Hasil untuk "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"

Aleksakhina S.N.

The idea of creating the international tourism project “The Great Tea Road” appeared among the Siberian community of Transbalkalia in the late 1990s after the normalization of Russian-Chinese relations, primarily for the development of tourism in the region, which has a rich historical, cultural and natural potential. The ancient Siberian trade route from Russia to China through Mongolia ran through this territory, along which tea was transported to Europe and America in the 18th–19th centuries. For the first time, the topic of international tourism within the framework of the Great Tea Road tourism project was considered at the highest level at the BRICS summit held in Ufa in the summer of 2015. The leaders of Russia, China and Mongolia outlined the plans for its implementation at the trilateral meeting. In October 2024, at the eighth meeting of the heads of tourism administrations of Russia, China and Mongolia in Ulan-Ude, an agreement was reached to create a single brand of the cross-border international tourist route “The Great Tea Road”, which will run along the historical trade route of the 18th century. The Great Tea Road project will contribute to the development of international tourism, the revival of objects of material and spiritual cultural heritage of Russia, Mongolia and China.

Kobelev E.V.

The Communist Party of Vietnam (CPV) was founded by Ho Chi Minh in 1930 with the support of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Comintern, which have long since then faded into oblivion. The article discusses the main reasons for the phenomenon of successful activity of the CPV in the historically long period, which are the consistent struggle against factionalism in the ranks of the Party and the ability to stand behind one or another political force, leading it, but “without showing off”. The most significant actions of the CPV are the victory of the August Revolution of 1945 under the Viet Minh flag, the liberation of South Vietnam and the reunification of the country, the elimination of the criminal Pol Pot regime in Cambodia and the establishment of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, as well as the skillful maneuvering of the CPV, which managed to maintain an independent position after the beginning of confrontation between the CPSU and the CPC. The development of the conflict in Ukraine allows the author to conclude that it is possible to use the Vietnamese experience in solving the Ukrainian crisis. After the beginning of the Special military operation, Vietnam took a formally neutral position, but concrete actions show that Hanoi is more inclined to support the Russian position than the Ukrainian one. Vietnam does not benefit from the weakening of Russia, which is an important factor of stability in the Asia-Pacific region and Southeast Asia. The dialog between the leaders of the two countries, which has intensified due to the change in the top leadership of the SRV, also indicates Hanoi's desire to demonstrate the closeness of positions with the Russian Federation. The author draws attention to the fact that Vietnam's position on the Ukrainian conflict is greatly influenced by the personal factor. Unlike V.V. Putin, who has already visited Vietnam four times, V.A. Zelensky does not show interest in East Asian countries and Vietnam in particular.

Binyu Ren, Qunhao Wang, Hongling Ge et al.

Abstract As a fundamental raw material industry in the industrial sector, the steel industry is the largest emitter of carbon among the 31 manufacturing sub-sectors. Assessing the sustainability level of the steel industry is thus of critical importance for advancing carbon reduction efforts. In 2024, crude steel production in Belt and Road Initiative countries reached 1.43 billion tons, accounting for 75.8% of global output. However, significant disparities exist in the development of steel industries across these countries, necessitating the construction of a robust model to evaluate their relative sustainability. This study proposes an ESG-MI evaluation model that integrates environmental, social, governance, resource, and industrial dimensions, and applies it to panel data from 64 BRI countries between 2000 and 2023 to assess the sustainability level of their steel industries. Furthermore, an obstacle degree model is employed to identify key hindering factors. The study yields the following key findings: (1) From 2000 to 2023, the sustainability level of the steel industry along the BRI showed a steady upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 1.04%. (2) Industrial development and governance are the main drivers of sustainable development in the steel sector, while environmental performance remains a major weakness. Additionally, the resource supply chains in BRI countries are fragile and vulnerable to external shocks. (3) The sustainable development of the steel industry along the BRI follows a geographical transmission pattern of “Europe → East Asia → Middle East → Southeast Asia → South Asia.” (4) Based on obstacle degree analysis, industrial value added (X20), crude steel output per capita (X11), and the proportion of ores and metals in total exports (X12) are identified as the top three obstacles to sustainable development in the steel industry, with significantly greater hindering effects than other indicators.

Meylani Rusen, Kutluca Tamer

This systematic review critically examines contemporary research on the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in supporting mathematical discourse, with a specific focus on its alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4); which advocates for inclusive and equitable quality education. Drawing on 25 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025, the review synthesises empirical and theoretical insights into how AI technologies such as natural language processing tools, intelligent tutoring systems, conversational agents and discourse analytics dashboards -transform mathematics education by enhancing student engagement, reasoning and participation. The findings reveal that AI-powered discourse interventions support multiple SDG 4 targets including improving learning outcomes (Target 4.1), promoting equity and inclusion (Target 4.5), and strengthening teacher capacity through professional development (Target 4.c). However, the review also identifies persistent challenges related to technological limitations, ethical concerns surrounding data privacy and algorithmic bias, and the need for extensive teacher training. Geographically, research remains predominant in East and Southeast Asia, North America, and the Middle East, with notable underrepresentation from the Global South. The review concludes by offering strategic recommendations for inclusive AI design, teacher-centred implementation and policy infrastructure that collectively aim to harness AI’s potential for fostering equitable and dialogic mathematics learning environments worldwide.

X. Lu, X. Lu, Y. Liu et al.

<p>We apply a statistical model, two machine learning models, and three chemical transport models to attribute the observed ozone increases over East and Southeast Asia (ESEA) to changes in anthropogenic emissions and climate. Despite variations in model capabilities and emission inventories, all chemical transport models agree that increases in anthropogenic emission are a primary driver of ozone increases in 1995–2019. The models attribute 53 %–59 % of the increase in tropospheric ozone burden over ESEA to changes in anthropogenic emissions, with emission within ESEA contributing by 66 %–77 %. South Asia has increasing contribution to ozone increases over ESEA. At the surface, the models attribute 69 %–75 % of the ozone increase in 1995–2019 to changes in anthropogenic emissions. Climate change also contributes substantially to the increase in summertime tropospheric (41 %–47 %) and surface ozone (25 %–31 %). We find that emission reductions in China since 2013 have led to contrasting responses in ozone levels in the troposphere (decrease) and at the surface (increase). From 2013 to 2019, the ensemble mean derived from multiple models estimate that 66 % and 56 % of the summertime surface ozone enhancement in the North China Plain and the Yangtze River Delta could be attributed to changes in anthropogenic emissions, respectively, with the remaining attributed to meteorological factors. In contrast, changes in anthropogenic emissions dominate summertime ozone increase in the Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin (91 %–95 %). Our study underscores the need for long-term observational data, improved emission inventories, and advanced modeling frameworks to better understand the mechanisms of ozone increases in ESEA.</p>

Olusola Olaitan Ayantobo, Shengjun Zhang, Jiahua Wei et al.

Abstract Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are key drivers of hydrological change, but their role in sustaining and reshaping hydrological responses in Chinese river basins remains insufficiently quantified. We detect ARs for 1950–2023 using integrated water vapor transport (IVT) dual percentile thresholds with morphological filtering for elongated, persistent features; attribute precipitation, extreme precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture via a 1.5° axis buffer; model contributions with zero‐inflated beta (ZIB) regression; and trace moisture sources during AR‐driven floods with TROVA. Results reveal a south‐to‐north contrast, with southern basins exhibiting high summer IVT (∼600–1,100 kg m−1 s−1) from long ARs (∼13,000 km) that sustain antecedent wetness and amplify floods, while since the 1980s ARs have shortened and weakened, and hydrologic responses have declined in central and northern basins. Basin mean ARs contributions peak in the Huai River Basin (16.5%, 70.0%, 17.9%, 3.2%) and are lowest in the Southwest Basin (0.1%, 0.8%, 0.1%, 0.04%) for precipitation, extreme precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture, respectively. ZIB indicates a declining mean AR influence on soil moisture in the east and increasing shares of extremes in the southeast; antecedent soil moisture is the strongest covariate of AR‐induced precipitation. During floods, dominant sources can reach 74.7% from the East Asia Monsoon (Yangtze River Basin, 1998), 55.6% from the West Pacific Tropics (Pearl River Basin, 2009), and 32.5% from the South Asia Monsoon (Pearl River Basin, 1985). These findings show that ARs sustain water availability and reshape hydrological responses, informing flood risk management and water security planning in a warming climate.

Xingyu Lan, Jiaxi An, Yisu Guo et al.

Image-generating AI, which allows users to create images from text, is increasingly used to produce visual content. Despite its advancements, cultural biases in AI-generated images have raised significant concerns. While much research has focused on issues within Western contexts, our study examines the perceived biases regarding the portrayal of East Asian women. In this exploratory study, we invited East Asian users to audit three popular models (DALL-E, Midjourney, Stable Diffusion) and identified 18 specific perceived biases, categorized into four patterns: Westernization, overuse or misuse of cultural symbols, sexualization & feminization, and racial stereotypes. This work highlights the potential challenges posed by AI models in portraying Eastern individuals.

Neil R. Pichay, Sergiy S. Vasylyev, Audrey M. Liddle et al.

We present spectroscopic and photometric observations of supernova (SN) 2021ukt, a peculiar short-plateau object that was originally identified as a Type IIn SN and later underwent an unprecedented transition to a Type Ib (possibly Type IIb) SN. The early-time light curves of SN 2021ukt exhibit a ~25 day plateau. Such a short phase of hydrogen recombination suggests a rather thin H-rich outer envelope of the progenitor star. The relatively narrow Balmer emission lines in spectra of SN 2021ukt during the first week indicate the interaction between the expanding ejecta and the immediate circumstellar material (CSM). This Hα line is observed throughout its helium-rich ejecta-dominated phase and nebular phase, suggesting persistent interaction with a radially extended CSM profile. We explore the synthetic light-curve model among grids of parameters generated by MESA+STELLA. We also compare the spectrophotometric evolution of SN 2021ukt with several well-sampled supernovae that exhibit a short plateau and persistent ejecta-CSM interaction. An estimate of the progenitor mass of SN 2021ukt is made based on the flux ratio between [Ca II] λλ 7291, 7324 and [O I] λλ 6300, 6364 during its nebular phase. Our analysis suggests that the progenitor star of SN 2021ukt has a zero-age main-sequence (ZAMS) mass of about 12 solar masses, a mass of radioactive nickel-56 synthesized in the SN ejecta of about 0.04 solar masses, and a mass of the H-rich envelope of about 0.5 solar masses. This study adds to the growing sample of transitional supernovae, reinforcing evidence for a continuum of underrepresented progenitors whose evolutionary pathways lie between those of standard SN models.

Inha Kang, Eunki Kim, Wonjeong Ryu et al.

Accurate long horizon forecasting of particulate matter (PM) concentration fields is essential for operational public health decisions. However, achieving reliable forecasts remains challenging in regions with complex terrain and strong atmospheric dynamics such as East Asia. While foundation models such as Aurora offer global generality, they often miss region-specific dynamics and rely on non-real-time inputs, limiting their practical utility for localized warning systems. To address this gap, we construct and release the real-world observations and high-resolution CMAQ-OBS dataset for East Asia, reducing regional error by 59.5% and enabling real-time 48-120 hour forecasts critical for public health alerts. However, standard point-wise objectives cannot reflect asymmetric operational costs, where false alarms deteriorate public trust while missed severe events endanger populations. This cost mismatch causes SFT models to over-predict and yield high False Alarm Rates. We introduce Group-Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) with class-wise rewards and curriculum rollout to align predictions with operational priorities. Experimental results demonstrate that our framework significantly improves the reliability of the forecast. Compared to the SFT-only baseline, our model reduces the False Alarm Rate by 47.3% while achieving a competitive F1-score, proving its effectiveness for practical, real-world air quality forecasting systems on long lead time scenarios. Code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/kaist-cvml/FAKER-Air.

Kudakaev R.F., Mokretskiy A.Ch., Kostyrkin A.V.

With the formation of a new technological paradigm and global competition for leadership in the digital space, the attention of experts is shifting towards the growth of political, economic and R&D influence of Eastern countries, which imposes new demands on research methods and tools. The article summarizes the experience of enhancing the academic research process through involving young IT professionals in the Oriental studies in competitive mode. During two weeks of the “Hackathon” contest organized by Yandex Cloud, Napoleon IT and AI Talent Hub in collaboration with the experts from the Institute on Oriental Studies and the Institute of China and Contemporary Asia of the Russian Academy of Sciences, contestants were challenged to develop a chat bot employing generative models and machine translation to analyze news flows of East Asian countries, primarily China and Japan. A review of the winners’ approaches and solutions proves overall feasibility of the idea and shows that many specific linguistic and engineering tasks that were relevant only recently have already been successfully solved. Therefore, when planning and developing next-generation digital tools, it is necessary to operate at functionally and semantically higher levels of generalization closer to human reasoning.

Uyanaev S.V.

Cooperation in the energy sector, and practically in the field of hydrocarbons, is traditionally and reasonably considered as an important area of multidisciplinary interaction between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. In terms of its substantive forms, the energy dialogue has a multifaceted character, includes cooperation in mineral exploration, production technologies, capacity generation, investment support for relevant projects. Nevertheless, as it was objectively developed in practice, one of the main elements of cooperation turned out to be the supply of hydrocarbons from Russia to China, which has been increasing since the beginning of the century. This situation reflects the natural complementarity of the economic complexes of the two countries, which, in turn, serves as one of the basic foundations for the compatibility of the national interests of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. Paying attention to the circumstances above, the author examines the specific practice of cooperation in the field of hydrocarbon supplies, including the documents signed and the projects already implemented or being discussed. The focus is made on the current situation, when, in the context of large- scale sanctions pressure from the West, the task of reorientation of domestic energy exports to the East, including to China, is being considered systemically important for Russia. Pointing out the existing difficulties, the article contains a conclusion about the overall positive prospects for Russian-Chinese hydrocarbon cooperation.

Efrain Alvarado, Kate B. Bostow, Kishore C. Patra et al.

We study transits of several ``hot Jupiter'' systems - including WASP-12 b, WASP-43 b, WASP-103 b, HAT-P-23 b, KELT-16 b, WD 1856+534 b, and WTS-2 b - with the goal of detecting tidal orbital decay and extending the baselines of transit times. We find no evidence of orbital decay in any of the observed systems except for that of the extensively studied WASP-12 b. Although the orbit of WASP-12 b is unequivocally decaying, we find no evidence for acceleration of said orbital decay, with measured $\ddot{P} = (-7 \pm 8) \times 10^{-14} \rm ~s^{-1}$, against the expected acceleration decay of $\ddot{P} \approx -10^{-23} \rm ~s^{-1}$. In the case of WD 1856+534 b, there is a tentative detection of orbital growth with $\dot{P} = (5.0 \pm 1.5) \times 10^{-10}$. While statistically significant, we err on the side of caution and wait for longer follow-up observations to consider the measured $\dot{P}$ real. For most systems, we provide a 95\%-confidence lower limit on the tidal quality factor, $Q_\star'$. The possibility of detecting orbital decay in hot Jupiters via long-term radial velocity (RV) measurements is also explored. We find that $\sim 1 \rm ~m~s^{-1}$ precision in RVs will be required to detect orbital decay of WASP-12 b with only 3 yr of observations. Currently available RV measurements and precision are unable to detect orbital decay in any of the systems studied here.

Cecilia De Fazio, Juan P. Garrahan, Katja Klobas

We introduce a stochastic generalisation of the classical deterministic Floquet-East model, a discrete circuit with the same kinetic constraint as the East model of glasses. We prove exactly that, in the limit of long time and large size, this model has a large deviation phase transition between active and inactive dynamical phases. We also compute the finite time and size scaling of general space-time fluctuations, which for the case of inactive regions gives rise to dynamical hydrophobicity. We also discuss how, through the Trotter limit, these exact results also hold for the continuous-time East model, thus proving long-standing observations in kinetically constrained models. Our results here illustrate the applicability of exact tensor network methods for solving problems in many-body stochastic systems.

Paksyutov G.D.

The article analyzes the place of Asia-Pacific (understood as East and South East Asia) in Japan’s economic strategy. We show that the region has occupied a crucial place in Japan’s strategy at the time of Abe’s second term as the country’s prime minister (which started in late 2012) as a result of the rapid economic growth in China and ASEAN, and, in particular, as a reaction for China’s “Belt and Road Initiative”. Japan’s “Partnership for Quality Infrastructure” is the country’s principal alternative for China’s infrastructure projects. Japan’s regional economic strategy is closely intertwined with the country’s broader strategic vision, including such projects as “Free and Open Indo-Pacific”. Japan presents itself as an intermediary between the developed and the developing countries of Asia. Its role in the regional economic integration depends in large part on the dynamics of China and the US’ bilateral relations.

J. Antonio Garcia-Barreto, Emmanuel Momjian

We report VLA B-configuration observations of the HI 21 cm line on the close disk galaxy pair NGC 5595 and NGC 5597. At the angular resolution of the observations, $\sim7.1'' \times 4.2''$, while most of the HI 21 cm in NGC 5595 and in NGC 5597 has the same extent as the optical disk, we have detected for the first time extended structures (streamers) to the north-east (NE), and south-west (SW) of NGC 5595 with no counterparts in blue, red optical (continuum), 20 cm radio continuum, or H$α$ spectral-line emission. One structure is extended by $\sim 45''$ to the NE with blue-shifted velocities, and the other by $\sim 20''$ to the SW with red-shifted velocities with respect to the systemic velocity. No HI 21 cm emission is detected from the innermost central (nuclear) regions of either galaxy. Lower angular resolution HI 21 cm imaging indicates the non-existence of any intergalactic HI 21 cm gas as tails or bridges between the two galaxies. Our new 20 cm radio continuum emission image of NGC 5597 shows a strong unresolved elongated structure at the central region, in the north-east south-west direction, very similar to the spatial location of the innermost H$α$ spectral line emission. There is no 20 cm continuum emission from its north spiral arm. In NGC 5595, the 20 cm radio continuum image shows no continuum emission from the NE nor the SW extended structures with HI 21 cm emission.

Cheng Wang, Zhi-Cheng Yang

Quantum kinetically constrained models can exhibit a wealth of dynamical phenomena ranging from anomalous transport to Hilbert-space fragmentation (HSF). We study a class of one-dimensional particle number conserving systems where particle hoppings are subjected to an East-like constraint, akin to facilitated spin models in classical glasses. While such a kinetic constraint leads to HSF, we find that the degree of fragmentation exhibits a sharp transition as the average particle density is varied. Below a critical density, the system transitions from being weakly fragmented where most of the initial states thermalize diffusively, to strongly fragmented where the dynamics are frozen and the system fails to thermalize. Remarkably, the East model allows for both efficient numerical simulations and analytic solutions of various diagnostics of the phase transition, from which we obtain a set of exact critical exponents. We find that the freezing transition in particle-conserving East models belongs to the same universality class as dipole-conserving fracton systems. Our results provide a tractable minimal model for filling-induced freezing transitions associated with HSF, which can be readily tested in state-of-the-art quantum platforms.

Patacharin Lapanun

Studies of transnational intimacies and marriages thus far reveal how these intimate relationships are simulated and constrained by global and local circumstances, cultures, ideas, and practices relating to gender, marriage, and family as well as class and ethnicity. This paper provides insights into the other side of the global process by exploring how these intimate relations generate tensions and challenge cultural ideas and practices regarding gender and social class at the ‘local end’ of the transnational connections. Drawn on three ethnographic studies in two northeastern Thai villages, my research argues that these marital relationships present a form of women’s agency and bring new challenges to masculine identities and subjectivities, placing local men in vulnerable positions. Women with Western partners also constitute a new class determined by both their consumption and their lifestyle – which set them apart from other villagers – and their increased ownership of both farm and residential land. Thus, these women form a new class in both Bourdieusian and Marxist senses, although land in this case has less to do with production but rather wellbeing, security, and prosperity. In this light, transnational marriages/intimacies induce the reconfiguring of gender and class in women’s natal villages.

H Rogier van Doorn, Payal K Patel, Ralalicia Limato et al.

Introduction Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) is an important strategy to control antimicrobial resistance. Resources are available to provide guidance for design and implementation of AMS programmes, however these may have limited applicability in resource-limited settings including those in Asia. This scoping review aims to identify context-specific domains and items for the development of a healthcare facility (HCF)-level tool to guide AMS implementation in Asia.Methods and analysis This review is the first step in a larger project to assess AMS implementation, needs and gaps in Asia. We will employ a deductive qualitative approach to identify locally appropriate domains and items of AMS implementation guided by Nilsen and Bernhardsson’s contextual dimensions. This process is also informed by discussions from a technical advisory group coordinated by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to develop an AMS HCF-level assessment tool for low-income and middle-income countries. We will review English-language documents that discuss HCF-level implementation, including those describing frameworks, components/elements or recommendations for design, implementation or assessment globally and specific to Asia. We have performed the search in August–September 2021 including general electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Google Scholar), region-specific databases, national action plans, grey literature sources and reference lists to identify eligible documents. Country-specific documents will be restricted to countries in three subregions: South Asia, East Asia and Southeast Asia. Codes and themes will be derived through a content analysis, classified following the predefined context dimensions and used for developing domains and items of the assessment tool.Ethics and dissemination Results from this review will feed into our stepwise process for developing a context-specific HCF-level assessment tool for AMS programmes to assess the implementation status, identify intervention opportunities and monitor progress over time. The process will be done in consultation with local stakeholders, the end-users of the generated knowledge.

Sazonov S.L., Ilinskaya I.D.

The Belt and Road Initiative, proclaimed by China, is ambiguously perceived by its main economic rivals and even meets fierce resistance from Western countries, primarily the United States. This is expressed in putting forward their own initiatives to build infrastructure in developing countries, which, according to the leadership of the United States and the European Union, should counteract the strengthening of the Chinese influence. The article provides evidence that since the leadership of the PRC proposed and launched the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, China has responded to the vital needs of developing countries by cooperating with them in the development of national infrastructure facilities, such as railways, highways and ports, as well as providing financial assistance on exceptionally preferential terms. The essence of the Chinese initiative is to find, form and promote a new model of international cooperation and development through the construction of global transport routes. The article discusses the main infrastructure projects adapted to the real needs of the participating countries of the Chinese initiative. It is noted that China does not impose its own development path on them, and the most important aspect of the implementation of the megaproject is to improve people's lives.

S. Ehlerová, J. Palouš, M. R. Morris et al.

Sgr A East is the supernova remnant closest to the centre of the Milky Way. Its age has been estimated to be either very young, around 1-2 kyr, or about 10 kyr, and its exact origin remains unclear. We aspire to create a simple model of a supernova explosion that reproduces the shape, size, and location of Sgr A East. Using a simplified hydrodynamical code, we simulated the evolution of a supernova remnant in the medium around the Galactic centre. The latter consists of a nearby massive molecular cloud with which Sgr A East is known to be interacting and a wind from the nuclear star cluster. Our preferred models of the Sgr A East remnant are compatible with an age of around 10 kyr. We also find suitable solutions for older ages, but not for ages younger than 5 kyr. Our simulations predict that the supernova exploded at a distance of about 3.5 pc from the Galactic centre, below the Galactic plane, slightly eastwards from the centre and 3 pc behind it.