Hasil untuk "Public law"

L. Epstein, D. Knight

P. Kausch

G. Turkel, K. Beckett

Rostyslav Golovchak

The article examines lawful behavior as a key factor ensuring the stability, security, and integrity of the state. The author argues that lawful behavior is not only a result of legal norms but also a complex socio-economic phenomenon shaping an atmosphere of legality, order, and public trust. The theoretical section outlines major approaches to defining lawful behavior in legal scholarship, analyzes its functions, and highlights the role of legal, social, and institutional mechanisms that promote compliance with the law. Special attention is given to the importance of lawful behavior for strengthening the rule of law and enhancing citizens’ trust in state institutions. Empirical findings demonstrate a strong correlation between the level of lawful behavior within society and the effectiveness of the national security system, which includes law-enforcement bodies, the judiciary, and state institutions responsible for implementing security policy. The study explores different types of offenses resulting from violations of lawful behavior and discusses mechanisms for their prevention through legislative improvements, the development of legal education, and the strengthening of civil society institutions. The practical section emphasizes the role of education, media, and public communication in fostering legal awareness. The author stresses the need for an integrated approach combining effective legal regulation with social incentives that promote law-abiding behavior. Examples from international practice illustrate the success of such measures in enhancing state resilience and security. The conclusions emphasize that lawful behavior should be viewed not only as compliance with legal norms but also as an essential social phenomenon that contributes to democratic development, increases public trust, and reinforces national security. It represents a crucial component of social capital, ensuring the effectiveness and stability of state institutions.

Łukasz Sowul

The principles and scope of liability for violations of public finance discipline are regulated in the Act of December 17, 2004 on liability for violations of public finance discipline. However, there is no legal definition of the concept itself. It can be assumed that public finance discipline means compliance with the principles of public funds management. Therefore, it is not surprising that the Polish legislator in Art. 8-9a of the said Act also sanctioned issues related to grants and subsidies. Financial support in these forms amounts to many billions of zlotys annually. Therefore, the question arises whether the provisions of the Act on liability for violations of public finance discipline constitute a real protection tool? The scientific research was carried out based on the non-reactive research method (analysis of legal acts, subject literature and case law) and the statistical method (based on data from the Chief Adjudicating Committee). According to the adopted hypothesis, the provisions of the Act on liability for violations of public finance discipline regarding subsidies fulfill their repressive function, while Art. 9a regarding subsidies is in practice a dead provision.

Patricia Morales Sevillano

En apenas diez años, el escenario en el que se acuñó la expresión “delito de cuello blanco” cumplirá un siglo. Largo tiempo en el que la Criminología ha logrado, no sin esfuerzo, definir con mayor precisión un concepto escurridizo por naturaleza y tremendamente diverso al clásico o común, más atendido desde todo punto de vista. En el presente trabajo, además de recorrer los inicios, primeros y últimos pasos criminológicos sobre aquella delincuencia, aplicaremos lo aprendido en el camino en analizar el delito de nuestro interés: la apropiación indebida de las cantidades percibidas a cuenta en la compraventa de vivienda sobre plano. Nuestra labor persigue una doble finalidad: ofrecer fundada explicación a las incidencias procesales que suelen sufrirse en la investigación y enjuiciamiento de este delito y precisar su indiscutible pertenencia a la criminalidad de cuello blanco.

seyyedhossein athari, Zahra Mohamadpour

Introduction The heart of any state or government's stability is its legitimacy, which confirms the validity of governmental decrees and ensures the continuity of governance. The Sassanid era is one historical period where the very foundations of the state's authority and political ideology were called into question in Iran. Challenges to the religious values, which were the mainstay of the government's legitimacy, led to both social and political upheaval. This was particularly evident following the emergence of new religions and rituals, which posed a threat and underscored the urgent need for the restoration of legitimacy. In response to this crisis, the ideological apparatus of the Sassanid state employed various strategies. Among these, the 'Ardavirafnameh' stands out as a cultural mechanism that articulated the principles, values, and ideals embodying the political ideology meant to reaffirm the state's legitimacy and ensure the survival of Sassanid rule. The research posits, through the application of Skinner's intentionalism hermeneutic framework, that the 'Ardavirafnameh' was written under specific conditions, within a particular context and intellectual milieu, with a definitive purpose. The hypothesis suggests that the text was crafted as an ideological instrument aimed at addressing the legitimacy crisis faced by the Sassanid government. The primary objective of the author in composing this text appears to have been to influence the political culture of the time, thereby reconstructing the foundational legitimacy of the Sassanid state. Methodology The research employs Quentin Skinner's internationalist interpretive methodology to delve into the underlying messages of the text. Skinner's approach underscores the importance of understanding the text's examination in conjunction with the author's intentions and the objective and intellectual circumstances under which it was produced. In the initial phase of applying Skinner's method, efforts are made to grasp the political issues and debates of the Ardaviraf era, as well as the responses and solutions that were proposed at the time. By reconstructing the socio-political climate and the intellectual milieu in which the 'Ardavirafnameh' was composed, we can illuminate the challenges that confronted the Zoroastrian Monads, under Ardaviraf leadership, allowing for a more accurate comprehension of how these issues influenced the author's thinking. Following this, the analysis aims to discern the unique language, meanings, concepts, and prevailing propositions employed in the 'Ardavirafnameh.' This step involves examining the traditions, norms, principles, and conventional rules that shaped the political arguments and discourse of the time. Suchan exploration is crucial for understanding the societal context of the period and the author's intent behind creating the text. Discussion The Sassanid government, during its four-century rule (224 to 651 AD), sought to establish legitimacy through various means to maintain public support. Their legitimacy was built on tradition by associating themselves with Parthian and Achaemenid kings. Additionally, the charismatic personality of the kings and the support of the people formed the basis of their authority. However, the most significant foundation of Sassanid legitimacy was Zoroastrianism. The king derived power from God, and Zoroastrian decrees became the official law of the state, shaping Iranian culture, politics, and ideological legitimacy. The authority of Sassanid clerics, the Mobdans, unified society around religion, unprecedented in pre-Islamic Iran. However, the collision of Zoroastrianism with other religions led to the emergence of religious heresies. Mani's religion, a blend of beliefs, aimed to end conflicts and class divides, subtly guiding followers to oppose the government. Similarly, Mazdak Bamadan's reinterpretation of the Avesta protested Sassanid laws and structures, advocating for equality and sparking socialist changes that led to the collapse of the state system and upheaval in the country. Mani's religion marked the first instance of sedition and religious heresy arising from conflicting beliefs. His teachings combined popular beliefs and religions of the time, aiming to end wars and social injustices by uniting different religions. He offered followers a path of peace and mystical isolation in response to nobles and pious individuals. Mani's religious doctrines concealed a political agenda, subtly guiding people's beliefs towards opposition to the government. Mazdak Bamadan, a prominent cleric of the Qobad era, initiated a social uprising by reinterpreting the Avesta in protest against Sassanian structures and laws. His movement sought to rectify the deviations caused by religious leaders, representing a protest against the Sassanid social and political system. Emphasizing the equality of all individuals, his teachings garnered numerous followers and led to revolutionary socialist changes in Iran. Those advocating fundamental societal changes pushed to extremes, resulting in the collapse of the state system and pushing the country to the brink of ruin.      In this way, the emergence of new religions led to people`s suspicion towards the country`s official religion and the threat of political power, which ultimately led to severe repression and the brutal killing of Mani and Mazdak and their followers. However, these religions did not disappear and even after the fall of the Sassanids, they also opposed the muslim religion in the form of social movements. The Sassanid era, which was the era of prosperity and influx of religious opinions and new thoughts, forsed the Zoroastrain rulers and priests as agents of the religious institution to take a stand and react against these new religions and religious opponents, and writing the Ardavirafnameh book as an ideological tool of confrontation. It is with these religions that he trais to define the framework of condition of political conflict and draw the legitimacy clamis of those in power according to the type of political regime and power structures based on cultural contexts. Conclusion Based on the explanation provided in this research, the Ardaviraf era's timeframe, transformations, and historical developments underscore the restoration of political legitimacy as the central concern of Zoroastrianism. The text Ardavirafnameh, portraying heaven and hell, serves as an exposition of Mobdans' thoughts led by Ardaviraf, aiming to influence the political culture of society. It is evident that the societal transformation is linked to changes in the ruling political culture, emphasizing the text's role in shaping this culture and sustaining the state's political legitimacy. Despite being a religious text, Ardavirafnameh reflects the ideology of the Sasanian government and Zoroastrian priests. The Mobdans, as the primary decision-makers and influencers in vital cultural aspects, established the idea that the perpetuation of the royal line depends on their resourcefulness and persistence, taking advantage of the kings' weaknesses for their own benefit. As the most influential class in Sassanid society, the Mobdans sought strategies for integrating and legitimizing political values, norms, and structures with a focus on the campaign. Consequently, this text, as a strategic choice by the political elite, underscores religious ideology's aspects, aiming to foster a sense of political unity, common values, norms, and shared political goals among society members. It serves to capture the minds of individuals and emphasizes the importance of religious and moral beliefs in accepting and obeying the king, religious values, and governmental requirements. Recognizing that political legitimacy hinges on societal beliefs and perceptions, religious leaders aim to leverage Ardavirafnameh as a political instrument to cultivate legitimacy among the people. Therefore, the document's purpose was to return to religious foundations, signifying a return to the basis of Sasanian state legitimacy.

Daniel Pizzolato, Kris Dierickx

Abstract Background Even though research integrity (RI) training programs have been developed in the last decades, it is argued that current training practices are not always able to increase RI-related awareness within the scientific community. Defining and understanding the capacities and lacunas of existing RI training are becoming extremely important for developing up-to-date educational practices to tackle present-day challenges. Recommendations on how to implement RI education have been primarily made by selected people with specific RI-related expertise. Those recommendations were developed mainly without consulting a broader audience with no specific RI expertise. Moreover, the academic literature lacks qualitative studies on RI training practices. For these reasons, performing in-depth focus groups with non-RI expert stakeholders are of a primary necessity to understand and outline how RI education should be implemented. Methods In this qualitative analysis, different focus groups were conducted to examine stakeholders’ perspectives on RI training practices. Five stakeholders' groups, namely publishers and peer reviewers, researchers on RI, RI trainers, PhDs and postdoctoral researchers, and research administrators working within academia, have been identified to have a broader overview of state of the art. Results A total of 39 participants participated in five focus group sessions. Eight training-related themes were highlighted during the focus group discussions. The training goals, timing and frequency, customisation, format and teaching approach, mentoring, compulsoriness, certification and evaluation, and RI-related responsibilities were discussed. Although confirming what was already proposed by research integrity experts in terms of timing, frequency, duration, and target audience in organising RI education, participants proposed other possible implementations strategies concerning the teaching approach, researchers' obligations, and development an evaluation-certification system. Conclusions This research aims to be a starting point for a better understanding of necessary, definitive, and consistent ways of structuring RI education. The research gives an overview of what has to be considered needed in planning RI training sessions regarding objectives, organisation, and teaching approach.

Anna Fus

Członkowie zarządu spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością w związku ze sprawowaną funkcją mogą zostać pociągnięcia do odpowiedzialności. Odpowiedzialność może wynikać z szeregu aktów prawnych, w tym kodeksu spółek handlowych, ordynacji podatkowej czy ustawy prawo upadłościowe. Niniejszy artykuł w sposób przekrojowy opisuje najważniejsze zagadnienia związane z odpowiedzialnością członków zarządu na podstawie poszczególnych aktów prawnych. Uwzględnione w nim zostały podstawowe zagadnienia mające wpływ na ustalenie odpowiedzialności członków zarządu oraz wysokość tej odpowiedzialności.

Muhammad Maghfur Agung, Sukarmi Sukarmi, RR. Imam Rachmad Sjafiie

The purpose of this article is discussing the law problem that has relations to certainty of law for notary candidates in regions that establish large-scale social restrictions. WHO establish the COVID-19 as the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). The spread controlling of Covid-19, the Indonesian government apply several strategies, the one of strategy is Establish large-scale social restrictions. Large-scale social restrictions cause closed the office. Notary candidates apprentice become closed or get free days. The problem is counting the 24 months apprentice of notary candidates if the regions apply the large-scale social restrictions until the office of notary candidates closed for a while. This research is an empiric juridical. The result of this research that use the method above, researcher obtains the answer of the problem that certainty of law for notary candidates in the regions that apply the large-scale social restrictions based on law regulation.

Janie A. Chuang

Supriyadi Supriyadi

Pelaksanaan Pilkada serentak tahun 2020 kembali dilaksanakan setelah sebelumnya mengalami penundaan. Pemerintah memutuskan untuk melaksanakan Pilkada pada bulan Desember 2020, dengan mengeluarkan Perpu No. 2 Tahun 2020. Langkah yang diambil Pemerintah melahirkan pro dan kontra dikalangan masyarakat termasuk penye-lenggara, hal tersebut sangat rasional mengingat keadaan penyebaran Covid-19 masih terus mengalami peningkatan. Disadari atau tidak, kebijakan tersebut menguji eksistensi nilai mulia dari tujuan hukum yakni keadilan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan teori. Adapun hasil penelitian ialah: Pertama, Perppu No. 2 Tahun 2020 tidak mengatur terkait dengan metode dan pelaksanaan Pilkada saat pandemi melainkan hanya mengatur waktu pemungutan suara. Kedua, terdapat beberapa tahapan yang menyulitkan pemilih, penyelenggara dan peserta yakni tahapan pemuktahiran data, pencalonan bagi calon peraseorangan dan tidak adanya kampanye dalam bentuk rapat umum. Ketiga, mekanisme penanganan pelanggaran Pilkada tetap mengacu pada metode saat keadaan normal.   Switching the Value of Handling Local Election 2020 in the Middle of Pandemi Covid-19   The implementation of the simultaneous regional elections in 2020 was held after previously experiencing delays. The government decided to carry out the Pilkada (electiosn) in December 2020, by issuing Perpu No. 2 of 2020. The steps taken by the Government resulted in pros and cons among the public, including the organizers, this is very rational considering the spread of Covid-19 pandemic is still increasing. Whether we realize it or not, this policy tests the existence of the noble value of the goal of law, namely justice. This research is a normative juridical study using a statutory regulation approach, a conceptual approach and a theoretical approach. The research shows, first, that Perppu No.2 / 2020 does not regulate the method and implementation of Pilkada during a pandemic but only regulates the timing of voting. Second, there are several stages that make it difficult for voters, organizers and participants, namely the stages of updating data, nominating individual candidates and the absence of a campaign in the form of a general meeting. Third, the mechanism for handling election violations still refers to the method during normal circumstances.

Milivojević Sanja, Radulski Elizabeth Marie

The Internet of Things (IoT) is poised to revolutionise the way we live and communicate, and the manner in which we engage with our social and natural world. In the IoT, objects such as household items, vending machines and cars have the ability to sense and share data with other things, via wireless, Bluetooth, or Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology. "Smart things" have the capability to control their performance, as well as our experiences and decisions. In this exploratory paper, we overview recent developments in the IoT technology, and their relevance for criminology. Our aim is to partially fill the gap in the literature, by flagging emerging issues criminologists and social scientists ought to engage with in the future. The focus is exclusively on the IoT while other advances, such as facial recognition technology, are only lightly touched upon. This paper, thus, serves as a starting point in the conversation, as we invite scholars to join us in forecasting-if not preventing-the unwanted consequences of the "future Internet".

Sergio Poblete

The objective of this article is to characterize and analyze the risk-sharing agreements proposed by the pharmaceutical industry to achieve coverage under the Financial Protection System for High Cost Diagnostics and Treatments in Chile (Ricarte Soto Law). Through a review of the literature on the subject, a taxonomy of risk-sharing agreements was elaborated, identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each type from the perspective of public health policies. Findings show that most of the offers received considered financial agreements, mainly price discounts. To a lesser extent, bonification and portfolio discount also stand out for their frequency. It is important to note that the case analyzed is one of the first formal experiences of requesting risk-sharing agreements in the Chilean public health sector. However, the design and implementation of these contracts require a more proactive role of the public buyer. This demands the development of skills and infrastructure in the public health sector that allow the measurement of the performance of health technologies in practice.

Arhjayati Rahim, Madinah Mokobombang

Evidence in criminal cases is generally borne by the public prosecutor. This is different from the criminal case of corruption, in addition to being proven by the public prosecutor, the defendant also has the right to prove that he did not commit a criminal act of corruption. This study aims to determine the arrangement of the shifting burden of proof system in cases of corruption and the application of the shifting burden of proof system in cases of corruption in Decision Number: 22/Pid.Sus-TPK/2018/PN.Gto. This type of research is a literature analyzed with a normative juridical approach. The results of the research show that the Decision Number: 22/Pid.Sus-TPK/2018/PN.Gto, seen from the evidence that in terms of the application of reverse evidence, the defendant exercised his right to carry out shifting burden of proof. However, the defendant did not prove that the property he had obtained was not the result of a criminal act of corruption, even though it was his obligation to prove this, so that the right to shifting burden of proof evidence was not fully utilized by the defendant.

David Ciepley

J. Smykla, Matthew S. Crow, Vaughn J. Crichlow et al.

Many people are enthusiastic about the potential benefits of police body-worn cameras (BWC). Despite this enthusiasm, however, there has been no research on law enforcement command staff perceptions of BWCs. Given the importance that law enforcement leadership plays in the decision to adopt and implement BWCs, it is necessary to assess their perceptions. This is the first study to measure law enforcement leadership attitudes toward BWCs. The study relies on data collected from surveys administered to command staff representing local, state and federal law enforcement agencies in a large southern county. Among the major perceptual findings are that command staff believe BWCs will impact police officers’ decisions to use force in encounters with citizens and police will be more reluctant to use necessary force in encounters with the public. Respondents also believe that use of BWCs is supported by the public because society does not trust police, media will use BWC data to embarrass police, and pressure to implement BWCs comes from the media. Perceptions of the impact of BWCs on safety, privacy, and police effectiveness are also discussed.

F. Shaw, Chisara N Asomugha, P. Conway et al.

J. Lehman, Meredith H. Carr, Meredith H. Carr et al.

For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penalties on persons who know they have HIV and subsequently engage in certain behaviors, most commonly sexual activity without prior disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus. These laws have been subject to intense public debate. Using public health law research methods, data from the legal database WestlawNext© were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) and to examine the implications of these laws for public health practice. The first state laws were enacted in 1986; as of 2011 a total of 67 laws had been enacted in 33 states. By 1995, nearly two-thirds of all laws had been enacted; by 2000, 85 % of laws had been enacted; and since 2000, an additional 10 laws have been enacted. Twenty-four states require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. Nearly two-thirds of states in the USA have legislation that criminalizes potential HIV exposure. Many of these laws criminalize behaviors that pose low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. The majority of laws were passed before studies showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission risk and most laws do not account for HIV prevention measures that reduce transmission risk, such as condom use, ART, or pre-exposure prophylaxis. States with HIV-specific criminal laws are encouraged to use the findings of this paper to re-examine those laws, assess the laws’ alignment with current evidence regarding HIV transmission risk, and consider whether the laws are the best vehicle to achieve their intended purposes.ResumenDurante las últimas tres décadas, se han utilizado a nivel nacional, estatal y local enfoques legislativos para prevenir la transmisión del VIH. Un enfoque legislativo punitivo ha sido la promulgación de leyes que criminalizan conductas asociadas a la exposición al VIH (leyes criminales específicamente relacionadas con el VIH). En los Estados Unidos, las leyes criminales específicamente relacionadas con el VIH han sido en gran medida influenciadas por leyes estatales. Estas leyes imponen sanciones criminales a las personas que saben que tienen el VIH y posteriormente participan en ciertos comportamientos o conductas, frecuentemente la actividades sexuales, sin la divulgación previa del estado serológico del VIH. Estas leyes han sido objeto de un intenso debate público. Utilizando métodos de investigación de la ley de salud pública, datos obtenidos de la base de datos legal WestlawNext© fueron analizados para describir la prevalencia y las características de las leyes que criminalizan la posible exposición al VIH en los 50 estados de los Estados Unidos y el Distrito de Columbia y examinar las implicaciones de estas leyes en la práctica de salud pública. Las primeras leyes estatales fueron promulgadas en 1986; para el año 2011, un total de 67 leyes se habían promulgado en 33 estados. Para el año 1995, casi dos tercios de todas las leyes habían sido aprobadas; para el año 2000, el 85 % de las leyes habían sido aprobadas; y desde el año 2000, se han aprobado otras 10 leyes adicionales. Veinticuatro estados requieren que las personas que saben que tienen el VIH revelen su condición a sus parejas sexuales y 14 estados requieren divulgación de la condición del VIH a las parejas con quien comparten agujas. Veinticinco estados criminalizan uno o más comportamientos que representan un riesgo bajo o insignificante para la transmisión del VIH. Casi dos tercios de los estados de los Estados Unidos han promulgado legislación que criminalizan la posible exposición al VIH. Muchas de estas leyes penalizan conductas que representan un riesgo bajo o insignificante para la transmisión del VIH. La mayoría de estas leyes se aprobaron antes de que investigaciones conducidas demostraran que la terapia antirretroviral (ART, por sus siglas en inglés) reduce el riesgo de transmisión del VIH y la mayoría no toman en consideración medidas de prevención que reducen el riesgo de transmisión del VIH, tales como el uso del condón, ART, o la profilaxis pre-exposición (PrEP). Se exhorta a los estados que han aprobado leyes criminales específicamente relacionadas con el VIH a utilizar los hallazgos de este trabajo para reexaminar las leyes vigentes, evaluar la alineación de las leyes con la evidencia actual con respecto al riesgo de transmisión del VIH, y considerar si estas leyes son el mejor vehículo para lograr los fines previstos.

Adriana S. Cordis, Patrick L. Warren