Hasil untuk "Physiology"

C. Dibner, U. Schibler, U. Albrecht

P. Turnbaugh, R. Ley, M. Hamady et al.

M. Lesser

T. Emmel

A. Vander, J. H. Sherman, D. S. Luciano

D. McKey

K. E. Zachariassen

P. S. Nobel

Martin Fernando Bruzzese, Gastón César García, Carlos Rodolfo Arcuri et al.

Background: Extensive data exists on external load during training and competition, but a significant gap remains in understanding internal physiological load, particularly in protocols conducted in ecological settings. Given the scarcity of studies on the on-field cardiorespiratory profiles of national-level athletes, especially in Argentine soccer, this study aimed to identify the on-field cardiorespiratory fitness profile of ten highly trained youth field soccer players (13.6 ± 1.3 years old) from both the first league of the Argentine Football Association and members of the national team in their age group category in the current year. Methods: Each athlete performed an on-field cardiorespiratory exercise test (20-m Shuttle Run Test, 20-m SRT) with the COSMED K5 wearable metabolic system (COSMED, Rome, Italy) in dynamic micro-mixing chamber mode. The 20-m Shuttle Run Test involves running back and forth between two lines set 20 m apart, following the pace set by an audio signal. The test starts at a running velocity of 8.5 km·h⁻¹ and increases by 0.5 km·h⁻¹ each min. Results: Mean velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (v<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O_2max) was 12.3 ± 0.7 km·h⁻¹. The maximal oxygen uptake (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O_2max) on-field was 67.1 ± 5.3 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹. The <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O₂ at the first and second ventilatory thresholds (VT1 and VT2) were identified at 67.0 ± 3.0% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O_2max (44.9 ± 3.3 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) and 84.7 ± 3.7% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">V</mi></mrow><mo mathvariant="normal">˙</mo></mover></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>O_2max (56.8 ± 3.8 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹), respectively. Conclusions: This is a scarce on-field gas exchange assessment, conducted in an ecological context using a portable analyzer with highly trained national-level youth soccer players from the Argentine youth national team, which underlines their cardiorespiratory fitness, showcases their high-performance potential, offers valuable insights into a selective group of players, and provides a reference for larger-scale research on elite youth soccer and the long-term development of aerobic power and capacity.

James L. Rouse, Laura F. Corns, Aidan Seeley et al.

In response to financial, logistical, and ethical pressures, universities are exploring innovative methods for teaching physiology practicals with animal models. This study presents a laboratory activity employing Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurological disease, leveraging its historical utility in genetic and physiological research. As invertebrates, D. melanogaster are not subject to the Animal (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 in the United Kingdom, making them suitable for large-class teaching. The activity aims to enhance students’ molecular skills and understanding of genotype-phenotype linkages through hands-on experiments. Students conduct DNA extraction, PCR, and restriction digestion, followed by behavioral assays to assess motor function. Results demonstrate consistent molecular outcomes and significant differences in climbing ability between wild-type and mutant flies, mirroring multiple human neurological disease symptoms. The practical encourages inquiry-based learning, allowing students to design multistage experiments and analyze complex data. This comprehensive approach not only reinforces theoretical knowledge but also provides valuable insights into human disease mechanisms with invertebrate models. The methodology can be adapted for various educational levels and expanded to include more advanced techniques such as qPCR, fostering a deeper understanding of molecular biology and neurophysiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY There are ethical revisions around the use of animal models in research and teaching. However, there is still a need to train students in physiological techniques to promote skill development and engagement in research. This article provides an ethically accessible, inquiry-based practical using Drosophila melanogaster to model neurological disease. The activity reinforces core physiological and molecular skills while fostering analytical thinking and engagement with human disease mechanisms.

A. C. Guyton

G. Drummond, M. J. Tipton

Shanshan Bi, Yueguang Wu, Ning Ding et al.

Summary: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common malignancy, characterized by a multistep pathogenic process regulated spatiotemporally within the esophageal epithelial microenvironment, including vessel normalization and immune infiltration. However, empirical evidence elucidating esophageal vascular remodeling and immune infiltration during ESCC tumorigenesis in situ is lacking. In this study, utilizing a mouse model recapitulating progressive human ESCC stages, we established a tissue clearing workflow for three-dimensional visualization and analysis of esophageal vessels and T cell distribution. Through this workflow, we delineated the spatial dynamics of vascular remodeling, CD3+ T cells, and characteristic T cell aggregates employing high-resolution light-sheet fluorescence microscopy across five ESCC pathogenic stages. Vessel remodeling might be coupled with T cell infiltration, and their interactions predominantly occurred at the inflammatory stage. These findings provided insights into research methodologies of esophageal cancer and spatiotemporal landscapes of vascular and T cell during ESCC initiation and progression.

D. Shlomi, T. Beck, R. Reuveny et al.

Background Evaluation of unexplained exercise intolerance is best resolved by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) which enables the determination of the exercise limiting system in most cases. Traditionally, pulmonary function tests (PFTs) at rest are not used for the prediction of a respiratory limitation on CPET.Objective We sought cut-off values on PFTs that might, a priori, rule-in or rule-out a respiratory limitation in CPET.Methods Patients who underwent CPET in our institute were divided into two groups according to spirometry: obstructive and non-obstructive. Each group was randomly divided 2:1 into derivation and validation cohorts respectively. We analyzed selected PFTs parameters in the derivation groups in order to establish maximal and minimal cut-off values for which a respiratory limitation could be ruled-in or ruled-out. We then validated these values in the validation cohorts.Results Of 593 patients who underwent a CPET, 126 were in the obstructive and 467 in the non-obstructive group. In patients with obstructive lung disease, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) ≥ 61% predicted could rule out a respiratory limitation, while FEV1 ≤ 33% predicted was always associated with a respiratory limitation. For patients with non-obstructive spirometry, FEV1 of ≥ 73% predicted could rule-out a respiratory limitation. Application of this algorithm might have saved up to 47% and 71% of CPETs in our obstructive and non-obstructive groups, respectively.Conclusion Presence or absence of a respiratory limitation on CPET can be predicted in some cases based on a PFTs performed at rest.

Firmansyah Edo, Sadewo Brilian Ryan, Dewayanto Nugroho et al.

Euglena sp. is a type of microalgae that can produce various biomolecules including proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, and can also be the best source of biomass because it contains lipids, which are especially useful for extracting and converting it into biodiesel. Unfortunately, harvesting Euglena sp. biomass is a challenge. Most of the production costs are occur in the harvesting process. The primary concerns revolve around efficiency levels and the operational costs. The methodology used in this study is by combining the flocculation method using Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) with the filtration method to answer the existing challenges. The purpose of this study is to provide scientific information related to efficient and effective methods for harvesting Euglena sp. The parameters measured in this study are Cell Density and dry weight of biomass. This study showed that by using the flocculation method first before the filtration method, through optimal settling time treatment, even by using cheap filtration materials.This study indicated that the flocculation method with optimal settling time treatment as a pretreatment before the filtration method is an efficient and effective method for harvesting Euglena sp.

Mha Albqmi, Samy Selim, Mohammad M. Al-Sanea et al.

Heavy metal such as arsenite (As^III) is a threat worldwide. Thus, to mitigate As^III toxicity on plants, we investigated the interactive effect of olive solid waste (OSW) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on wheat plants under As^III stress. To this end, wheat seeds were grown in soils treated with OSW (4% <i>w/w</i>), AMF-inoculation, and/or As^III treated soil (100 mg/kg soil). AMF colonization is reduced by As^III but to a lesser extent under As^III + OSW. AMF and OSW interactive effects also improved soil fertility and increased wheat plants’ growth, particularly under As^III stress. The interactions between OSW and AMF treatments reduced As^III-induced H₂O₂ accumulation. Less H₂O₂ production consequently reduced As^III-related oxidative damages i.e., lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde, MDA) (58%), compared to As stress. This can be explained by the increase in wheat’s antioxidant defense system. OSW and AMF increased total antioxidant content, phenol, flavonoids, and α-tocopherol by approximately 34%, 63%, 118%, 232%, and 93%, respectively, compared to As stress. The combined effect also significantly induced anthocyanins accumulation. The combination of OSW+AMF improved antioxidants enzymes activity, where superoxide dismutase (SOD, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were increased by 98%, 121%, 105%, 129%, and 110.29%, respectively, compared to As^III stress. This can be explained by induced anthocyanin percussors phenylalanine, cinamic acid and naringenin, and biosynthesic enzymes (phenylalanine aminolayse (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS)). Overall, this study suggested the effectiveness of OSW and AMF as a promising approach to mitigate As^III toxicity on wheat growth, physiology, and biochemistry.

Vasiliki I. Zilidou, Panagiotis D. Bamidis

Functionality is a crucial aspect of aging that is vital to one’s health and well-being. Older adults often struggle with mobility issues, which increases their risk of injury from falls and other problems. Dancing has the potential to be a physically stimulating activity that may be tailored to older individuals’ ages, physical conditions, and cultural preferences. The study aimed to determine whether dancing programs can improve older adults’ physical and mental health by using technology. Sixty women were divided into two groups at random: a dance group (N = 33; mean age 62.24) and a dance group using technology (N = 27, mean age 67.37). The intervention lasted six months and was performed twice a week for 75-min sessions. Dances were chosen from all over Greece. Participants’ physical and cognitive status was evaluated before and after the intervention. The results show that the dance group improved balance (<i>p</i> = 0.001), lower body strength (<i>p</i> = 0.006) and aerobic capacity (<i>p</i> = 0.006), while the dance group with the use of technology shower greater improvement in the same tests (<i>p</i> = 0.002, <i>p</i> < 0.0001 and <i>p</i> < 0.0001). Both groups improved on walking balance and danger of falling (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). Depression (<i>p</i> = 0.007) and sociability (<i>p</i> = 0.001) significantly improved in the dance group. Dance, an enjoyable activity, contributes to the well-being of older adults by maintaining their physical status and functional capacity at acceptable levels.

Bavaresco Luigi, Belisomo Edmondo, Furiosi Margherita et al.

The study of environmentally friendly active principles against downy mildew represents one of the main challenges in viticulture. In this context, the aim of the present trial was to investigate the efficacy of chitosan as a resistance elicitor against downy mildew and to study the metabolites involved in the interaction plant-chitosan-pathogen by a metabolomics approach. The experiments were carried out on potted vines of Merlot R18 grafted on SO4 rootstock, Guyot trained, during 2022. Leaf disks pre-treated with chitosan were infected by Plasmopara viticola sporangia in 3 phenological phases and the development of infection was recorded. The most significant findings were: 1) Chitosan resulted as an effective elicitor of defense mechanism against Plasmopara viticola. 2) The elicitor activity of chitosan was explained mainly through the induction of some secondary metabolites (terpenes and resveratrol), fatty acids (involved in the biosynthesis of sterols), and hormones (brassinosteroids and abscisic acid). 3) The best efficacy corresponded to the application of chitosan 48 hours before the infection. The timing of the treatment was, therefore, one of the key factors for the success of chitosan treatment.

C. Richter, V. Gogvadze, R. Laffranchi et al.

Nese Sreenivasulu, Changquan Zhang, Rhowell N. Tiozon, Jr. et al.

The eating and cooking quality (ECQ) of rice is critical for determining its economic value in the marketplace and promoting consumer acceptance. It has therefore been of paramount importance in rice breeding programs. Here, we highlight advances in genetic studies of ECQ and discuss prospects for further enhancement of ECQ in rice. Innovations in gene- and genome-editing techniques have enabled improvements in rice ECQ. Significant genes and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been shown to regulate starch composition, thereby affecting amylose content and thermal and pasting properties. A limited number of genes/QTLs have been identified for other ECQ properties such as protein content and aroma. Marker-assisted breeding has identified rare alleles in diverse genetic resources that are associated with superior ECQ properties. The post-genomics-driven information summarized in this review is relevant for augmenting current breeding strategies to meet consumer preferences and growing population demands.