Hasil untuk "Oriental languages and literatures"

Yusuke Inoue, Yuji Komatsu

While a language assigns a value of either `yes' or `no' to each word, a lattice language assigns an element of a given lattice to each word. An advantage of lattice languages is that joins and meets of languages can be defined as generalizations of unions and intersections. This fact also allows for the definition of positive varieties -- classes closed under joins, meets, quotients, and inverse homomorphisms -- of lattice languages. In this paper, we extend Pin's positive variety theorem, proving a one-to-one correspondence between positive varieties of regular lattice languages and pseudo-varieties of finite ordered monoids. Additionally, we briefly explore algebraic approaches to finite-state Markov chains as an application of our framework.

Aarush Sinha, Viraj Virk, Dipshikha Chakraborty et al.

Language Models [LMs] are now playing an increasingly large role in information generation and synthesis; the representation of scientific knowledge in these systems needs to be highly accurate. A prime challenge is hallucination; that is, generating apparently plausible but actually false information, including invented citations and nonexistent research papers. This kind of inaccuracy is dangerous in all the domains that require high levels of factual correctness, such as academia and education. This work presents a pipeline for evaluating the frequency with which language models hallucinate in generating responses in the scientific literature. We propose ArxEval, an evaluation pipeline with two tasks using ArXiv as a repository: Jumbled Titles and Mixed Titles. Our evaluation includes fifteen widely used language models and provides comparative insights into their reliability in handling scientific literature.

Jay Lee

It is well-known that abstract interpreters can be systematically derived from their concrete counterparts using a "recipe," but developing sound static analyzers remains a time-consuming task. Reducing the effort required and mechanizing the process of developing analyzers continues to be a significant challenge. Is it possible to automatically retarget an existing abstract interpreter for a new language? We propose a novel technique to automatically derive abstract interpreters for various languages from an existing abstract interpreter. By leveraging partial evaluation, we specialize an abstract interpreter for a source language. The specialization is performed using the semantics of target languages written in the source language. Our approach eliminates the need to develop analyzers for new targets from scratch. We show that our method can effectively retarget an abstract interpreter for one language into a correct analyzer for another language.

Misbahuddin Jamal, Srifani Simbuka

Incorporating Nation’s vocabulary classification, this study investigates the translation and semantic shifts of Islam-related vocabulary in the abstracts of undergraduate and postgraduate theses. A corpus of 810 English and Bahasa Indonesia abstracts, sampled from a total of 1,928, was analyzed using Antwordprofiler and Antconc software. Findings indicate that translation strategies employed include phonetic alteration, pure borrowing, and one-to-one translation. Specifically, loanwords of Arabic origin were predominantly translated using pure borrowing, with some phonetic and/or orthographic modification in both Bahasa Indonesia and English. The translated vocabulary primarily consisted of Arabic-origin words with Bahasa Indonesia orthographic adaptations rather than their original Arabic forms. Additionally, semantic shifts were observed in the adoption of Islam-related Arabic vocabulary into Bahasa Indonesia. This is attributed to 1) the introduction of Quranic meanings, often differing from the common understanding of Arabic words at the time of the Quran’s revelation, and 2) modifications to accommodate the traditions of Indonesian local Muslim communities. The implications of this study highlight the need for translators to be aware of the cultural and religious contexts that influence semantic shifts. Moreover, this research underscores the importance of understanding the dynamic nature of language in the context of religious texts, which can lead to more accurate and culturally sensitive translations.

أفراح أبو البشر محمد بابكر

سعت الدراسة الحالية إلى رصد الأفعال الكلامية في خطاب التهنئة بالعيد، الشائعة في البلدان العربية، ودراستها من منظور تداولي، معتمدة في ذلك على المنهج التداولي الذي يهتم باللغة المستعملة. تم تقسيم البحث إلى مقدمة، ومبحثين، ثم خاتمة تضمنت أهم النتائج والتوصيات. جاء في المقدمة: أهمية الدراسة، وتساؤلاتها، وأهدافها، ومنهجها، وخطة تقسيمها، والدراسات السابقة، وتناول المبحث الأول الجانب النظري للدراسة، في حين تناول المبحث الثاني الجانب التطبيقي (أفعال الكلام في خطاب التهنئة بالعيد). وقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدد من النتائج، أهمها: لا تخضع عبارة التهنئة في حكم التداولية لمعيار الصدق والكذب؛ لأنها لا تقع ضمن الإخباريات، ولكنها تخضع لمعيار النجاح والفشل، كونها من التعبيريات. أن الفعل التأثيري لخطاب التهنئة بالعيد قد يختلف باختلاف حال المخاطَب/المُهنَّأ، وبعلاقته بالمتكلم/المهنِّئ، ولكنه يكاد ينحصر في قبول التهنئة وإظهار السعادة بها، ومن ثم ردها بمثلها أو بأحسن منها؛ نظرا للأثر الذي تركته تعاليم الإسلام في نفوس المسلمين، بحثِّهم على التصالح والعفو، وقطع أسباب الخلاف والشحناء فيما بينهم.

Dr.mohammed Yaseen

The narrative structure is a quintessential pillar within Arabic literature, establishing a nuanced and intellectual bridge that connects stories to their respective audiences. This exploration seeks to dissect the pivotal components of narrative structure vision and form each serving a distinct purpose. Vision, enveloping the author's philosophical and ideological lens, endeavours to articulate the underlying themes and worldviews the author seeks to convey. In contrast, form acts as the aesthetic medium through which vision is transposed, interlacing elements such as temporal-spatial orchestrations, character interplays, and event trajectories. In recent epochs, Arabic literature has undergone transformative shifts in narrative structures, welcoming innovative styles and methodologies that elevate storytelling, offering nuanced levels of engagement and suspense. Canonical texts, including “One Thousand and One Nights”, Naguib Mahfouz’s “The Cairo Trilogy”, and Taha Hussein’s “The Days”, illustrate multifaceted narrative structures that have permeated Arabic literature across generations. This dynamism extends to contemporary works that adeptly deploy evolved narrative elements—complexity, tension, and unforeseen plot twists—to perpetually captivate the reader’s interest. This article navigates through a multidimensional exploration of Arabic literature's narrative structures, identifying and deconstructing developmental stages—preparation, genesis, climax, and resolution. Within these stages, an array of storytelling techniques is judiciously employed to arrest and sustain reader engagement, successfully fulfilling the author's communicative and artistic aspirations.

Mirwan Akhmad Taufiq, Achmad Yani

This study aims to verify the authenticity of the two translations of the digital Qur’an into the Indonesian language, its suitability, and its translation comparison of two digital Qur’ans. The researcher relied on the qualitative descriptive approach by pragmatically translating the digital Quran. The primary source of this study is https://quran.kemenag.go.id/ and https://kalam.sindonews.com/quran. The study concluded that the two digital Qurans have a correct translation, but some translation errors must be noted and modified. The two digital Qurans did not have a certificate of correction from the Qur’an Correction Committee at the Ministry of Religious Affairs. They did not contain information to document the authenticity of the Quran texts, and the translation reference was referred to as a printed and published source. Digital matters may be deleted and hidden due to electricity, network, or device, so it must have relied on a printed Qur’an.

Yousef Hassanzadeh

The Mannaean Kingdom’s heartland is located south of Lake Urmia and north of Lake Zaribar in the Zagros Mountain in western Iran from the 9th to 6th centuries BC. Until recently, knowledge on the Mannaeans mostly came from Assyrian texts and, in rare cases, from Urartian inscriptions. In the last five decades, new findings from archaeological excavations and surveys have revealed other aspects of Mannaean material culture. Most of these excavations have been published in Iranian journals, which present summaries without clear methodologies or typologies. This article is an attempt at synthesizing recent publications on archaeological field studies, in some of which the author participated. The goal is document the state of knowledge of the Mannaean culture based on the results of recent archaeological excavations and to share a more articulate understanding of this kingdom with a larger audience.

Leonid A. Bobrov, Igor V. Balyunov

Introduction. The paper examines a richly decorated leather quiver (ВО-73) housed at Tobolsk Reserve Museum of History and Architecture. This quiver has never been subject to scholarly research. Goals. The study aims to introduce the artefact into scientific circulation, date it, and clarify its cultural attribution. Results. The article reveals the quiver arrived in Tobolsk Governorate Museum in 1890 to mid-1891. Typologically, such quivers cluster with a wide range of Central Asian quivers dating to the mid-16th through mid-19th centuries CE, but differ from other Mongolian and South Siberian quivers on a number of construction and ornamental details, such as a high pointed back, massive upper ‘eye’ extended far forward, and absence of decorative metal plates on the outer side of the quiver (except for belt buckles and rivets on the edges). All quivers of this type known to date come from Southern Siberia, Southeast Kazakhstan, and Tibet, i.e. the regions invaded by Western Mongols — Oirats (Dzungars, Khoshuts, Dorbets, etc.) — in the 17th to mid-18th centuries. And the period when quivers of this type were used coincides with that of the Oirat domination across the aforementioned territories, which makes it possible to view such quivers as Oirat-type ones. Quivers produced by Tibetan craftsmen could be distinguished within this type due to Tibetan ornamental patterns, the latter quivers be referred to as Oirat-Tibetan ones. Oirat-type quivers may have emerged in the mid-16th to early 17th centuries across Western Mongolia, Southern Siberia, Southeast and East Kazakhstan. Quivers of this type could have arrived in Tibet with troops of Güshi Khan and his allies in the late 1630s, and are far less likely to have emerged in Tibet to be further disseminated by Oirats towards Southern Siberia and Southeast Kazakhstan. The quiver from Tobolsk Reserve Museum of History and Architecture is distinguished by mounting plates made (or ornamented) by a craftsman that tended to follow the Moslem cultural tradition. Conclusions. Our analysis of the quiver’s decorative elements and ornamental patterns suggests that the artefact was produced by an Oirat or Tibetan craftsman — to be later ornated by a Moslem jeweler. The quiver may have also been completely produced by a Central Asian craftsman in the Oirat style. Anyway, the customer was definitely a well-to-do Chakar (West Siberian) Kalmyk or Dzungar warrior. So, it was manufactured during the existence of Siberian and Central Asian Oirat states — in the 17th to mid-18th centuries. The quiver could have been delivered to Western Siberia as an item of trade, a diplomatic gift or a trophy of war.

Güler Doğan Averbek, Thoralf Hansteın

Born in Stuttgart in 1883, Oskar Rescher (a.k.a. Osman Reşer) was a productive Orientalist of the 20th century. He maintained a life between Germany and Istanbul from 1909 to 1925 and then settled in Turkey in 1925. Rescher visited many manuscript libraries in Turkey, saw thousands of manuscripts, sold thousands of manuscripts abroad, and performed bibliographic studies; he constantly updated the copy of Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur (GAL) and placed additional note slips in places where the margins were insufficient. Upon reaching the agreement to co-prepare the updated edition of GAL containing the manuscripts found in Istanbul, Fuat Sezgin brought Rescher from the Süleymaniye Library to the Istanbul University-affiliated Institute of Islamic Studies and took Ramazan Şeşen as the assistant to this project. However, withdrawing from the project upon Sezgin making changes to the plan, Rescher continued to update the copy of GAL on his own. This mentioned copy currently is in the possession of Prof. Dr. Claus-Peter Haase. Rescher wrote in the articles how the new revised edition of GAL should be prepared and added a note to the top of the list. In the last article, he recommends not making an update without considering his additions and corrections. The value of Rescher’s updates will be appreciated if one takes into account that Brockelmann while having benefitted from daftars and catalogues of Istanbul manuscripts, had not seen the libraries of Turkey while preparing his work. This article presents the details of Sezgin’s GAL project and discusses why the project failed and what can be done next while querying the value of Rescher’s copy of GAL.

Lucia Tamponi

In the last few years, the strategies of spatial representation adopted by blind and sighted subjects have been extensively studied. In particular, there is evidence that early deprivation of vision encourages the adoption of egocentric spatial representations. In order to shed light on this matter, we analysed the motion verbs used by blind and sighted Italian speakers while describing small-scale and large-scale environments. Th e two groups adopted diff erent spatial representations for small-scale environments, coherently with the basic assumptions of the Embodied Cognition Hypothesis. However, such a difference was not found for larger-scale environments, thus supporting a more symbolist approach to cognition.

Muhammed Kurt

Arapça öğrenmek isteyen bir birey mutlak surette yazılı basın kaynaklarını okuyarak dil becerilerini geliştirmelidir. Bu hususta spor metinleri de önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu metinleri anlamadaki kalıcılığı sağlamak, eşdizimsel ifadelerin sınıflandırılmasının en büyük nedenidir. Bununla birlikte eşdizimsel yapılar alandaki araştırmacılar tarafından pek bilinmemekte, metinlerde karşılaşıldığında zorlanılmaktadır. Bu sebeple, eşdizimsel yapıları spor metinleri çerçevesinde incelemek önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Arapça eşdizimleri spor metinleri yoluyla açıklamaktır. Bu açıdan çalışmada eşdizimsel ifadeleri örneklendirmek amacıyla Arapça yazılı basında yer alan gazetelerden seçilmiş spor bültenleri incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma bir tarama araştırmasıdır. Yazılı basından seçilen metinlerden örnekler elde edilmiş ve bulgulara ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca çalışma sırasında sınıflandırmalar yapı bakımından, işlev bakımından ve gramatik eşdizim türlerine göre yapılmıştır. Eşdizimsel ifadeler sık sık birlikte görülen ifadelerin oluşturduğu sınırlamalar için kullanılan bir terim olmakla birlikte bu ifadeleri fark etmek, sınıflandırılmalarını doğru yapmak, alanda yapılmış çalışmaların da az olması sebebiyle zor olmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu araştırma, Arap basınında yer alan spor metinlerindeki eşdizimsel ifadeler, eşdizim türleri ve özellikleri, bu metinlerden elde edilen eşdizimsel ifadelerin sınıflandırılması şeklinde oluşturulmuştur.

Gabriel Orlanski, Kefan Xiao, Xavier Garcia et al.

Current benchmarks for evaluating neural code models focus on only a small subset of programming languages, excluding many popular languages such as Go or Rust. To ameliorate this issue, we present the BabelCode framework for execution-based evaluation of any benchmark in any language. BabelCode enables new investigations into the qualitative performance of models' memory, runtime, and individual test case results. Additionally, we present a new code translation dataset called Translating Python Programming Puzzles (TP3) from the Python Programming Puzzles (Schuster et al. 2021) benchmark that involves translating expert-level python functions to any language. With both BabelCode and the TP3 benchmark, we investigate if balancing the distributions of 14 languages in a training dataset improves a large language model's performance on low-resource languages. Training a model on a balanced corpus results in, on average, 12.34% higher $pass@k$ across all tasks and languages compared to the baseline. We find that this strategy achieves 66.48% better $pass@k$ on low-resource languages at the cost of only a 12.94% decrease to high-resource languages. In our three translation tasks, this strategy yields, on average, 30.77% better low-resource $pass@k$ while having 19.58% worse high-resource $pass@k$.

Manuel Delgado, Jaume Usó i Cubertorer

There is a one-to-one and onto correspondence between the class of numerical semigroups of depth $n$, where $n$ is an integer, and a certain language over the alphabet $\{1,\ldots,n\}$ which we call a Kunz language of depth $n$. The Kunz language associated with the numerical semigroups of depth $2$ is the regular language $\{1,2\}^*2\{1,2\}^*$. We prove that Kunz languages associated with numerical semigroups of larger depth are context-sensitive but not regular.

Iona Thomas, Vincent Aranega, Stéphane Ducasse et al.

In object-oriented languages, method visibility modifiers hold a key role in separating internal methods from the public API. Protected visibility modifiers offer a way to hide methods from external objects while authorizing internal use and overriding in subclasses. While present in main statically-typed languages, visibility modifiers are not as common or mature in dynamically-typed languages. In this article, we present ProtDyn, a self-send-based visibility model calculated at compile time for dynamically-typed languages relying on name-mangling and syntactic differentiation of self vs non self sends. We present #Pharo, a ProtDyn implementation of this model that is backwards compatible with existing programs, and its port to Python. Using these implementations we study the performance impact of ProtDyn on the method lookup, in the presence of global lookup caches and polymorphic inline caches. We show that our name mangling and double method registration technique has a very low impact on performance and keeps the benefits from the global lookup cache and polymorphic inline cache. We also show that the memory overhead on a real use case is between 2% and 13% in the worst-case scenario. Protected modifier semantics enforces encapsulation such as private but allow developers to still extend the class in subclasses. ProtDyn offers a VM-agnostic and backwards-compatible design to introduce protected semantics in dynamically-typed languages.

Alexander V. Tsyuryumov

Introduction. The article reviews events to have aimed at preparing Russia’s military for the war against Turkey in the late 1760s. The former included both general strategy development and involvement of Kalmyk troops. Special attention was paid to the preparation of orders on Kalmyk cavalry’s mobilization, its distribution across Russian army groups, elaboration of tactical plans, provisioning and allowances. Goals. So, the study aims at answering the latter set of questions. Materials and methods. The paper analyzes documents and materials form the National Archive of Kalmykia, Archive of Foreign Policy of Imperial Russia, and a number of government decrees published in Collections of the Imperial Russian Historical Society and the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire. Results and conclusions. Having been the only combat effective force of Imperial Russia in the Lower Volga and North Caucasus, the Kalmyk Khanate was given utmost significance. In early April of 1769, Viceroy Ubashi gathered almost the whole of his troops in Yashkol area. The corps of Lieutenant General M. J. von Berg enforced with a ten thousand Kalmyk cavalry led by Prince Kirip was largely responsible for the Crimean direction. Another ten thousand cavalry group under the command of Viceroy Ubashi was to join the corps of Major General J. F. von Medem and suppress landlords of Kabardia that tended to support Turkey. After the departure of the twenty thousand troops all uluses (domains) were ordered to stay on the right bank of the Volga. But the subsequent campaign of 1769 unexpectedly witnessed a series of conflicts to have resulted from insufficient allowances and provisioning of Kalmyk military units.

Benjamin Chetioui, Jaakko Järvi, Magne Haveraaen

Context: Generic programming, as defined by Stepanov, is a methodology for writing efficient and reusable algorithms by considering only the required properties of their underlying data types and operations. Generic programming has proven to be an effective means of constructing libraries of reusable software components in languages that support it. Generics-related language design choices play a major role in how conducive generic programming is in practice. Inquiry: Several mainstream programming languages (e.g. Java and C++) were first created without generics; features to support generic programming were added later, gradually. Much of the existing literature on supporting generic programming focuses thus on retrofitting generic programming into existing languages and identifying related implementation challenges. Is the programming experience significantly better, or different when programming with a language designed for generic programming without limitations from prior language design choices? Approach: We examine Magnolia, a language designed to embody generic programming. Magnolia is representative of an approach to language design rooted in algebraic specifications. We repeat a well-known experiment, where we put Magnolia's generic programming facilities under scrutiny by implementing a subset of the Boost Graph Library, and reflect on our development experience. Knowledge: We discover that the idioms identified as key features for supporting Stepanov-style generic programming in the previous studies and work on the topic do not tell a full story. We clarify which of them are more of a means to an end, rather than fundamental features for supporting generic programming. Based on the development experience with Magnolia, we identify variadics as an additional key feature for generic programming and point out limitations and challenges of genericity by property. Grounding: Our work uses a well-known framework for evaluating the generic programming facilities of a language from the literature to evaluate the algebraic approach through Magnolia, and we draw comparisons with well-known programming languages. Importance: This work gives a fresh perspective on generic programming, and clarifies what are fundamental language properties and their trade-offs when considering supporting Stepanov-style generic programming. The understanding of how to set the ground for generic programming will inform future language design.

Tomoyuki Yamakami

We study the computational complexity of finite intersections and finite unions of deterministic context-free (dcf) languages. Earlier, Wotschke [J. Comput. System Sci. 16 (1978) 456--461] demonstrated that intersections of $(d+1)$ dcf languages are in general more powerful than intersections of $d$ dcf languages for any positive integer $d$ based on the separation result of the intersection hierarchy of Liu and Weiner [Math. Systems Theory 7 (1973) 185--192]. The argument of Liu and Weiner, however, works only on bounded languages of particular forms, and therefore Wotschke's result is not directly extendable to other non-bounded languages. To deal with a wide range of languages for the non-membership to the intersection hierarchy, we circumvent the specialization of their proof technics and devise a new and practical technical tool: two pumping lemmas for finite unions of dcf languages. Since the family of dcf languages is closed under complementation and also under intersection with regular languages, these pumping lemmas help us establish the non-membership relation of languages formed by finite intersections of target languages. We also concern ourselves with a relationship to deterministic limited automata of Hibbard [Inf. Control 11 (1967) 196--238] in this regard.

Giovanna D'Agostino, Davide Martincigh, Alberto Policriti

Ordering the collection of states of a given automaton starting from an order of the underlying alphabet is a natural move towards a computational treatment of the language accepted by the automaton. Along this path, Wheeler \emph{graphs} have been recently introduced as an extension/adaptation of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (the now famous BWT, originally defined on strings) to graphs. These graphs constitute an important data-structure for languages, since they allow a very efficient storage mechanism for the transition function of an automaton, while providing a fast support to all sorts of substring queries. This is possible as a consequence of a property -- the so-called \emph{path coherence} -- valid on Wheeler graphs and consisting in an ordering on nodes that "propagates" to (collections of) strings. By looking at a Wheeler graph as an automaton, the ordering on strings corresponds to the co-lexicographic order of the words entering each state. This leads naturally to consider the class of regular languages accepted by Wheeler automata, i.e. the Wheeler languages. It has been shown that, as opposed to the general case, the classic determinization by powerset construction is polynomial on Wheeler languages. As a consequence, most of the classical problems turn out to be "easy" -- that is, solvable in polynomial time -- on Wheeler languages. Moreover, deciding whether a DFA is Wheeler and deciding whether a DFA accepts a Wheeler language is polynomial. Our contribution here is to put an upper bound to easy problems. For instance, whenever we generalize by switching to general NFAs or by not fixing an order of the underlying alphabet, the above mentioned problems become "hard" -- that is NP-complete or even PSPACE-complete.

Chiara Stornaiuolo

The article examines three Biblical Hebrew Lexemes. It exerts the method of semantic and structural analysis based on Eugenio Coseriu postulates. First it defines and explains the method used, then it realizes a distributional analysis and a classematic analysis of each lexeme. The second and the third phase proceed according to the functional language with the direct examination of each single occurrence. In the end it summarizes the achieved results. The structural analysis applied to the study of this three lexemes has allowed to develop some theories about the concept of kingship in the Biblical Hebrew and its development through functional languages.