A comparative view on early Estonian lexicography
The earliest Estonian dictionaries, published in the 17th and 18th centuries, have typically been studied in a narrow context, with a focus on individual sources or the authors in isolation. However, this period merits a comparative cross-source analysis, describing the lexicographical landscape from a broader perspective. This constitutes the main objective of this article. It provides a concise review of the existing literature on this period in Estonian lexicography, followed by a comparative analysis of the macrostructure and microstructure of these dictionaries.
The sources analyzed in this study range from Heinrich Stahl’s Vocabula (1637), the first known printed Estonian-German dictionary, up to August Wilhelm Hupel’s Wörterbuch (1780, 2nd ed. 1818). In addition, the article covers Johannes Gutslaff’s Nomenclator (1648), Heinrich Göseken’s Farrago vocabulorum (1660), Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s Lexicon (first half of the 18th century, originally unpublished in print), and Anton Thor Helle’s Vocabularium (1732). The analysis reveals an evolution from a rather non-systematic presentation of linguistic information in the 17th-century sources to the much stricter approach of the 18th-century dictionaries. Most of these dictionaries were preceded by grammars within the same volumes, with the dictionary entries (primary word forms, declensions) more or less linked to these grammatical descriptions, which were heavily influenced by the German language.
The content of these early dictionaries still warrants further extensive research: recent studies utilizing large language models indicate that this new technology can play a crucial role in analyzing the content of historical dictionaries (Jürviste et al., in review). In-depth research in this field is essential for a better understanding of the historical development of Estonian lexical strata.
Arengulist keelepuuet esineb võrdselt üks- ja kakskeelsete laste seas. Kakskeelsetel on aga suurem valediagnoosi risk, kuna kakskeelsete laste veatüübid mittedominantses keeles sarnanevad ükskeelsete keelepuudega laste veatüüpidele. See risk on aktuaalne paljude vene kodukeelega suktsessiivsete kakskeelsete laste jaoks, kes käivad eestikeelses lasteaias. Et toetada keelepuude diagnoosimist, on vaja kakskeelsel valimil normitud teste. Artiklis kirjeldame taolise eestikeelse sõnavaratesti koostamist 4–7-aastastele lastele. Test on välja töötatud rahvusvahelise LITMUS võrgustiku sõnavaratesti põhimõtete ja protokolli alusel. Materjali väljavalimiseks viisime läbi kolm eeluuringut täiskasvanud kõnelejatega ning kaks prooviuuringut lastega. Anname ülevaate ka 2024. aastal läbiviidud normimisuuringu I etapi tulemustest. Tulemuste põhjal võib järeldada, et test on jõukohane nii üks- kui kakskeelsetele lastele, eristab mõlemas rühmas keelepuudega lapsi eakohase arenguga lastest ning sobib koos teiste LITMUS testikomplekti testidega kasutamiseks keelepuude diagnoosimisel ja laste keeleliste oskuste kirjeldamisel.
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"Developing Estonian Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks for identifying DLD in bilingual children" *** Developmental language disorder (DLD) is as prevalent among bilingual as among monolingual children (Calder et al. 2022). However, bilinguals face a greater risk of misdiagnosis, as the error types of typically developing bilinguals in their non-dominant language often resemble those of monolingual children with DLD (Boerma, Blom 2017). With the transition to all-Estonian instruction in Estonian education scheduled for 2024–2030, many more successive Russian-Estonian bilinguals face this risk. Language tests developed for and normed on bilingual populations are necessary for more reliable diagnosis of DLD among bilinguals. In this paper, we describe developing such a vocabulary test for children aged 4–7: the Estonian Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks (Haman et al. 2015). The test is designed according to cross-linguistic principles set out by the international working group. To select stimuli for the Estonian test, we conducted three preliminary studies with adult speakers: a picture naming task, subjective age of acquisition survey and a complexity evaluation. To test the material’s suitability for children, two pilot studies with mono- and bilingual children were conducted. Stimuli that contributed less to distinguishing DLD and typically developing children were changed (Labent 2023), and the revised test was then used in a norming study. First results of the norming study indicate the test is suitable for use both with monolingual and bilingual children and distinguishes DLD children from typically developing peers in both groups. A correlation analysis with results from the LITMUS Sentence Repetition Task reveals moderate to strong significant correlations between the two test scores, suggesting the tests complement each other well in describing bilingual children’s language skills and diagnosing DLD.
Meanings in basic vocabulary lists are expected to be stable. In the literature, various basic vocabulary lists have been proposed that are founded on various criteria, with stability being a key criterion. However, the stability of basic meanings and to what degree popular lists fit these is rarely assessed for whole language families. In this paper, we define stability as resistance to borrowing, and we examine quantitatively how prone to borrowing the meanings in popular basic vocabulary lists are for the Uralic language family. We refine the methodology for meaning-ranking by calculating a borrowing probability for each meaning and clustering them into groups of more borrowable and less borrowable meanings. Our quantitative analysis provides a higher resolution within the basic vocabulary. While basic vocabulary lists are a good fit for the Uralic family in general, we demonstrate that not all basic meanings are equally stable or necessarily basic in the strictest sense.
Kokkuvõte. Mervi de Heer, Luke Maurits: Uurali keelte baassõnavaraloendite tähenduste stabiilsus. Baassõnavaraloendite tähendustelt eeldatakse stabiilsust. Erialakirjanduses on pakutud välja mitmesuguseid erinevatel kriteeriumitel põhinevaid baassõnavaraloendeid, mille kõigi puhul on võtmekriteeriumiks stabiilsus. Baastähenduste stabiilsust ja seda, mil määral populaarsed nimekirjad neile sobivad, hinnatakse aga harva tervete keelerühmade puhul. Käesolevas artiklis defineerime stabiilsust kui vastupanu laenamisele ja uurime kvantitatiivselt, kuivõrd altid on tähendused populaarsetes baassõnavaraloendites uurali keelkonna puhul laenamisele. Täpsustame täheduste järjestamise metoodikat, arvutades iga tähenduse laenamise tõenäosuse ja rühmitades need laenatavamate ja vähem laenatavate tähenduste rühmadesse. Meie kvantitatiivne analüüs annab baassõnavara piires parema lahutusvõime. Kuigi baassõnavaraloendid sobivad üldiselt hästi uurali keelkonda, näitame, et mitte kõik põhitähendused ei ole võrdselt stabiilsed ega tingimata baatasemel selle sõna kõige kitsamas tähenduses.
"Manor and violence in the folklore collections of the late
19th century". The folklore collected during the collection campaigns of the last decades of the 19th century contains a significant amount of material concerning the relationship between peasants and those connected to manors. In this article, I focus on one particular aspect of these texts: the depiction of violence directed from the manor towards the peasants. I examine the topic from two perspectives. Firstly, I apply the framework proposed by Gyanendra Pandey (2014), who distinguishes between three kinds of violence: (1) violence intended to maintain societal order; (2) wild, uncontrollable violence associated with marginalized groups; and (3) trivial or overlooked violence. I explore how these three types of violence manifest in my material and how they interconnect. Secondly, I analyze these texts, which originate from oral sources and were written down by individuals with limited formal education, within the context of contemporary public discourse (such as newspapers, history writing, literature, etc.) on manor-related violence. I investigate the parallels and discrepancies between these public writings and archival texts. Regarding the first perspective, it can be said that the writers often depict the violence executed by landlords as wild, while the right to enact violence for maintaining order is attributed to the Tsar. Additionally, the writers employ various rhetorical techniques to stress that trivial violence was also present. As for the connection to public writings, it is evident that the authors of these texts are familiar with them but sometimes alter or reinterpret them.
The article is devoted to Yury N. Verkhovsky’s scientific and poetic works of the period of the Great Patriotic war evacuation to Sverdlovsk (1941–1944). Its goal is to explore the options for transforming the Russian symbolism ideas in Soviet official literature. The material for the study includes poetry (the collection of poems Budet Tak [It Will Be So], 1943; poems published in the press), articles, reports, reviews by Verkhovsky and a memoirs and reviews of his contemporaries. Some excerpts from Verkhovsky’s works published in the newspapers Uralsky Rabochiy [The Ural Worker] and Literatyrny Ural [Literary Ural] are analyzed and re-published for the first time. Based on a comparative and hermeneutic analysis of this material, it is shown that the ideas of the presence and development of a special poetic language, and of a special “plastic force” that filling and driving a work, and of a continuity in literature (genre, motif), which were perceived him from the poet and philologist Aleksander N. Veselovsky, were consistently developed in his articles and reports and formed an original theory of the classification of types of poetic creativity (“the singer”, “the plastic artist”, “the sage”) and found practical application on the Ural literary material. Taking an active part in the literary life of the Urals, Verkhovsky saw there the formation of a renewed Russian/Soviet classics, successive in relation to the “Golden age” of Russian literature and ancient classical examples. A special place is given to the personality and work of the Ural writer Pavel P. Bazhov in the reception of Verkhovsky. A hypothesis is made about the closeness of Bazhov, from the point of view of Verkhovsky’s concept, to symbolism. An analysis of the corpus of Verkhovsky’s wartime lyrics shows how his aesthetic and poetological views, supplemented by ideas which were perceived him during the years of apprenticeship with Ivanov, were embodied in the themes, motifs, forms that he used, showing, thus, an example of an original combination of artistic and philosophical discoveries of the Silver Age with current themes and pathos of the Soviet press.
Kinship terms, which have an important place among the basic vocabulary of the
language, are among the most used words by human beings in the world today. Relative names
are the most basic words that a child learns in the family environment. These words, which
include traditional relationships, have turned into cliché words that convey a single concept over
time and have formed reduplications. As a result, compared to other languages of the world, the
Turkic language has a very rich structure in terms of reduplications formed by kinship terms. In
this research, focused on the reduplications established with kinship terms in Uzbek Turkic of
Afghanistan. For this purpose, the texts written in Uzbek Turkic in the field of Afghanistan examined and reduplications established with kinship terms were identified, the findings were
examined in terms of meaning, origin and structure.
Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu
et al.
This paper analyses strategies for forming polar questions and their historical sources in the two main varieties of Livonian – Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian. The results reveal that the main means for marking polar questions in both varieties are sentence-initial particles. Their usage is compared to the means found in other varieties spoken in the Central Baltic area. This micro-areal comparison offers an in-depth analysis of the main patterns in the area, including their developmental paths. It appears that on several occasions, Livonian, Latvian, Latgalian, and Leivu South Estonian (spoken in Latvia) pattern together as opposed to the Estonian and South Estonian varieties (spoken in Estonia) and Lutsi and Kraasna South Estonian (spoken, respectively, in southeastern Latvia and the southern Pskov region in Russia). The data originate from various sources and different times, and were obtained by using both manual and automated methods; the analyses are qualitative.
Kokkuvõte. Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu, Eva Saar: Liivi keele üldküsimused areaalsel taustal. Artiklis analüüsitakse üldküsimuse vormistamise strateegiaid ning nende kujunemise allikaid kahes liivi keele põhikujus – Kuramaa liivi keeles ja Salatsi liivi keeles. Tulemused näitavad, et mõlemas on üldküsimusi moodustatud peamiselt lausealguliste partiklitega. Liivi keele üldküsimuste struktuuri võrreldakse areaalselt lähedaste keelte ja murrete moodustusviisidega. Selline mikroareaalne võrdlus võimaldab sügavuti analüüsida Balti areaalis leiduvaid põhilisi üldküsimuste vormimalle ning nende arenguteid. Artiklist ilmneb, et mitmel juhul osutuvad sarnaseks liivi, läti, latgali ja lõunaeesti leivu keelesaare üldküsimuste moodustusviisid, erinedes eesti keele, lõunaeesti murdekujude ning lõunaeesti lutsi ja kraasna keelesaare üldküsimuse moodustusest. Andmestik on kogutud mitmesugustest eri aegade allikatest ning seda on analüüsitud kvalitatiivselt.
Kubbõvõttõks. Miina Norvik, Helle Metslang, Karl Pajusalu, Eva Saar. Līvõ kīel iļammizt kizzimizt areāl kontekstõs. Kēras sōbõd vaņtõltõd amnämniz kizzimiz lūomiz stratēgijd ja nänt ovātõd kōds līvõ kīel vīțs – Kurmō līvõ kīels ja Salāts līvõ kīels. Tuņšlimi nägțõb, ku mȯlmis sōbõd kȭlbatõd partikõld, mis irdistiz ātõ lieudtõb kītõm īrgandõksõs. Kēra ītlõb līvõ kīel amnämnizt kizzimizt struktūrõ seļļizt īž struktūrõdõks munt ležgõlizt kēļši ja kīelmūrdis. Seļļi ītlimi äbțõb tuņšlõ amā sagdidi amnämnizt kizzimizt formõd modelidi ja nänt suggimizt Vāldamier areāls. Nei īž tuņšlimi nägțõb, ku amnämnizt kizzimizt struktūr pierrõ līvõ kēļ, lețkēļ, ladgal kēļ ja jedālēsti leivu kīelkōla ātõ jõvāgid ītizt – nēši kēļši struktūrõd ātõ mõitizt äbku ēsti kīels, jedālēsti kīelmūrdis, jedālēsti Lutsi ja kraasna kīelkōlis lieudtõb. Tieutõd tuņšlimiz pierāst ātõ kubbõ pandõd īžkižist ovātist ja tuņšlimiz pierāst sōbõd kȭlbatõd kvantitatīvizt metōdõd.
Objective: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic on March 11, 2020 after more than 118,000 cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had been reported in 114 countries. Our study analyzed the cumulative incidence rate based on WHO data starting with the first confirmed patient until the peak of transmission. In addition, the numerical values of nasometry from normal subjects were quantified to analyze the linguistic features.Methods: This study consisted of two main methodologies including a meta-analysis based on nasometry data involving normal adults and cumulative incidence rate based on WHO data. In addition, the numerical values of nasometry from normal subjects were quantified to analyze the linguistic features.Results: The pooled overall mean differences (MDs) for oral text nasalance among linguistic families were 14.655 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.986–21.324) in Arabic, 24.441 (95% CI, 17.920–30.962) in Chinese, 14.964 (95% CI, 13.677–16.251) in European, and 11.437 (95% CI, 9.880–12.994) in Ural-Altaic. The pooled overall MDs for cumulative incidence rate of COVID-19 were 190.3 (95% CI, 56.10–324.60) in Arabic, 283.20 (95% CI, 1.80–564.60) in European, and 5.70 (95% CI, 4.90–6.60) in Ural-Altaic. Correlation between oral nasalance score and cumulative incidence was significant (P=0.0004).Conclusion: Our study showed the possible association between language characteristics and early spread of COVID-19. Further studies are needed to validate our outcomes based on various epidemiologic and behavioral factors including mask wearing.
This article discusses the Altai layer of names of dishes in the etymological aspect. The established volume of the article does not allow to analyze all the names of household vessels of 47М.Р. Валиева Turkic Studies Journal 2 (2022) 35-47the Bashkir language dating back to the Altaic era, therefore, polysemantic lexemes were chosen – ыҙыс/ыҙас ‘dishes’, күнәк ‘milk pail; bucket’, ҡупы ‘small bowl; bowl’, ҡap ‘bag, sack (matting); box, container, receptacle, case; cup, vessel; pod, shell, coating, rind, skin, scales (of reptiles); placenta’ and other cognates that refer to this ancient lexical stratum of the Turkic languages. Comparative historical studies, lexico-semantic, semantic-structural and etymological analyzes of the names of containers make it possible to discover ancient roots and foundations dating back to the reconstructed Altai forms, which are contained in the well-known dictionary of S.A. Starostin, A.V. Dybo, O.A. Mudrak «An Etymological Dictionary of Altaic Languages». Structurally, many household terms consist of monosyllabic and disyllabic roots. The Bashkir layer itself was formed on the basis of the ancient Turkic vocabulary, phonetic transitions, changes and derivational potential of the Bashkir language. Research on the original forms and etymons of modern names of dishes ыҙыс/ыҙас, күнәк, ҡупы, ҡапmade it possible to establish a chronological connection between the ancient Turkic, Proto-Turkic, Altai forms: ыҙыс < *ïðïš < *ēdiĺ ‘ware’; kүnәk < *kȫjnek ‘bucket, vessel’ < *k ̔ōńi – ‘ladle’; ҡap // ҡab(ы) // ҡуп(ы) < *qav, *kab and the Proto-Altaic form *k ̔àp ̔à in the meanings ‘box, package, chest, bag, vessel, dugout hollow tree, dugout boat’.Also the article pays special attention to the description of various areal and dialect semantics, everyday functions and forms of vessel names, which are recorded and stored in the card stock of the Linguistics Department of the Order of the Badge of Honor of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and are also presented in the consolidated «Dialectological Dictionary of the Bashkir Language» (see lit.). In addition, various dictionaries of the Turkic, Mongolian and Finno-Ugric languages, various dialectological studies, reports, scientific works on ethnography, folklore and multi-volume books of Bashkir folk art were used as comparative material.
Anna Howell, Vera Hohaus, Polina Berezovskaya
et al.
The paper reports the results of an in-depth crosslinguistic study of intervention effects and the grammar of alternatives in a typologically diverse sample of five languages: Palestinian Arabic (Afro-Asiatic, Semitic), Russian (Indo-European, Slavic), Samoan (Austronesian, Oceanic), Turkish (Altaic, Turkic), and Yoruba (Niger-Congo, Defoid). In all of these languages, we find an interesting asymmetry in that focus evaluation interrupts question evaluation and causes an intervention effect, but not vice versa. We take our data to inform the crosslinguistic analysis of two alternative-evaluating operators, the squiggle operator and the question operator. To capture the observed absence of variation, we propose two semantic universals: The squiggle operator unselectively evaluates all alternatives in its scope. The question operator, on the other hand, is selective.
This article provides a brief overview of the political and educational changes that
occurred in Turkistan at the beginning of the last century. It was also mentioned the role of the
newspaper "Tarjumun" in the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the country by Ismail Gaspirali,
the founder of the Muslim Turkic density. In addition, the article made an important
contribution to the development of Uzbek literature at that time, while the works of Abdulla
Kadiri, founder of Uzbek novels, were also highlighted in the development of the new Uzbek
literary language, especially the Uzbek national press. In particular, his services in the formation
of a new Uzbek literary language and the national press, or rather his efforts and efforts to create
it, are represented by evidence. Having been one of the organizers of the magazine “Mushtum”,
which has remained with the same name invariably until now and his bitter criticism towards
factors which has damaged the formation of criteria of standard Uzbek language in the pages of
magazine were analyzed. In the article, some ideas were put forward about his knowledge of
Persian, Arabic, Turkish and Russian as a polyglot, translating a lot of authors works to Uzbek
language and collaboration with orientalist scientist K. Yudakhin to prepare Uzbek-Russian
Dictionary.
The named book Love Poems in Turkish and Azerbaijan Literature "Anthology" Tome:
1 were prepared by Abdullah Tüylü and Nezmiyye Hicran. It were given poems of some of the
poets from Turkey and Azerbaijan in this book.
General introduction of the book will be done and then some problems identified in the
conclusion section will be mentioned
The article analyses traveling conditions in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 16th–17th century. It is aimed at establishing the reasons for the mobility of the GDL citizens in the period in question which were affected by social and economic changes as well as those related to the development of the urban network in the country. Several types of journeys have been distinguished which is indicative of the intensity of population mobility. The general road condition was far from excellent which affected their usability, particularly in wet spells. Attempts to ensure road maintenance and repairs were not equally distributed and not always timely. This was one of the factors accountable for the pace and comfort of traveling. The research also dwells on the everyday life on the road that both the citizens of the country and its visitors experienced as well as issues related to attacks on travellers and highway robberies.
There are a number of studies on the comparative study of Uzbek and Turkish
languages. However, these studies include learning of the lexical and morphological features of
the contrasting languages. The syntactic features of the Uzbek and Turkish languages, in
particular, their interpretation and research in the Uzbek and Turkish linguistics, and the
methods of expressions have not been studied. Thus, different approaches to the classification of
subject in the Turkish Uzbek linguistics have been observed. Uzbek linguistics was formed
under the influence of the Russian linguistics, Turkish linguistics was influenced mainly by
French and German linguistics. As a result , it has been used different approaches in studying
and interpretation in Uzbek and Turkish languages. The lexical-semantic content of the words
and phrases of the Turkish linguistics, which were used as a subject and there syntactic
position are also taken into consideration. It is observed that the words-subjects and phrasessubjects in Uzbek sentences have been studied separately from sentences. In addition, the
structural types of the subject in the Uzbek language were also classified. In this article, the
interpretation of the subject in Uzbek and Turkish linguistics, the ways of expression of the
subject are compared, and the differences and community between them are determined. Uzbek
scientific methods of the study of syntactic units are exploited in comparing subject in Uzbek
and Turkish languages, its structural types, methods of expression. During comparison of the
expression material of subject is characterized by their grammatical properties.
The theme of the 2019 conference of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies was crafted with our regretted colleague and distinguished academic Leonidas Donskis. In the meanwhile, conformism seems to have pervaded larger categories of public in East-Central Europe and beyond, and new “illiberal democracies” evolved. A composite of authoritarian leader and godfather have taken the reins of power in the area. Populist parties and movements are on the rise. Resurgent nationalisms are again offered as a substitute to solutions. The refugee crisis lingers on and no common decisions have been adopted within the EU to solve it on the basis of the European values. The EU institutions are in need of reform and decisions on the course of the organization and its future enlargement process are still pending.