where he was given sanctuary between March 6th-May 7th, 1945, fearing for his life after his Government fell under Soviet duress. Inquired by Mr. Martin, MP, in the House of Commons, the British Foreign Office informed that the General had left British Mission on May 7th, 1945, as the Romanian Government offered assurances in taking steps to protect him. Still, the Romanian Government imposed to the General that he should not leave his nephew’s house, although he was not charged of anything. Alerted by Rădescu’s nephew, British and United States officials manifested concern about the General’s fate. On September 21st, Brigadier General Schuyler, supported by his British counterpart Air Vice-Marshal Stevenson, complained to Soviet General Vinogradov in the matter of the house arrest, as the Soviets were in charge with the Allied interests in occupied Romania. Vinogradov promised only to continue protection. In order to be recognized by British and United States Governments, the Groza Government were obliged to increase the degree of freedom. In this context on February 4th, 1946, the house confinement was lifted. Fearing arrest, Rădescu left Romania secretly by plane on June 15th, 1946 and became one of the most important leaders of the Romanian émigrés. He died in New York on May 16th, 1953.
This article proposes a new framework for examining the empirical research of early modern architects. It explores the rise of nature study in sixteenth-century architectural theory and practice through the works of physician and architecture expert Walther Hermann Ryff (c. 1500–1548). The article argues that Ryff’s 1548 Vitruvius Teutsch, the first German translation of Vitruvius’s De architectura, gave architects pathbreaking advice about performing design research in nature. Ryff’s book supported the botanical investigations of architects by aping empirically derived botanical imagery from the De historia stirpium of Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566) and by comparing architectural nature study to the period craze for examining ancient ruins firsthand. In proposing a new mode of architectural empiricism, Vitruvius Teutsch reconciled tensions between abstract theory and hands-on practice in the formation of architectural knowledge.
These introductory remarks, which may also serve as a brief history of the development of an Atlantic coast and river port archeology in France, additionally provide useful historiographical and epistemological references for a better understanding of the origins of and motivations behind the colloquium organized in Nantes (Loire-Atlantique) in June 2018: Roman ports in Atlantic Europe and the corresponding internal waters. At the end of a 20th c., archaeologists and historians primarily worked on examining port potential, without any veritable field activity. The inclusion of this domain in research archaeology excavation, supplemented by exceptional discoveries in the context of rescue archeology, have contributed to the blossoming, at the beginning of the 21st c., of port archeology in metropolitan France, both in estuaries and along rivers. Before embarking on a long journey across the Three Gauls (Lyonnaise, Aquitaine et Belgique), with stops along the way in the best-known ports today, it seemed important to us to recall the foundations of this promising field of study. Some preliminary elements of overview and analysis are also put forward in the following pages; they are meant to encourage general reflection on this field of study, which is currently enhanced by multiple complementary approaches (ethnoarchaeology, virtual restitutions...) and are pursued in the hopes of attaining a better understanding of these ancient harbor spaces. This dossier is also enriched with an opening chapter –chronological and geographical in theme– on the other (Rhine, Rhône and Mediterranean) side of the drainage divide, and which provides a presentation of ports built in lake, fluvio-lacustrine or lagoon settings. In keeping with the conference, this chapter was deliberately angle toward a presentation of port configurations, infrastructures, architectural systems and technological choices made to equip and structure a portion of the port triptych, specifically, loading and unloading areas, the base of banks, as well as navigable space. In this regard, the river-maritime site of Rezé (Loire-Atlantique), tackled between 2005 and 2016 as part of a research program, elucidates perfectly the issue of the relationship between a port and a former branch of the Loire River. Today, its spectacular remains invite a re-appraisal of the ensemble of documentation concerning the Roman ports of the Three Gauls, enriched by recent research excavations, as well as by a wave of rescue operations carried out between 2000 and 2010.
Se presenta un análisis de las inscripciones lusitanas que mencionan los esclavos, limitado necesariamente a personas identificadas de manera explícita como servi o similares. Una proporción bastante más alta de esclavos masculinos refleja tanto un énfasis en el labor físico como una posible exposición de vernae femeninas. Según las edades atestiguadas, muchos esclavos habrían muerto como jóvenes, pero esta documentación no incluye esclavos manumitidos. Además, las inscripciones proporcionan informes interesantes sobre las relaciones de esclavos con sus padres, sus dueños y sus cónyuges.
Audronė Bliujienė, Valdas Steponaitis, Egidijus Šatavičius
et al.
The paper aims to define the structure of the population of a relatively small East Lithuanian Barrow Cemeteries culture territory and the causes that could have predetermined the emergence of the rich inter-regional warrior elite graves and their rather abrupt disÂappearance.
Objective: To provide a description of Starokalmashevo hillfort and the Starokalmashevo gravestone with an Arabic epitaph found in the mid-20th century in close proximity to the site of ancient settlement. They are here described not only as monuments of the Middle Ages, but also as objects of historical heritage testifying to the continuous process of ethno-culturogenesis in the Western Cis-Urals up to modern times.
Research materials: The author considers the issues of medieval history, ethno- and cultural genesis of the Western Cis-Urals in light of the example of the Starokalmashevo hillfort, located on the hill of Kala-tau (Chekmagushevsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan), as well as the Starokalmashevo gravestone. The author provides a complex description of these archaeological and cultural monuments and points out the importance of preserving these objects as an integral part of the local population and the entire Volga-Ural region’s collective historical memory.
Research novelty: The author presents new materials, including the stories of community elders about the origin of the above-mentioned archaeological sites. He analyzes the inscriptions on the tombstone, including its new reading, and draws a conclusion about the continuity of the population of this territory for a sustained period.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
Las Visitas personales de indios como inspecciones administrativas fueron largamente utilizadas en el mundo colonial, su interpretación ha dado especial énfasis a su valor como instrumento financiero para el cobro de tributos y como un reflejo de la organización social de la época. En el presente artículo se sugiere una lectura diferente, mirar estos papeles como escenarios de poder, en los que interesan principalmente los procesos de escenificación de rituales, en los cuales confluían la legislación colonial y las prácticas tradicionales locales de derechos y obligaciones. Para sustentar esta nueva lectura se toma como caso de estudio la visita hecha al grupo de los Collaguazos, en 1623, en la Audiencia de Quito. Este era un grupo étnico local registrado desde el siglo XVI y que para fecha de la visita era un cacicazgo supra local que se había adaptado eficientemente a la nueva estructura colonial