Hasil untuk "1789-"

Cheng C, Sun M, Li J et al.

Chao Cheng,1,&ast; Minjia Sun,1– 3,&ast; Jingjing Li,1,&ast; Yitong Xue,1 Xia Cai,4 Jing Liu,1 Xiaolian Wang,5 Shouhong Xu,2 Youhua Xie,1 Junqi Zhang1 1MOE/NHC/CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China; 2Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, People’s Republic of China; 3Zhejiang CONBA Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 310052, People’s Republic of China; 4Shanghai Medical College, Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Pathogeny Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Hexi University, Zhangye, 734000, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Junqi Zhang, Email junqizhang@fudan.edu.cn; Youhua Xie, Email yhxie@fudan.edu.cnPurpose: Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the main cause of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis. Due to antigenic diversity, the discovery of ligands that can sensitively and specifically detect HuNoVs remains challenging. Limited by laboratory culture, no vaccines or drugs have been developed against HuNoVs. Here, we screened nucleic acid aptamers against the widespread HuNoV GII.4 and emerging HuNoV GII.17.Methods: After ten rounds of sieving for HuNoV GII.4 and GII.17 virus-like particles (VLPs), eight ssDNA aptamers were generated and characterized for each genotype.Results: Four of the eight aptamers generated for GII.4 VLP had dissociation constants (Kd) less than 100 nM, and all aptamers for GII.17 VLP had Kd less than 10 nM. All aptamers bound to their targets in VLP concentration-dependent manner. Two aptamers (AP4-2 and AP17-4) were selected for enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) and further analysis. Binding affinity was enhanced as the concentration of both aptamer and VLPs increased. The specificity of the aptamers was verified by ELASA and dot blotting. AP4-2 and AP17-4 were able to differentiate HuNoV from other diarrhea-causing pathogens or unrelated proteins (P < 0.0001). VLP/porcine gastric mucin (PGM) binding blockade assays revealed that AP4-2 and AP17-4 blocked the binding of HuNoV VLPs to PGM. VLP internalization inhibition assays showed that at a concentration of 0.5 μM, both AP4-2 and AP17-4 effectively inhibited attachment and internalization of HuNoV VLPs into 293T cell (P < 0.05). Cell viability assays confirmed that aptamers did not induce cellular toxicity.Conclusion: AP4-2 and AP17-4 showed strong affinity and specificity for their target VLPs and represent promising candidates for HuNoV capture and detection. This is the first study to demonstrate that aptamers can effectively inhibit HuNoV VLPs from binding to or entering cells, thus providing a new concept for the treatment of HuNoVs. Keywords: human norovirus, SELEX, aptamer, diagnostics, therapeutics

Igor Soares Vieira, Jerônimo Costa Branco, Fernanda Pedrotti Moreira et al.

Resumo Introdução A depressão e o risco de suicídio constituem graves preocupações de saúde mental que afetam de forma intensa populações vulneráveis, como as comunidades quilombolas. Embora a prática de atividade física seja amplamente reconhecida por seus benefícios na prevenção e manejo da depressão, ainda são escassos os estudos que abordem de maneira específica as particularidades dessa população. Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a associação do transtorno depressivo maior (TDM) e risco de suicídio (RS) com a prática de atividade física de mulheres quilombolas. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal, de abordagem domiciliar, em comunidades quilombolas no Rio Grande do Sul. A presença atual de TDM e RS foi verificada através do instrumento International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A prática de atividades física foi obtida pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Resultados Participaram do estudo 178 mulheres quilombolas, das quais 14,6% foram diagnosticadas com depressão e 23,0% apresentaram risco de suicídio. As mulheres que apresentaram depressão com risco de suicídio tinham tempo de atividade física significativamente menor em relação às mulheres que não apresentaram tais diagnósticos. Na análise multivariada, a inatividade física continuou associada à depressão (RP 1.90 IC95% 1.13-3.21) e ao risco de suicídio (RP 1,92 IC95% 1.03-3.57). Conclusão O presente estudo evidencia maior prevalência de indicadores de depressão e risco de suicídio para as mulheres inativas. A inclusão de estratégias de atividade física pode contribuir para reduzir a vulnerabilidade, reduzir os sintomas depressivos e prevenir a carga de suicídio entre as mulheres quilombolas.

Sahure Yariş

In the study, two stone artifacts with lion figures, which were found the Diyarbakır Museum and brought from Cizre District of Şırnak in 1935, were examined. The lion figure seen in many civilizations has been embroidered in architecture and crafts with symbolic expressions such as courage, power, protection, nobility, charm eye and sun. In addition to taking its place on structures with similar meanings during the Seljuk period, lion also draws attention to aesthetics. Cizre, which has hosted many civilizations since its establishment, came under Seljuk rule in 1085 during the reign of Malik Shah I. During this period, new construction activities started in the district and the structures belonging to previous civilizations were repaired or reused by making additions. There is no information about from which building in Cizre the two lion-shaped stones the Diyarbakır Archaeology Museum were brought. These stones, which are not monumental, are dated to the 12th century. The lion figures embossed on the stones were evaluated within the animal style and Seljuk tradition regarding their symbolic meanings. Apart from the symbols of power, strength and might, its place in Turkish-Islamic art has been explained as a symbol of protector and guardian.

Andrejević Ana M., Zečević Snežana M.

The central plot of Fletcher and Shakespeare's play The Two Noble Kinsmen derives from Chaucer's The Knight's Tale, so it could be interpreted through the theory of intertextuality and transtextuality. The prototext of these literary works is identical, but it has been modified over the centuries. It has changed from a mythological story into a universal symbol of love, friendship, authority, honor, and death. Apart from the permutation of texts by different authors, The Two Noble Kinsmen is also a curious collection of Shakespeare's earlier works, despite the frequent contestation of his contribution to this play. Such self-citation is an interesting phenomenon, especially if we consider the fact that this play is Shakespeare's last work and not The Tempest, as traditionally stated in literary histories. Therefore, this paper aims to determine the similarities and differences between Chaucer's famous story and Fletcher and Shakespeare's play, to point out the degree of intertextuality in it, and to highlight the original dramatic episodes and characters, their function, meaning, and significance. With the assumption that Fletcher and Shakespeare intentionally and purposefully chose the mode of adaptation and transformation of the famous Chaucer's text, the obtained results indicate that certain elements were modified due to the requirements of the dramatic form and its theatrical function, but also for commercial and socio-political reasons. The transposition of the well-known ancient story into Renaissance England, with new episodes and characters in the subplot, offers a different and somewhat subversive picture of conventional social norms and relations.

Yu.A. Manko, O.I. Smiian, A.M. Loboda et al.

Background. Chronic tonsillitis is the most common disease among children and adolescents in the structure of pathology of the ENT organs. Untimely diagnosis and irrational treatment lead to decompensation of chronic tonsillitis and the development of lesions of many organs and systems of the child’s body of tonsillogenic origin. The aim of the work was to study the clinical features and ultrasound changes of the palatine tonsils in adolescents with chronic tonsillitis. Materials and methods. We have examined 47 children aged 13 to 17 years suffering from chronic tonsillitis: group I — 27 patients with compensated chronic tonsillitis, group II — 20 patients suffering from decompensated chronic tonsillitis. The control group consisted of 16 practically healthy children, representative in terms of age and gender. We used clinical methods, ultrasonography of the palatine tonsils, and statistical methods. The study was approved by the Institutional Bioethics Committee and it conforms to the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Results. According to the results of an ultrasound examination of the palatine tonsils in children with chronic tonsillitis, the main changes were an increase in their transverse dimensions by more than 15 mm, deepening of lacunae, thickening of the capsule, fibrous changes. In addition, in patients with tonsillogenic lesions of the cardiovascular system and a decompensated form of chronic tonsillitis, the pathological signs of the disease according to ultrasound were more significant and were manifested by unclear contours, increased echogenicity, heterogeneous hyperechoic structure, diffuse fibrous and cystic changes of the palatine tonsils. Conclusions. Ultrasonography of the palatine tonsils is a non-invasive, painless, accessible and informative method for studying the structure of the tonsils in normal and pathological conditions. It allows for a more thorough assessment of their changes in compensated and decompensated forms of chronic tonsillitis.

Martín Mangiantini, Nayla Pis Diez, Sergio Friedemann

Con el objeto de profundizar los debates existentes alrededor de determinadas conceptualizaciones y nociones que hacen a los objetos de estudio pertinentes a las izquierdas, presentamos una polémica tanto conceptual como historiográfica entre Sergio Friedemann, Martín Mangiantini y Nayla Pis Diez alrededor de la utilización de la nomenclatura “nueva izquierda” como definición de determinadas expresiones políticas y militantes que emergieron en los años 60 y 70 en la Argentina. Este intercambio tiene dos antecedentes. Por un lado, sendos trabajos de reflexión de los tres autores, publicados en diversos momentos en los que, indirectamente o a través de estudios de caso particulares, se polemizó alrededor del uso de este tópico. En segundo lugar, una puesta en común de las respectivas posiciones desarrollada en el marco del seminario de doctorado Entre la “Nueva Izquierda” y los múltiples peronismos. Problemas conceptuales y categorías de análisis en los estudios sobre la radicalización política en la Argentina de los años 60 y 70 dictado en la Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata en octubre de 2020 en el que se intercambió abiertamente a la vez que se recepcionaron comentarios e inquietudes del estudiantado. La presente sección se convierte entonces en un corolario de estas instancias de discusión y, al mismo tiempo, en una sistematización y puesta en común de los matices y posicionamientos divergentes. Se parte de un convencimiento colectivo alrededor de la necesidad de establecer canales de diálogo e intercambios abiertos entre diversas miradas que permitan dar cuenta de los debates existentes de un modo franco y abierto.

Salvatore Chirumbolo

The relationship between cancer and nutrition, as well as nutrition and oxidative stress, shares puzzling aspects that current research is investigating as the possible components of an intriguing regulating mechanism involving the complex interplay between adipose tissue and other compartments. Along the very recent biological evolution, humans underwent a rapid change in their lifestyles and henceforth the role of the adipocytes earned a much more complex task in the fine tuning of the tissue microenvironment. A lipidic signaling language probably evolved in association with the signaling role of reactive oxygen species, which gained a fundamental part in the regulation of cell stem and plasticity. The possible relationship with cancer onset might have some causative mechanism in the impairment of this complex task, usually deregulated by drastic changes in one’s own lifestyle and dietary habit. This review tries to address this issue.

Helena Establier Pérez

En 1789, Margarita Hickey publica el primer volumen de sus Poesías varias, sagradas, morales y profanas o amorosas, donde incluye una versión propia de la Andrómaca raciniana (1667) que la convierte en la primera escritora española interesada por la traducción de la tragedia neoclásica, y también en la única dispuesta a aclimatar en España la obra del reputado dramaturgo francés. Pero además, ese volumen se abre con un interesante prólogo en el que la autora reflexiona sobre diferentes aspectos relacionados con el concepto de lo trágico y con la finalidad de la práctica teatral en su conjunto. Este trabajo analiza la contribución de Margarita Hickey al discurso teórico sobre la tragedia en un período en el que las directrices del «reformismo» neoclásico coexisten, no sin cierta tensión, con una concepción del espectáculo teatral más permeable a las exigencias populares y a los recursos propios de los nuevos modelos dramáticos.

Florin ŞUHAN

In an era of geopolitical changes stability seems to be in danger. The concept of threat is sometimes artificial taking into account a wide range of challenges in terms of security, including either state and non-state threats or the problems resulting from the rapid dissemination of information and technological developments. In this paper, we will see how to work and put into military or defense of working expenses such as the usage in political and economic environment and we will try to capture aspects of their funding in the domestic, regional, European and international level. In this sense, we will seek to answer the question: Do defense expenditures influence macroeconomic sources and methods of financing? The present study consists in a documentary analysis of the literature regarding defense funding and spending both at a European and international level. The analysis will consist in different correlations between different factors like economic growth, corruption, debt and not finally, the defense industry with the defense expenditures. Following the analysis, we conclude that the level of national defense expenditure has a different dynamics by correlating with economic growth, public debt, the corruption level at country level and the development stage of the defense industry. This dynamics is complex when the analysis is conducted in peacetime, conflict / warfare, or external threats. Defense spending positively influences economic growth and public debt during conflicts / wars and external threats, while in peacetime it is necessary to correlate the level of military expenditure with macroeconomic indicators. Under conditions of existence and manifestation of corruption at country level there is an unjustified increase in the defense expenditures, which negatively influence the economic growth and the public debt. A strong argument in this case is the lack of macroeconomic transparency that practically limits budgetary control. The defense industry can positively influence defense spending in conflict / war situations or the existence of external threats when they create a positive impact on economic growth and debt.

Zoltán Kovács

A wide range of empirical experiences shows that the performance of Hungarian producer organizations (aka TÉSZ) significantly falls behind the activity observed in the developed Western European countries. Regarding this issue, the present study examines how moral hazard - as one of the possible reasons - influences the producers’ activities in cooperative organizations. Information for the research was collected with the help of a questionnaire survey among the members of PaprikaKert TÉSZ Ltd. A statistical path model has been developed for the research, which assumed that - in addition to a direct effect - moral hazard also affects collaborative activity by eroding trust. The statistical model has been tested both in member-member and members-management relations. The experiences from the survey clearly show that moral hazard exists in the producer organization. According to my results, though its measure cannot be regarded numerically considerable, its negative effect on cooperative activity can be proved with statistical examinations. Its effect can be divided into two aspects: besides a direct effect, an indirect one can also be detected, which means that moral hazard is able to reduce producers’ willingness to cooperate by eroding trust. Moreover, our results have clearly pointed out that moral hazard has a negative impact on member-member and members-management relations to varying degrees and through different mechanisms. In addition to the above tests, the empirical testing of another model called Sholtes trust model has been carried out, too. The validating was successful, so the model - which attributes trust to the faith in the partner’s loyalty and capability - is basically acceptable. The argument says that high-level trust can be observed among partners only when faith both in loyalty and capability is strong enough. The research, however, revealed that the above-mentioned two factors determine it in a different way: regarding trust between members, the faith in capability is more important; while trust towards the management is more determined by faith in loyalty. JEL code: Q12, Q13

David Corrales Morales

Álvaro Castro Sánchez

Swann Paradis

This article explores the representation of animal metamorphosis in some fairy tales by Madame d’Aulnoy (1650-1705) in Clément-Pierre Marillier’s (1740-1808) drawings for the anthology Le Cabinet des fées, published between 1785 and 1789. More specifically, it focuses on two plates belonging to the sub-category of the “betrothed animal”: “Serpentin Vert” and “Le Prince Marcassin”. It suggests that the artist operates a “translation” which alters the trajectory of the text, introducing an explicit as well as implicit form of eroticism. Marillier thus repeats, through the images, the same subversive process that characterized Madame d’Aulnoy’s writing, while at the same time aligning his work with a broader aesthetic of the illustrated series, characterized in late eighteenth century by the desire to elicit the reader’s emotion and sensibility.

Gabriel ANDRUSEAC, Liviu George MAHA

The Common Security and Defence Policy is a part of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and establishes the policy framework for the institutional structures and military instruments which have to deal with the security challenges in Europe’s geopolitical neighborhood. The article aims to identify and analyze the role of energy as one of the present challenges to the European Common Security and Defence Policy in the context of the recent events in the world economy.

Dimitris Antoniou, George Christopoulos-Geroulanos

Although foreign body ingestion is a common problem in children, there are no clear guidelines regarding the management of ingested foreign bodies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of our protocol in the work-up and management of children with ingested foreign bodies. Between September 2002 and August 2010, a total of 675 children with suspected foreign body ingestion were seen in the emergency department. At initial presentation, the majority of foreign bodies were located in the stomach (n=392, 58.1%) followed by the small intestine (n=221, 32.7%) and esophagus (n=62, 9.2%). Based on our protocol, 84 (12.4%) patients were admitted at initial presentation, and 5 after a 48-hour observation period at home; 61 (9%) required prompt endoscopic removal. Sixty-eight (10.1%) patients returned for endoscopic removal after a four-week observation period, and 3 (0.4%) patients underwent delayed surgery due to complications. The overall success rate of endoscopic retrieval was 96.1%. There were no major complications. The majority of ingested foreign bodies will pass spontaneously and most children can be safely observed at home. Selective endoscopic intervention is the preferable method for the removal of ingested foreign bodies in pediatric patients.

Juan Avilés Farré

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Kristian Köchy

Article in German, Abstracts in English, German and Spanish. The wholeness of natureAlexander von Humboldt and the romantic research programIt does not seem to be clear whether there is a tight junction between the humboldian science and the romantic research program. But by recognizing the principal aim of Humboldts concept – the representation of nature as a whole – one can see how Humboldts view has been developed in contact with romantic ideas. This investigation analyses Humboldts research program in consideration of its main features and the special relations between science, philosophy of nature, feeling of nature, history and art.

M. Kadkhodaee

Oxygen-derived free radical* (OFR) involvement in ischacmia-rcpcrfusion (IR) injury was investigated in a rat isolated kidney model, using 20 minutes iscliaemia followed by 15 or 60 minutes reperfusion. Two antioxidants, the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol and the hydroxyl radical scavenger dimcthylthiourca (DMTU), were uscit to try and prevent OFR-relatcd damage. Renal function was estimated from the inulin clearance, fractional soiiium excretion and renal vascular resistance, location and extent of tubular damage, and type of cell death (apoptosis vs necrosis) were used as morphological parameters of IR-iiuluced change. Cell damage was most extensive in the nephron segments of the outer zone of the outer medulla (straight proximal tubule and thick ascending limb (TAL)). I're-treatment with allopttrinol or DMTU did not Improve renal function. Less structural damage was observed in the TAL of allopuriol - or DMTU - treated kidneys compared with IR alone. In allopurinol - treated kidneys, luminal debris was less extensive than that seen in IR kidneys. Most cell death was necrotic in type and morphological features of apoptosis were seen infrequently. Tlic beneficial effects of allopurinol and DMTU on structural change did not correlate with functional improvement during the reperfusion period, litis may require longer repcrfusion or multiple treatments. Tlie results suggest that OFR ■ injury is of limited significance in this model of renal IR injury. Targeting OFR injury may only be useful after very brief periods of iscliaemia where necrosis is minimal ami the potential for recover}- is greater, Tiie results confirm the different susccptibilitcs of individual nephron segments to injury within the intact kidney. Understanding the molecular response to injury in each segment should facilitate development of methods to accelerate repair after [R injury.

Arvydas Pacevičius

The libraries of the Catholic cloisters was composed on the base of the Lithuanian nobility, magnates, hierarchy of Church, simple people gifts, which grew in the epoch of the Enlightenment. But the process of secularization in the society and annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Russia in 1795 had to change situation. The article deals with sources of the funds of the cloisters libraries, which was influenced by the interior regulations of the monasteries,  such as Regulas and Constitutions, foundations of libraries, financial sources, testimony of died Fraters, gifts of the monastic orders hierarchy and simple monks. The foundations of libraries as the depart institutions were in the medium of the Jesuits and Piarists, which revealed in the field of education. For example, David Pilchowski, S. J., in 1770 testified for the library of the „Collegium Nobilium” of the Jesuits in Vilnius his own book collection and 12 800 „auksinas” (in Polish „zloty”); it was action of foundation. But the other monastic Orders (Bernardines, Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites) had libraries only like „one part of foundation capital – stock of all cloister”. More precise financing of the libraries was not defined in the Regulas of the monastic Orders, and the problem of financing was solved in the frame of the Lithuanian monastic provinces and in the cloisters themselves. The cloister of Piarists in Vilnius in 1777–1780 for this aim intended from 24 to 62 „auksinas”, and in 1828–50 roubles each year. Missionaries, but till 1789, each year the percents of the capitals kept in the Bank of Paris intended for purchase of new books. But the most important source of the funds were the book collections of the monks, which even without testimony were included into the libraries of the cloisters. The memorial and dedicating inscriptions and also the titles of the personal books of the monks, included into the catalogues of the libraries testifies the spread of the bibliophilia not only among the Dominicans, such as Dominicus Siwicki, Zygmunt Piskowski. Book collecting took place in the medium of the Bernardines (Juventalis Chrkiewicz, Fabijonas Barkauskis, Kiprijonas Lukauskas) and also among Franciscans (Felix Towianski, Antoni Paszkiewicz, Hugo Rodziewicz, Antoni Kocieł, Jozef Rypinski). They brought the books from the trips to Jerusalem and to the General Capitulas, which took places in the West Europe. At the beginning of the 19th century, when the modern forms of the book trade and also the functionation of books in society spread all over Europe, in the monasteries creatively coexisted the tradition with the experience of the new epoch. The level of this coexisting is the object of the future researches.

Amy Sevcik

Este trabajo la novela señalada en el título con el propósito de apuntar una serie de rasgos propios del habla de Extremadura que la autora, Clara Jara del Soto, pone en boca de uno de los personajes, natural de esa región. Así, se registran muy especialmente características de tipo fonético (vacilación de vocales átonas, epéntesis de la semiconsonante [j], rotacismo, pérdida de /d/ intervocálica, aspiración de la /f-/ inicial latina, etc.), si bien no faltan algunas de otros niveles, como la morfología (omisión del elemento velar en el presente indicativo de los verbos incoativos) o la sintaxis(anteposición del artículo ante el posesivo); todas ellas aparecen actualmente en las diferentes hablas de Extremadura, lo que pone de manifiesto cierto conocimiento del español utilizado en esta zona, por más que, según se señaló, no se tenga la certeza de que la autora fuera originaria de la región. Hace su aparición la dicotomía oral-escrito, en este caso –y como se apuntó en varias ocasiones en el debate– en forma de oralidad reproducida en lo escrito: se busca construir lo que se define como tipo cómico por medio de la recreación de los rasgos más característicos de una forma de hablar que, generalmente, no trasciende a la escritura. De ahí que, a menudo, se produzcan inconsistencias a la hora de reproducir los rasgos señalados, y éstos no aparezcan de forma sistemática, lo que no es sino el resultado de la finalidad del tipo cómico: no tanto ser reflejo fiel de la realidad lingüística, sino un esbozo –lingüístico y no lingüístico– de una figura cómica popular para el lector. También en relación con la oralidad en lo escrito, se apuntaron las reservas con que se deben tildar de vulgarismos algunos rasgos que, si bien hoy pueden serlo, no se tenían por tales en el siglo XVIII, como puede ser la reducción de los grupos cultos. Resulta, pues, imprescindible cierta cautela a la hora de enjuiciar estos fenómenos desde la sincronía actual, habida cuenta los cambios de apreciación normativa que se ha producido entre la Centuria Ilustrada y el momento actual; constituyen, por otro lado, tales elementos por sí mismos el objeto de un estudio de gran interés -y aún sin realizarsobre la estandarización y los cambios de norma en el tránsito del español peninsular del siglo XVIII al del día de hoy.