Hasil untuk "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"

Yuliya A. Antonova

The “new era” in China, the reform of humanitarian education and the “Russian Language +” concept implementation substantiate the need to modernize the course Reading Russian newspapers within the system of foreign language education. The aim of the study is to define new objectives for the course, to determine ways of updating Chinese textbooks for teaching newspaper reading, and to develop an original model of newspaper text analysis focused on teaching multidisciplinary specialists, fostering personality development in the spirit of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and cultivating media literacy. The materials include Chinese textbooks on newspaper reading (2002-2023) and studies by Russian and Chinese scholars; the methods applied were comprehensive theoretical analysis and comparative research. The findings reveal that the existing textbooks fail to meet the new objectives; they do not reflect China’s current ideological agenda, do not build knowledge of Russia’s media landscape, do not teach students to interpret a text as a reflection of a newspaper’s concept, do not develop skills of critical media analysis, and do not foster intercultural competence. The author identifies directions for their modernization, including the renewal of newspaper text corpora, the strengthening of students’ analytical and project-based activities, and the use of digital tools. A practice-oriented model of working with newspaper texts is proposed, which integrates media-linguistic, cultural, and ideological components. The prospect of the researchis the creation of a new textbook capable of realizing the educational and ideological potential of the discipline in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative .

William J. Bowman

Modeling interoperability between programs in different languages is a key problem when modeling verified and secure compilation, which has been successfully addressed using multi-language semantics. Unfortunately, existing models of compilation using multi-language semantics define two variants of each compiler pass: a syntactic translation on open terms to model compilation, and a run-time translation of closed terms at multi-language boundaries to model interoperability. In this talk, I discuss work-in-progress approach to uniformly model a compiler entirely as a reduction system on open term in a multi-language semantics, rather than as a syntactic translation. This simultaneously defines the compiler and the interoperability semantics, reducing duplication. It also provides interesting semantic insights. Normalization of the cross-language redexes performs ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation. Evaluation in the multi-language models just-in-time (JIT) compilation. Confluence of multi-language reduction implies compiler correctness, and part of the secure compilation proof (full abstraction), enabling focus on the difficult part of the proof. Subject reduction of the multi-language reduction implies type-preservation of the compiler.

Boris Golec

Inventar je iz stoletij pred prelomno sredo 19. stoletja, ko je slovenščina dobila večjo vlogo tudi v uradovalnem pismenstvu, komaj znana, zelo slabo zastopana zvrst slovenskih dokumentov. Doslej smo iz zgodnjega novega veka poznali en sam inventar. Nanaša se na opremo duhovniške hiše na Kureščku nad Igom, sestavil pa ga je leta 1757 tamkajšnji duhovnik Matija Črtanec kot popis svoje zapuščine, namenjene duhovnikom naslednikom. Drugi primerek slovenskega inventarja je bil šele nedavno odkrit med podložniškimi zapuščinskimi inventarji gospostva Gornji Grad. Ne gre za pravi uradni dokument, ampak za slovensko različico popisa pokojnikovih predmetov iz leta 1611, ki je nastala sočasno z nemško predlogo za čistopis inventarja. Ker je imel slovenski popis dodatno pravno vrednost, so ga hranili kot prilogo k uradnemu nemškemu inventarju. V inventarju najdemo več izrazov za predmete vsakdanje uporabe, prvič dokumentirane v slovenskem jeziku.

O. V. Kublitskaya

This article analyzes the image of Russia in Maxim Nezvorov’s travelogue “Journey to Kazan, Vyatka, and Orenburg in 1800.” Based on theoretical frameworks, we identify three aspects of analysis: genre, spatiality, and subjectivity. The study employs structuraldescriptive and cultural-historical methods, alongside the foundational principles of N. L. Leiderman’s genre theory, V. L. Kagansky’s concept of cultural landscape, and B. O. Korman’s ideas on the subject of artistic text. Our findings indicate that the choice of a quasi-documentary epistolary form allowed the author to establish a commitment to authenticity, combined with a characteristically sentimental intention of the “sensitive traveler.” It is demonstrated that Nezvorov delineates a system-forming dichotomy of “centerperiphery,” within which the cultural landscape is (re)constructed. We conclude that the author evaluates a key component of this landscape — urban planning and architecture — while the landscape itself serves a supportive role. Nezvorov pays particular attention to the extraordinarily diverse ethnic composition of the empire’s population. Although he rarely grants his “interlocutors” a voice, their comments and judgments enable a partial reconstruction of the worldview of a person in the early 19th century, one of the key elements of which is the image of Russia.

L. Savoia, B. Baldi

In this work, we will investigate hybridization, borrowing, and grammatical reorganization phenomena in the Arbëresh dialects of San Marzano (Apulia) and Vena di Maida (central Calabria). The data from the Arbëresh of S. Benedetto Ullano (northern Calabria) will be useful to provide a comparative frame. Arbëresh is the name of the Albanian varieties spoken in the villages/cities generally formed in the late fifteenth century by communities fleeing from Albania as a consequence of the Ottoman occupation. The long-time contact with neighboring Romance varieties is reflected in the extended mixing phenomena which characterize the lexicon and the morphosyntactic organization of Arbëresh as a heritage language. This is particularly evident in the two dialects that we investigate in this contribution, where relexification and grammatical reorganization phenomena provide us with an interesting testing ground to explain language variation.

Enkhjargal D.

This article considers morphological forms of addressing and calling as vocative cases. The research is focused on previous cross-linguistic studies on the vocative case, theoretical backround of the vocative case, marking of the vocative case in languages, vocative syntax of languages and some issues of vocative syntax of Modern Mongolian. Theoretical part includes evolution of case systems, marking of cases in languages, morphological and prosodic forms of vocative cases. Although some Indo-European languages lost their vocative case forms, Baltic languages, Slavonic languages, Indo-Iranian languages of Indo- European family and Georgian language of Iberian-Caucasian family have vocative cases. At the end of the article addressing and calling forms in modern Mongolian are considered in the framework of vocative syntax. We agree that vocative cases in languages exist between system and performance.

A. Leontyeva

On April 27, 2023, at the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as part of the 17th Balkan readings “Certainty and uncertainty in the Balkan languages and cultures”, a round table meeting “Balcano-Balto-Slavica and semiotics” was held. The participants of the round table were faced with the task of studying the relevance of the semiotic direction in our days and the possibilities of applying corresponding methods in linguistics, ethnography, folklore and art history.

Noor Leilah Abdul Karim, Rahim Ali Al-Foadi

The question of word–formation motivation is one of the most urgent problems of morphological features of diminutive vocabulary in the languages of different structures, Arabic – Semitic and Russian - Slavic. The relevance of this question lies in the fact that the analysis of morphological elements of word-formation motivation plays an important role not only in identifying formal and semantic connections between different units of the same language, but also has an applied value in the comparative study of different languages. Taking in to account that word-formation motivation is usually considered sequentially in order to identify motivational relationships of this type of vocabulary, we will study motivation in comparative analysis on the material of diminutive vocabulary of different languages. We will analytically approach the important question of the practical application of translation basics in achieving translation adequacy. Аннотация Вопрос о словообразовательной мотивации является одной из актуальных проблем, связанных с морфологическими особенностями диминутивной лексики в разноструктурных языках: арабском – семитском и русском – славянском. Анализ морфологических элементов словообразовательной мотивации играет большую роль не только в выявлении формально-семантических связей между разными единицами одного языка, но и имеет прикладное значение при сравнительном изучении разных языков. Учитывая, что словообразовательная мотивация, как правило, изучается последовательно, в рамках данного исследования рассмотрим ее на основе сравнительного анализа диминутивной лексики разных языков в целях выявления мотивационных отношений данного типа лексики, а также предпримем попытку аналитического подхода к вопросу о практическом применении переводческих основ при достижении адекватности перевода.

Nikola Ljubesic, Danijel Koržinek, Peter Rupnik et al.

Goral, Agnieszka

Personal Nomina Attributiva with Suffixes in Polish and Belarusian: The paper examines personal nouns belonging to the category of nomina attributiva in Polish and Belarusian. The research material includes over 450 derivatives (around 200 in Polish and around 250 in Belarusian), formed by suffixes from the basis of adjectives and adjectival participles, less often from nouns and verbs. A comparative method was used in the analysis. When describing the lexical corpus, the affiliation of lexical units to the category of personal feature carriers, their formal structure (connectivity of the word-formation base with the suffixal formant, morphological phenomena accompanying derivation), as well as the number of word-formation types were taken into account. The study reveals that in both Polish and Belarusian within the analyzed category the highest productivity is shown by the suffixes -ec // -ец (26% in Polish and 27% in Belarusian), -ak // -ак (14% and 19% respectively) and -ik // -iк (12% and 10%). In attributive personal names, the word-formation formant performs a semantic function, and the derivation itself has a mutational character. As the nomination indicates the sender’s attitude (usually negative), mutations are often accompanied by expressive phenomena.

Bernhard Brehmer

C. M. Macrobert

Old Church Slavonic is the earliest Slavic literary language, dating from the 9th century a.d. and attested from the 10th and 11th centuries. It is an important source for the reconstruction of Proto-Slavic and for the early history of the South Slavic languages. As a literary variety used primarily for translations, it offers insights into the translation technique of its time.

Анастасія Емірівна Валєєва

The author investigates the artwork of contemporary Ukrainian artists Volodymyr and Tatiana Bakhtov in the context of the intersection of the traditions of the Ancient Greek polis Olbia which is located on the territory of Ukraine and artistic innovations used by the artists in their work.The article presents a detailed culturological review of the main vectors of the Bakhtov's House art activities – the author's invention which is called «hel ograph », terra-theater, landart and graphic works.It is observed that the artwork of these artists is profoundly symbolic in its essence, as there are always implicit, realistically unarticulated senses in works that require a particular thoughtful decoding.The powerful influence of ancient culture on artists' creativity, their conscious settling near the territory of ancient Olbia, foundation of their own House-museum, demonstrates us inseparable connection of art of modern Ukraine with European tradition, which symbolic codes have constantly appeared in the artistic space throughout the existence of our state.

Elena A. Petrova, Arseny M. Shur

We define a new quantitative measure for an arbitrary factorial language: the entropy of a random walk in the prefix tree associated with the language; we call it Markov entropy. We relate Markov entropy to the growth rate of the language and to the parameters of branching of its prefix tree. We show how to compute Markov entropy for a regular language. Finally, we develop a framework for experimental study of Markov entropy by modelling random walks and present the results of experiments with power-free and Abelian-power-free languages.

Борис Николаевич Флоря

На основе анализа источников автор пытается реконструировать ход событий во время политического кризиса на Правобережье, в центре которого оказалось противостояние правобережного гетмана П. Дорошенко и его противника, П. Суховея, избранного гетманом Запорожской Сечью при поддержке Крымского ханства. Автор показывает, что оппозиция Дорошенко была значительной и формировалась в том числе и под влиянием известий о его турецком подданстве. Верховная власть Порты над казачеством была утверждена Корсунской радой, для участия в которой правобережный гетман сумел мобилизовать значительное число сторонников из правобережной старшины. Это вызвало недовольство уже не только запорожцев, но и казацкой черни части правобережных полков. Попытки Дорошенко получить помощь Османской империи не имели успеха, и летом его положение стало угрожающим: на стороне гетмана выступали только два казацких полка. Лишь прибытие в августе 1669 г. послов султана, потребовавших от Крымского ханства прекратить поддержку оппозиции Дорошенко, и последовавший затем уход татар разрядили ситуацию и спасли правобережного гетмана от потери булавы. Эти события, а также последовавший аналогичный внутриполитический кризис на Правобережной Украине в 1672 г. показывают, сколь шатким было положение Дорошенко и как трудно ему было удерживать власть. Цитирование Флоря Б. Н. Внутриполитический кризис на Правобережной Украине весной — летом 1669 г. // Славянский альманах. 2020. Вып. 1–2. С. 46–66. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2020.1-2.1.03

Tatiana L. Vilkul

Some parts of the Complete Chronographic Palaea contain fragments of an Old Slavonic translation of the Bible, which was intended for personal home or monastic reading (chetij in Old Slavonic). The origin of this translation has not received much scholarly attention so far. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the version of the Book of Genesis used in the Palaea by comparing the textual traditions of the Slavonic Pentateuch, Octateuch and chronographs. The Complete Сhronographic Palaea is one of the Old Russian compilations containing both the Old Testament translations and chronographic sources. Its biblical part is built on the material of the Palaea Interpretata, as well as on the Slavonic “chetij” biblical translation, while the chronographic part has excerpts from the translated Byzantine chronicles after the version of the so-called Chronograph po velikomu izlozheniju with additions. Overall, the manuscript tradition of the Slavonic Octateuch includes three families. While interpolations from the Genesis in the Complete Palaea reveal little resemblance to two of them, namely, Russian and South Slavic recensions, we see dozens overlaps with the group of the Trinity Pentateuchs (Russian State Library, f.304. I, No.1 and No.45). The text of this group belongs to the third, Chronographic recension of the “chetij” Octateuch with specific features covering dozens of examples of identical innovations. However, some discrepancies with the Trinity Pentateuchs and convergence with the original readings preserved in two other recensions show that the compiler of the Complete Palaea was dealing with an earlier common protographe. The Chronographic recension itself was divided into two groups (Trinity Pentateuchs and Iudejsky Chronograph) approximately in the late 1100s or early 1200s and is now represented by only five manuscripts. Therefore, the evidence of the Complete Chronographic Palaea is important both for the textual analysis of the Old Slavonic biblical translations and for the history of the Old Russian chronographs as well.   DOI: 10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.2.5

Elena Takho-Godi

The article compares for the first time the philosophical and aesthetic views on Russian literature and language of two prominent representatives of Russian abroad — the critic Yu.I. Aykhenvald (1872–1928) and the medievalist, interpreter of Russian classics P.M. Bitsilli (1879–1953). A full overview of factual materials identified to date is given, confirming the mutual interest of Yu.I. Aykhenvald and P.M. Bitsilli: documents from P.M. Bitsilli collection at the Institute of Russian literature (Pushkin House) of the RAS, Yu.I.Aykhenvald’s review from the Berlin newspaper “Rul'”on P.M. Bitsilli’s “Studies on Russian Poetry”, obituary of Yu.I. Aykhenvald, which was published by P.M. Bitsilli in the Sofia newspaper “Golos”. Among the issues raised are the impact which Aykhenvald’s immanent method of analyzing a literary text had on P.M. Bitsilli’s aesthetically individualizing method, the approaches of both authors to solving the morphology of Russian culture and philosophy of the nation, the connection of the Pushkin theme with thoughts about the fate of post-revolutionary Russia and Russian language in their works, which they articulated during the discussion of S. and A. Volkonsky’s book “In defense of the Russian language”.

Josef Rukavicka

We say that a language $L$ is \emph{constantly growing} if there is a constant $c$ such that for every word $u\in L$ there is a word $v\in L$ with $\vert u\vert<\vert v\vert\leq c+\vert u\vert$. We say that a language $L$ is \emph{geometrically growing} if there is a constant $c$ such that for every word $u\in L$ there is a word $v\in L$ with $\vert u\vert<\vert v\vert\leq c\vert u\vert$. Given two infinite languages $L_1,L_2$, we say that $L_1$ \emph{dissects} $L_2$ if $\vert L_2\setminus L_1\vert=\infty$ and $\vert L_1\cap L_2\vert=\infty$. In 2013, it was shown that for every constantly growing language $L$ there is a regular language $R$ such that $R$ dissects $L$. In the current article we show how to dissect a geometrically growing language by a homomorphic image of intersection of two context-free languages. Consider three alphabets $Γ$, $Σ$, and $Θ$ such that $\vert Σ\vert=1$ and $\vert Θ\vert=4$. We prove that there are context-free languages $M_1,M_2\subseteq Θ^*$, an erasing alphabetical homomorphism $π:Θ^*\rightarrow Σ^*$, and a nonerasing alphabetical homomorphism $\varphi : Γ^*\rightarrow Σ^*$ such that: If $L\subseteq Γ^*$ is a geometrically growing language then there is a regular language $R\subseteq Θ^*$ such that $\varphi^{-1}\left(π\left(R\cap M_1\cap M_2\right)\right)$ dissects the language $L$.

Taylor J. Smith, Kai Salomaa

The row projection (resp., column projection) of a two-dimensional language $L$ is the one-dimensional language consisting of all first rows (resp., first columns) of each two-dimensional word in $L$. The operation of row projection has previously been studied under the name "frontier language", and previous work has focused on one- and two-dimensional language classes. In this paper, we study projections of languages recognized by various two-dimensional automaton classes. We show that both the row and column projections of languages recognized by (four-way) two-dimensional automata are exactly context-sensitive. We also show that the column projections of languages recognized by unary three-way two-dimensional automata can be recognized using nondeterministic logspace. Finally, we study the state complexity of projection languages for two-way two-dimensional automata, focusing on the language operations of union and diagonal concatenation.

Wonyeol Lee, Hangyeol Yu, Xavier Rival et al.

Probabilistic programming is the idea of writing models from statistics and machine learning using program notations and reasoning about these models using generic inference engines. Recently its combination with deep learning has been explored intensely, leading to the development of deep probabilistic programming languages such as Pyro. At the core of this development lie inference engines based on stochastic variational inference algorithms. When asked to find information about the posterior distribution of a model written in such a language, these algorithms convert this posterior-inference query into an optimisation problem and solve it approximately by gradient ascent. In this paper, we analyse one of the most fundamental and versatile variational inference algorithms, called score estimator, using tools from denotational semantics and program analysis. We formally express what this algorithm does on models denoted by programs, and expose implicit assumptions made by the algorithm. The violation of these assumptions may lead to an undefined optimisation objective or the loss of convergence guarantee of the optimisation process. We then describe rules for proving these assumptions, which can be automated by static program analyses. Some of our rules use nontrivial facts from continuous mathematics, and let us replace requirements about integrals in the assumptions, by conditions involving differentiation or boundedness, which are much easier to prove automatically. Following our general methodology, we have developed a static program analysis for Pyro that aims at discharging the assumption about what we call model-guide support match. Applied to the eight representative model-guide pairs from the Pyro webpage, our analysis finds a bug in one of these cases, reveals a non-standard use of an inference engine in another, and shows the assumptions are met in the remaining cases.