Hasil untuk "Office management"

D. Malcolm, J. H. Roseboom, C. Clark et al.

Rajesh Sambhajirao Pandav, Arunkumar Govindakarnavar, Deepesh Sthapit et al.

In November 2023, a 6.4-magnitude earthquake struck western Nepal, its most powerful since 2015, causing severe destruction in the Jajarkot, Rukum, and Salyan districts. The disaster left 154 dead, thousands homeless, and over 75 health facilities non-functional. In response to government's request for support, World Health Organization (WHO) Nepal applied the Emergency Response Framework (ERF) 2.0 to structure its operations, demonstrating how a WHO country office could operationalize ERF protocols during an acute-onset emergency. Through the activation of a whole-of-office incident management team (IMT), including an active field-level presence, WHO Nepal met key ERF performance standards such as staff safety, rapid situation analysis, and coordinated action. This experience addresses the limited documentation on the practical application of the ERF at the country level and offers insights into the preconditions necessary for its effective use in real-world emergencies. Following the Jajarkot response, the WHO country office institutionalized ERF-recommended practices across operational units, creating a model that was successfully replicated during the 2024 floods and landslides affecting three provinces. This experience underlines the idea that, while the ERF provides a strong structural foundation for emergency response, its effective implementation hinges on institutional readiness, specifically a capacitated and trained workforce, functional coordination mechanisms, and established operational infrastructures. WHO Nepal's response demonstrates how structured frameworks like the ERF can enhance preparedness and enable scalable, flexible responses in disaster-prone settings, offering a replicable approach for other WHO country offices and partners working in similar contexts.

Andrew Ang, Nazym Azimbayev, Andrey Kim

Agentic AI shifts the investor's role from analytical execution to oversight. We present an agentic strategic asset allocation pipeline in which approximately 50 specialized agents produce capital market assumptions, construct portfolios using over 20 competing methods, and critique and vote on each other's output. A researcher agent proposes new portfolio construction methods not yet represented, and a meta-agent compares past forecasts against realized returns and rewrites agent code and prompts to improve future performance. The entire pipeline is governed by the Investment Policy Statement--the same document that guides human portfolio managers can now constrain and direct autonomous agents.

Zahra Moslemi, Keerthi Koneru, Yen-Ting Lee et al.

Enterprise back office workflows require agentic systems that are auditable, policy-aligned, and operationally predictable, capabilities that generic multi-agent setups often fail to deliver. We present POLARIS (Policy-Aware LLM Agentic Reasoning for Integrated Systems), a governed orchestration framework that treats automation as typed plan synthesis and validated execution over LLM agents. A planner proposes structurally diverse, type checked directed acyclic graphs (DAGs), a rubric guided reasoning module selects a single compliant plan, and execution is guarded by validator gated checks, a bounded repair loop, and compiled policy guardrails that block or route side effects before they occur. Applied to document centric finance tasks, POLARIS produces decision grade artifacts and full execution traces while reducing human intervention. Empirically, POLARIS achieves a micro F1 of 0.81 on the SROIE dataset and, on a controlled synthetic suite, achieves 0.95 to 1.00 precision for anomaly routing with preserved audit trails. These evaluations constitute an initial benchmark for governed Agentic AI. POLARIS provides a methodological and benchmark reference for policy-aligned Agentic AI. Keywords Agentic AI, Enterprise Automation, Back-Office Tasks, Benchmarks, Governance, Typed Planning, Evaluation

Tao Jiang, Weigang Lu, Linguang Lu et al.

The axial-flow pump system has been widely applied to coastal drainage pump stations, but the hydraulic performance optimization based on the contraction angles of the inlet passage has not been studied. This paper combined the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, machine learning (ML) algorithms and genetic algorithm (GA) to find the optimal contraction angles of the inlet passage. The 125 sets of comprehensive objective function were obtained by the CFD method. Three contraction angles and comprehensive objective function values were regressed by three ML algorithms. After hyperparameter optimization, the Gaussian process regression (GPR) model had the highest <i>R</i>² = 0.958 in the test set and had the strongest generalization ability among the three models. The impact degree of the three contraction angles on the objective function of the GPR model was investigated by the Sobol sensitivity analysis method; the results indicated that the order of impact degree from high to low was <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>></mo><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>></mo><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>. The optimal objective function values of the GPR model and corresponding contraction angles were searched through GA; the maximum objective function value was 0.963 and corresponding contraction angles were <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>13.34</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>28.36</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>θ</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>3.64</mn><mo>°</mo></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>, respectively. The results of this study can provide reference for the optimization of inlet passages in coastal drainage pump systems.

MENG Xue, TENG Xin, ZHAO Qiwei et al.

Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) has been implemented in many countries worldwide and has become a key topic in international exchanges and cooperation. Island countries along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) possess unique geographical locations and abundant marine spatial resources, giving them a special role in global ocean governance. With the introduction of the “Vision for Maritime Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative,” strengthening MSP cooperation between China and BRI island nations has become a crucial step in advancing high-quality Belt and Road cooperation. Through a SWOT analysis of international MSP collaboration, it is proposed that China adopt a “combining focal points with broader outreach” strategy in MSP cooperation with BRI island countries. This involves identifying key partner countries and creating demonstration cases by following a pathway of “consolidating relations-prioritizing cooperation–tailoring country-specific policies-selecting partner countries-reaching intentions–formulating plans.” Additionally, it is essential to establish technical standards for formulating MSP in international cooperation and design a technical roadmap for plan development. Deepening scientific research collaboration will enhance mutual trust, while promoting the blue economy will help meet the development needs of BRI island nations.

Sofie Jaspers, Iben Karlsen, Birgit Aust

Workplace violence is associated with negative consequences for workers, organizations, and society. Experiencing violence at work has consistently been associated with an increased risk of symptoms of depression and anxiety, diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicide (1–3). Further, workplace violence has been found to increase the risk of physical health outcomes such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (4, 5). Workplace violence can also lead to higher rates of turnover and sick leave (1, 6), translating into a societal economic burden (7). Longitudinal studies indicate that repeated exposure to workplace violence, compared with single episodes of violence, increases the risk of PTSD and sick leave further (8–10). Moreover, a recent study shows synergistic interaction effects for simultaneous exposure to workplace violence and other psychosocial working conditions, such as high emotional demands and high quantitative demands—conditions that are typically present in the same sectors (such as healthcare and education) where violence is frequently reported (11). Prevalence of workplace violence – the problem persists In a 2022 global survey, the International Labor Organization (ILO) found that more than one-fifth of the workforce experienced violence and harassment at work during their working life (12). While this gives an idea of the magnitude of the problem, it covers large differences between countries and sectors, as well as among types of violence and harassment. Effective prevention requires a more precise understanding of all these aspects, but in many countries, comprehensive data to identify the most exposed groups are not available. For Europe, however, it is possible to describe the main characteristics of workplace violence – which may be quite different from other parts of the world (12). Estimates from Europe indicate that 2–5% of the general workforce is affected by work-related violence, with substantially higher rates—ranging from 5–30%—reported in high-risk sectors (13–16). Despite these overall trends, comparing the prevalence of workplace violence remains challenging due to variations in definitions and measurements; in addition, widespread underreporting makes it difficult to obtain accurate figures (17). In this issue of the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, a longitudinal study by Gash & Blom (15) addresses some of these issues. Using nationally representative data from the UK, the authors show that workplace violence is prevalent in a wide variety of sectors, but with elevated numbers in public administration (eg, benefits administration), followed by health- and residential care and social work. Because the study by Gash & Blom uses the same set of questions to assess violence across sectors, patterns can be identified, making it possible to compare them with results from similar studies. Two relevant cohorts to compare their results with are the Work Environment and Health in Denmark study (WEHD) (18) and the European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks (ESENER) conducted by Eurofound (13, 14). The WEHD study comprises identical measures of violence at work in four surveys of national samples of the Danish working population conducted between 2012 and 2018. The three sectors persistently reporting the highest levels of violence are healthcare, social work, and education (16, 19). The same trend is seen in the ESENER survey, where health and social work, education, and public administration were the top three most exposed sectors in both 2015 and 2021 (13, 14). Together, data reveal a persistent and concerning pattern for European countries, showing that workplace violence remains particularly high in specific sectors. As evidence of both the prevalence and consequences of the problem continues to grow, the need for decisive action becomes increasingly urgent. From problem to strategy: making the case for systemic solutions Workplace violence can be categorized into three types, each guiding tailored prevention efforts (20). Type I involves perpetrators with no legitimate connection to the workplace—typically criminal acts such as robberies. Type II arises from interactions with clients, patients, or service users, where violence occurs without criminal intent. Type III refers to violence from current or former colleagues, supervisors, or acquaintances within the organization (20). Cross-national patterns in the sectors most affected by workplace violence (healthcare, social work, and education) suggest that violent incidents are associated with a high degree of contact with clients, patients, or service users, characteristic of Type II violence. Type II violence typically arises in situations where the “perpetrator” experiences emotional stress caused by pain or frustration due to, eg, rejection of requests perceived as legitimate (21, 22). While the term violence is meaningful from an occupational safety and health (OSH) perspective, it connotes an overly intentional act from the perpetrator that is often not the case. For example, a care worker in a residential facility may frequently encounter violent episodes involving elderly residents with severe behavioral symptoms of dementia. Preventive measures in these sectors must therefore include a deeper understanding of how to improve the well-being of the affected individual—both to protect the care worker and to enhance the quality of life for the resident (23). Consequently, it is important to recognize that the prevention of Type II violence should be approached from a dual perspective—one that reflects a shared interest between the worker and the potential “perpetrator” in preventing conflict situations that normally precede the violent incident. This applies whether the source of the violent incident is a patient, a child in kindergarten, or a citizen who needs support from social services (23–25). As such, the prevention of violence is closely linked to professional practices within a given sector that aim to strengthen relational work with patients, clients, or service users. As mentioned above, the patterns and characteristics of workplace violence may be different in other parts of the world, where Type I and Type III violence are more prevalent, and investigating these patterns would be important for tailored prevention. Policy measures and workplace interventions While national and transnational legislation in the area has evolved with violence as a highly regulated psychosocial hazard (19, 26), that in itself does not seem to be enough to solve the problem (27, 28). Recent research indicates that both external pressure from legislation and internal pressure on actors within organizations through OSH systems and procedures are needed to change practices to prevent psychosocial risks (29). Therefore, local intervention still carries significant importance. Despite a rise in the number of intervention studies on workplace violence, only a few have succeeded in reducing workplace violence. Numerous reviews show that the majority of studies focus on de-escalation training, which seems to improve workers’ knowledge and self-efficacy, but has only limited or no impact on reducing violent incidents at work (17, 30–32). The lack of effective preventive interventions might be explained by the multicausal nature of violent episodes, where risk factors on different levels interact to create the specific risk (33–35). Some studies have examined comprehensive multi-stranded interventions addressing this complexity, and the limited evidence available suggests these interventions can be effective (36–40). However, these complex interventions can be especially challenging to conduct in workplaces that need them most. The high prevalence of workplace violence can considerably strain organizational resources, as such incidents are closely linked to increased rates of sickness absence and staff turnover (1, 6, 21, 41–43). The most vulnerable workplaces are therefore often caught in a downward spiral of resource depletion. A complex challenge demanding a systemic response This situation calls for addressing broader systemic factors that support workplaces and sectors with the highest risks and the fewest resources—factors that currently hinder their ability to comply with regulatory requirements or successfully conduct workplace interventions. Inspired by systems thinking (44), we propose a systemic approach to workplace violence prevention, as represented in figure 1. Such a systemic approach enables the identification of gaps across organizational preventive practices and research knowledge and supports the recognition of key leverage points within the system that influence multiple interrelated challenges (44). The approach aligns with system-oriented approaches such as AcciMap analysis (45), which emphasize the importance of identifying the broader organizational and systemic factors that contribute to incidents of workplace violence. Rather than focusing solely on the safety behavior of frontline staff, such approaches highlight how decisions and interactions across multiple system levels—from policy to management to task execution—shape the conditions in which violence occurs. The application of a systemic approach to workplace violence prevention is informed by studies from Australia in two high-risk sectors: healthcare and social work (32, 35), and violence-prevention research from Denmark in the high-risk sectors of eldercare, psychiatry, prison and probation services, and the education sector (23, 38, 46). The figure illustrates how violent episodes arise in the inner circle at the task execution level. However, task execution is nested within a broader context, affecting the situational risk. On the task execution level, the figure highlights the importance of adopting a dual perspective on conflict reduction—addressing both the employees’ work environment and the well-being of individuals who may pose a risk of violent situations. In healthcare, social work, and educational settings, violent episodes can create emotional and cognitive dilemmas—especially when acts are unintentional or where incrimination, eg, of an adolescent, may hinder the pedagogical relationship. Therefore, a dual perspective is needed, integrating conflict prevention and client well-being into occupational safety and health efforts (23, 34, 37). At the department level, preventive work should focus on strong collaboration between employees and managers to foster a safe and supportive psychosocial work environment (38). Psychosocial factors such as trust are essential for encouraging reporting and facilitating crucial knowledge sharing (24). At the organizational level, the focus should be on systematic, data-driven OSH efforts and policies, as typically advocated in the safety climate literature (36, 38). The two outer circles emphasize the significance of sector-specific resources and regulations, as well as (trans-)national legislation, in providing a solid framework for violence prevention (35, 47). The systemic approach to violence prevention provides a valuable framework for organizing and critically assessing existing knowledge in the field. Applying this perspective reveals a notable gap in the literature: few studies address sector-level dynamics, despite their potential as key leverage points for systemic change. Decisions related to well-known implementation barriers—such as staffing and resource allocation—can be influenced at this level. A recent study from the Australian social work sector demonstrated how systemic risk factors can be mapped effectively through active engagement of stakeholders across all levels, bridging silos of OSH, visitation processes, and quality improvement (47). This type of sector-level intervention that engages stakeholders beyond the OSH domain holds promise as an impactful strategy, given that decision-making authority over systemic factors often resides at this level. Such interventions offer a strategic opportunity to support the workplaces most in need. Adopting a systems perspective on workplace violence, therefore, requires coordinated action from multiple actors such as sector-specific interest organizations, employer organizations, and politicians. References 1. Nyberg A, Kecklund G, Hanson LM, Rajaleid K. Workplace violence and health in human service industries: a systematic review of prospective and longitudinal studies. Occup Environ Med. 2020;78(2):69-81. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106450 2. Rudkjoebing LA, Bungum AB, Flachs EM, Eller NH, Borritz M, Aust B, et al. Work-related exposure to violence or threats and risk of mental disorders and symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2020;46(4):339-49. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3877 3. Magnusson Hanson LL, Pentti J, Nordentoft M, Xu T, Rugulies R, Madsen IEH, et al. Association of workplace violence and bullying with later suicide risk: a multicohort study and meta-analysis of published data. Lancet Publ Health. 2023;8(7):e494-e503.https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(23)00096-8 4. Xu T, Magnusson Hanson LL, Lange T, Starkopf L, Westerlund H, Madsen IEH, et al. Workplace bullying and violence as risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a multicohort study and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2018;61(1):75-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4480-3 5. Xu T, Magnusson Hanson LL, Lange T, Starkopf L, Westerlund H, Madsen IEH, et al. Workplace bullying and workplace violence as risk factors for cardiovascular disease: a multi-cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(14):1124-34. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy683 6. Clausen T, Hogh A, Borg V. Acts of offensive behaviour and risk of long-term sickness absence in the Danish elder-care services: a prospective analysis of register-based outcomes. Int Arch Occ Env Hea. 2012;85(4):381-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-011-0680-1 7. Hassard J, Teoh KRH, Cox T. Estimating the economic burden posed by work-related violence to society: A systematic review of cost-of-illness studies. Safety Sci. 2019;116:208-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.013 8. Pihl-Thingvad J, Andersen LL, Brandt LPA, Elklit A. Are frequency and severity of workplace violence etiologic factors of posttraumatic stress disorder? A 1-year prospective study of 1,763 social educators. J Occup Health Psych. 2019;24(5):543-55. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000148 9. Biering K, Andersen LPS, Hogh A, Andersen JH. Do frequent exposures to threats and violence at work affect later workforce participation? Int Arch Occ Env Hea. 2018;91(4):457-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-018-1295-6 10. Hansen NB, Louis AL, Rosenbeck MS, Ask E, and Pihl-Thingvad J. Exposure to critical incidents at work and development of posttraumatic stress among police officers: a 2-year prospective cohort study. Eur J Work Organ Psy. 2023:1-23. 11. Clausen T, Sørensen JK, Dalsager L, Karlsen IL, Kristiansen J. Do different job demands interact as predictors of long-term sickness absence? A register-based follow-up on 55 467 Danish workers. Occup Environ Med. 2023;80(1):7-13. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2022-108444 12. ILO. Experiences of violence and harassment at work: a global first survey. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2022. 13. Eurofound. Sixth European Working Conditions Survey - Overview report (2017 update). Luxemboug: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017. 14. Eurofound. Psychosocial risks to workers’ well-being: Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, European Working Conditions Telephone Survey 2021 series. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2023. 15. Gash V, Blom N. Workplace violence and fear of violence: an assessment of prevalence across industrial sectors and its mental health effects. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2025;51(5):370-379. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4230 16. Danish Ministry of Labour. Regeringen og arbejdsmarkedets parter er enige om nye mål for arbejdsmiljøet [The government and the social partners have reached an agreement on new goals for the working envionment] [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://bm.dk/nyheder/pressemeddelelser/2020/12/regeringen-og-arbejdsmarkedets-parter-er-enige-om-nye-maal-for-arbejdsmiljoeet 17. Geoffrion S, Hills DJ, Ross HM, Pich J, Hill AT, Dalsbø TK, et al. Education and training for preventing and minimizing workplace aggression directed toward healthcare workers. Cochrane Db Syst Rev. 2020(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011860.pub2 18. Sørensen JK, Dalsager L, Andersen LL, Bay H, Garde AH, Johnsen NF, et al. Cohort Profile: the Work Environment and Health in Denmark study. Int J Epidemiol. 2025;54(3):dyaf085. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyaf085 19. ILO. Preventing and addressing violence and harassment in the world of work through occupational safety and health measures. Geneva: International Labour Organization, 2024. 20. Milczarek M. Workplace Violence and Harassment: a European Picture. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union: European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, EU-OSHA, 2010. 21. Nowrouzi-Kia B, Chai E, Usuba K, Nowrouzi-Kia B, Casole J. Prevalence of Type II and Type III Workplace Violence against Physicians: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2019;10(3):99-110. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijoem.2019.1573 22. Pejtersen JH, Holt H. En undersøgelse af omfanget af krænkende handlinger og konflikter på det danske arbejdsmarked (A study of the extent of abusive behaviour and conflicts in the Danish labour market). Copenhagen: The Danish Center for Social Science Research (VIVE), 2021. 23. Karlsen IL, Kristiansen J, Jaspers SØ, Rasmussen L, Laursen LL, Bengtsen E, et al. Reduction of aggressive behavior and effects on improved wellbeing of health care workers and people with dementia: A review of reviews. Aggress Violent Beh. 2023;71:101843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2023.101843 24. Andersen DR, Karlsen IL, Jaspers S, Pedersen AHM, Andersen LPS, Aust B. Experiences of preventing violence in two high-risk sectors: A qualitative study of front-line workers. Work. 2023; 75(3):987-99. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-220151 25. Andersen LPS, Winding TN, Grytnes R. Pupils’ challenging behaviour towards their teachers: The role of teacher team collaboration in prevention. A qualitative study. TeachTeach Educ. 2025;155:104883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104883 26. C190 - Violence and Harassment Convention, 2019 (No. 190). ILO. 2019. 27. Boot CR, LaMontagne AD, Madsen IE, Health. Fifty years of research on psychosocial working conditions and health: From promise to practice. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2024(6):395-405. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4180 28. Potter R, Jamieson S, Jain A, Leka S, Dollard M, O’Keeffe V. Evaluation of national work-related psychosocial risk management policies: An international review of the literature. Safety Sci. 2022;154:105854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105854 29. Ståhl C, Lundqvist D, Reineholm C. When rules become practice. The importance of work environment regulation, inspection and organisational conditions. The Swedish Agency for Work Environment Expertise, 2025. 30. Aust B, Møller JL, Nordentoft M, Frydendall KB, Bengtsen E, Jensen AB, et al. How effective are organizational-level interventions in improving the psychosocial work environment, health, and retention of workers? A systematic overview of systematic reviews. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2023;49(5):315 https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.4097 31. Somani R, Muntaner C, Hillan E, Velonis AJ, Smith P. A Systematic Review: Effectiveness of Interventions to De-escalate Workplace Violence against Nurses in Healthcare Settings. Safety Health Work. 2021;12(3):289-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.04.004 32. Miller O, Dobson O, Casey T, Newnam S. Work-related violence interventions in the disability sector: A systematic review and systems mapping exercise. Safety Sci. 2025;184:106765. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106765 33. Sheppard DM, Newnam S, Louis RMS, Perrett MS. Factors contributing to work-related violence: A systematic review and systems perspective. Safety Sci. 2022;154:105859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105859 34. Tamatea AJ, Day AJ, Cooke DJ. Preventing prison violence: An ecological perspective: Taylor & Francis; 2023. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003272458 35. Salmon PM, Coventon L, Read GJ. A systems analysis of work-related violence in hospitals: stakeholders, contributory factors, and leverage points. Safety Sci. 2022;156:105899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2022.105899 36. Arnetz JE, Hamblin L, Russell J, Upfal MJ, Luborsky M, Janisse J, et al. Preventing patient-to-worker violence in hospitals: outcome of a randomized controlled intervention. J Occ Env Med. 2017;59(1):18-27. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000909 37. Bowers L, James K, Quirk A, Simpson A, SUGAR, Stewart D, et al. Reducing conflict and containment rates on acute psychiatric wards: The Safewards cluster randomised controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2015;52:1412-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.05.001 38. Andersen LP, Jaspers S, Andersen D, Karlsen I, Aust B. A participatory and comprehensive intervention to improve violence prevention in two high-risk occupations: effect and process evaluation of a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1043. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18527-5 39. Elvegård K, Antonsen S. The aftermath of fatal violence incidents: Why organisational measures were successful and why they their effects diminished. Safety Sci. 2024;179:106630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106630 40. Spelten E, Thomas B, O’Meara PF, Maguire BJ, FitzGerald D, Begg SJ. Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by patients and patient advocates. Cochrane Db of Syst Rev. 2020;4(4):CD012662 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012662.pub2 41. Andersen LPS, Hogh A, Biering K, Gadegaard CA. Work-related threats and violence in human service sectors: The importance of the psycho-social work environment examined in a multilevel prospective study. Work. 2018;59(1):141-54. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-172654 42. McKeown M, Thomson G, Scholes A, Jones F, Baker J, Downe S, et al. “Catching your tail and firefighting”: The impact of staffing levels on restraint minimization efforts. J Psych Ment Heal Nurs. 2019;26(5-6):131-41. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12532 43. Jaspers SØ, Andersen DR, Karlsen IL, Pedersen AHM, Andersen LPS, Conway PM, et al. Contextualizing Violence Prevention-How Contextual Aspects Influence the Implementation of a Violence Prevention Initiative in Prisons and Psychiatry. Scand J Work Org Psych. 2022;7(1):4. https://doi.org/10.16993/sjwop.141 44. Wright D, Meadows DH. Thinking in systems: a primer: Taylor and Francis; 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781849773386 45. Rasmussen J. Risk management in a dynamic society: a modelling problem. Safety Sci. 1997;27(2):183-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0 46. Andersen LPS, Aust B, Winding TN. Pupils’ aggressive behaviour towards teachers: identifying protective factors at organizational level examined in a follow-up study. BMC Psych. 2025;13(1):247. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02564-9 47. Miller O, Dobson O, Goode N, Newnam S. Actors, contributory factors, and preventative strategies for work-related violence in the Australian residential disability sector: A systems analysis. Safety Sci. 2025;191:106934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106934

Firdaus Hafidz, PhD, Freis Candrawati, MD, Jenna Hoyt, MPH et al.

Summary: Background: A previous trial showed that intermittent preventive treatment with dihydroartemisinin–piperaquine (IPTp-DP) was more effective than the current policy of single screening and treatment in preventing malaria during pregnancy in Papua, Indonesia. The STOPMiP-2 study evaluated the Ministry of Health pilot implementation of IPTp-DP through routine antenatal care in Papua. Methods: A mixed-method evaluation was conducted in ten primary health-care facilities in the Mimika district in Papua, Indonesia from June 8, 2022, to Dec 27, 2023. Pregnant women aged 15–49 years who were HIV negative (when status known), in their second or third trimester of pregnancy, and provided written informed consent were eligible. IPTp-DP delivery effectiveness (3-day doses of three tablets [ie, nine tablets] with the first dose by directly observed therapy during antenatal care) and adherence (completion of all nine tablets, ascertained by pill count) were coprimary outcomes. Analyses were done in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population (defined for delivery effectiveness as all women who completed exit interviews, and for treatment adherence as all women who had a home visit). The mITT population excluded women with fever or malaria infection, those with a positive malaria test, or those who received IPTp-DP outside the designated timeframe (ie, less than 4 weeks between courses). We explored predictors of delivery effectiveness and adherence using multivariable logistic regression, and used qualitative data to provide explanatory insights. We used routine health information to assess monthly coverage by facility. This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05294406) and is now complete. Findings: From June 8, 2022, to Dec 27, 2023, we enrolled 1420 pregnant women in exit interviews, of whom 1366 had data available and were eligible for the effectiveness analysis. 490 women were visited at home, of whom 484 had data available and were eligible for the adherence analysis. 556 (41%) of 1366 women had effective delivery of IPTp-DP, and among those with available data, 437 (90%) of 484 had full adherence. Predictors of full effective delivery versus partial or non-effective delivery were older maternal age (≥35 years vs 20–34 years: adjusted odds ratio 1·26 [95% CI 1·04–1·51], p=0·017), having a lower level of education (no education or primary education vs diploma or university: 2·01 [1·08–3·75], p=0·028), being in the second trimester (vs third trimester; 3·13 [2·11–4·63], p<0·0001), had previous IPTp-DP (vs no previous IPTp-DP: 4·30 [3·07–6·01], p<0·0001), and not having health insurance (vs health insurance: 1·33 [1·09–1·63], p=0·0044). No difference was seen by younger age (age 15–19 years), middle or high school education, ethnicity, marital status, previous malaria test within past 28 days, and location. Predictors of adherence were being married (vs being single, divorced, or widowed: 3·50 [1·55–7·89], p=0·0028), having attended four or more antenatal care visits (vs attending three or fewer: 1·95 [1·22–3·13], p=0·0054), and full delivery effectiveness (vs partial delivery effectiveness: 3·18 [1·82–5·54], p<0·0001). No difference was seen by gestational age for adherence. Between Dec 1, 2022, and Nov 22, 2023, across facilities, 1630 (43%) of 3815 women attending their first antenatal care visit received one course of IPTp-DP, 949 (25%) received two courses, and 880 (23%) received three or more courses. Interpretation: Among those who received IPTp-DP, adherence to the 3-day IPTp-DP regimen was high; however, the sample size for adherence was smaller than anticipated owing to lower-than-expected full delivery effectiveness. Future studies should investigate strategies to improve treatment delivery in this setting. Funding: UK Medical Research Council.

Ayodeji Ogunleye, Deborah Olude, Ayodeji Kehinde et al.

The prevalence of credit constraints has a significant effect on the adoption of biofortified cassava; hence, low productivity on farms. This research, therefore, investigates the effect of credit constraints on the adoption of biofortified cassava (BC) among farming households. A multistage sampling procedure is employed to select 300 cassava farming households for this study. Data is analyzed using descriptive statistics, seemingly unrelated regression, and endogenous switching regression model. The results show that most of the household heads (78%) are not constrained by credit while 22% of respondents are constrained by credit. Out of the 22% that are constrained by credit, 7% are ‘quantity’ constrained (they receive partial credit) while 7.5% are both ‘risk’ (they choose not to submit their applications due to concerns about losing their collateral) and ‘price’ (they do not apply because of high interest rate) constrained. The seemingly unrelated regression model reveals that marital status, household size, years of education and farming experience significantly influenced quantity constraint status; while age, relationship with household head, farming experience and access to information are factors that contribute to the risk constraint status of farming households. The conditional treatment effect (ATT), which assesses the effect of credit constraints on the adoption of BC among farming households, is approximately -11.4 and is statistically significant at 1 %. The study finds that credit constraint has a negative impact on the adoption of BC among farming households in Nigeria after adjusting for both observable and unobserved factors. Therefore, the study recommends that innovative financing mechanisms should be leveraged to help promote the adoption of agricultural technologies such as BC. This will help to improve the nutrition, food security and income of farming households.

Sharif Al Mamun, Rakib Hossain, Md. Jobayer Rahman et al.

A Bayesian analytics framework that precisely quantifies uncertainty offers a significant advance for financial risk management. We develop an integrated approach that consistently enhances the handling of risk in market volatility forecasting, fraud detection, and compliance monitoring. Our probabilistic, interpretable models deliver reliable results: We evaluate the performance of one-day-ahead 95% Value-at-Risk (VaR) forecasts on daily S&P 500 returns, with a training period from 2000 to 2019 and an out-of-sample test period spanning 2020 to 2024. Formal tests of unconditional (Kupiec) and conditional (Christoffersen) coverage reveal that an LSTM baseline achieves near-nominal calibration. In contrast, a GARCH(1,1) model with Student-t innovations underestimates tail risk. Our proposed discount-factor DLM model produces a slightly liberal VaR estimate, with evidence of clustered violations. Bayesian logistic regression improves recall and AUC-ROC for fraud detection, and a hierarchical Beta state-space model provides transparent and adaptive compliance risk assessment. The pipeline is distinguished by precise uncertainty quantification, interpretability, and GPU-accelerated analysis, delivering up to 50x speedup. Remaining challenges include sparse fraud data and proxy compliance labels, but the framework enables actionable risk insights. Future expansion will extend feature sets, explore regime-switching priors, and enhance scalable inference.

Yuming Ma

Myopic optimization (MO) outperforms reinforcement learning (RL) in portfolio management: RL yields lower or negative returns, higher variance, larger costs, heavier CVaR, lower profitability, and greater model risk. We model execution/liquidation frictions with mark-to-market accounting. Using Malliavin calculus (Clark-Ocone/BEL), we derive policy gradients and risk shadow price, unifying HJB and KKT. This gives dual gap and convergence results: geometric MO vs. RL floors. We quantify phantom profit in RL via Malliavin policy-gradient contamination analysis and define a control-affects-dynamics (CAD) premium of RL indicating plausibly positive.

Hanyue Huang, Qiguo Sun, Xibei Yang

Previous research on option strategies has primarily focused on their behavior near expiration, with limited attention to the transient value process of the portfolio. In this paper, we formulate Iron Condor portfolio optimization as a stochastic optimal control problem, examining the impact of the control process \( u(k_i, τ) \) on the portfolio's potential profitability and risk. By assuming the underlying price process as a bounded martingale within $[K_1, K_2]$, we prove that the portfolio with a strike structure of $k_1 < k_2 = K_2 < S_t < k_3 = K_3 < k_4$ has a submartingale value process, which results in the optimal stopping time aligning with the expiration date $τ= T$. Moreover, we construct a data generator based on the Rough Heston model to investigate general scenarios through simulation. The results show that asymmetric, left-biased Iron Condor portfolios with $τ= T$ are optimal in SPX markets, balancing profitability and risk management. Deep out-of-the-money strategies improve profitability and success rates at the cost of introducing extreme losses, which can be alleviated by using an optimal stopping strategy. Except for the left-biased portfolios $τ$ generally falls within the range of [50\%,75\%] of total duration. In addition, we validate these findings through case studies on the actual SPX market, covering bullish, sideways, and bearish market conditions.

Chu Zhang, Weidong Liu, Chenyu Yan et al.

With the expansion of urban scale and the popularization of multi-modal transportation, transportation hubs, as the link of multi-modal travel, are becoming increasingly important in urban development and residents’ lives. In situations of high parking demand, the increase in road traffic volume and parking search delays exacerbates the service pressure on hub parking lots and the traffic congestion on surrounding roads. Therefore, reasonable parking demand allocation is one of the key solutions to this problem. Based on the analysis of the vehicle parking search process, this paper constructs a model for estimating parking search delay on roads outside hub parking lots and proposes an optimization model for parking demand allocation aimed at minimizing the total parking search delay of vehicles. Finally, taking a major transportation hub in Nanjing as a case study, data were obtained through field investigations and simulation experiments to identify peak parking demand periods and calibrate the model parameters. The results show that the average vehicle delay was reduced by 4.5%, with a total reduction of 13,860 s in vehicle delay for parking demands at the hub within one hour. Therefore, by optimizing the allocation of parking demand, the average delay for vehicles searching for parking can be reduced to a certain extent.

Megan R. Knutson Sinaise, Jennifer Zaborek, KyungMann Kim et al.

Abstract Background Hypertension is a major risk factor for heart disease, heart failure and stroke. Lifestyle changes are recommended as first-line treatment for management of high blood pressure for young adults, when 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score is < 10%. If lifestyle changes alone do not control blood pressure, then providers have access to four classes of first-line blood pressure lowering agents to treat hypertension, when other contra-indications are not present. Methods This is a cross-sectional, retrospective, secondary analysis performed of the MyHEART trial on study participants at enrollment to determine they were prescribed anti-hypertensive medication. Of those prescribed medications, we aimed to determine the frequency first-line medications including thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics, angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, and calcium channel blockers were prescribed. This analysis categorized participants into four medication status categories: no antihypertensive medication, prescribed only first-line antihypertensives, prescribed only non-first-line antihypertensives, and prescribed a combination of first-line and non-first-line antihypertensives. Participant clinical and sociodemographic factors by medication use were evaluated. Linear regression models were fit to determine the association between antihypertensive medication and blood pressure. Results At enrollment, 157/311 (50.5%) participants were not on antihypertensives. Of the 154 on antihypertensives, reported use included monotherapy 97/154 (63.0%), combined therapy 57/154 (37.0%), only first-line antihypertensive 111/154 (72.0%), and only non-first-line antihypertensives 21/154 (13.6%), and combination of first-line and non-first-line antihypertensives 22/154 (14.2%). Antihypertension medication use varied based on age (p < 0.001), sex (p = 0.008), race (p = 0.001), body mass index (BMI) kg/m2 (p = 0.016), anxiety and/or depression (p = 0.048), diabetes (p = 0.007), and sodium intake (p = 0.042). Participants with only first-line medications had lower in-office systolic (-4.66 mmHg, CI -8.31 to -1.02, p = 0.013) and diastolic (-3.51 mmHg, CI -6.30 to -0.71, p = 0.015), and lower ambulatory diastolic (-2.12 mmHg, CI -4.15 to -0.09, p = 0.041) blood pressure than those without antihypertensives. Conclusions Among MyHEART study participants, all of which had uncontrolled hypertension, 50.5% were not on an antihypertensive at enrollment. This finding supports the call to improve management of blood pressure earlier in life to potentially contribute to the reduction of long-term cardiovascular disease. Of the participants who were prescribed blood pressure medication, providers prescribed guideline-based antihypertensive therapy the majority of the time, however, this study indicates there may be an opportunity to increase the use of first-line, guideline-based antihypertensives, regardless of age, sex, or type of hypertension to lower long-term cardiovascular risk. Trial registration https://www.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03158051, registered 5-15-2017. IRB approval obtained: IRB # 2017 − 0372.

Andri, Nurul Azizah Rahman

This study aims to analyze the impact of capital structure on the financial performance of food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the period 2019-2023. Additionally, the research investigates the roles of company size and company growth as supplementary independent variables. Employing a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis, this study samples from food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the IDX during the specified period. Data were collected through a questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale, measuring capital structure, company size, company growth, and financial performance. The results indicate that capital structure has a significant positive effect on financial performance (β = 0.285, p < 0.05). Company size shows a marginal positive influence (β = 0.318, p < 0.10), while company growth demonstrates no significant effect. The research model explains 27.8% of the variation in financial performance (Adjusted R² = 0.278). These findings underscore the importance of optimizing capital structure in enhancing the financial performance of companies in this sector. Managerial implications include focusing on effective capital structure management while considering the company size factor. This study contributes to the understanding of financial performance determinants in the context of Indonesia's food and beverage industry, while acknowledging the complexity of this phenomenon and the need for further research on other potentially influential factors.

CAO Nuotong, LI Qingsheng, JIANG Jinlong

Based on the investigation data of environmental factors in Sansha Bay in spring, summer and autumn of 2020, the spatiotemporal variation of environmental factors were analyzed, and the eutrophication level was evaluated based on eutrophication index method. Then the influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed and pollution control suggestions were put forward. The results showed that nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were higher in spring and autumn, but lower in summer. The spatial variation of DIN and DIP were different in different seasons. In spring and autumn, the content of DIN in Sansha Bay is higher than that in most other bays, while in summer it is lower than that in most other bays. The content of DIP in three season is higher than that in most other bays. The eutrophication level in Sansha Bay is severe eutrophication level, in which the eutrophication level is the highest in autumn, the second in spring, and the lowest in summer. The analysis of influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus showed that in spring and summer, land-based pollution was the main source of DIN, while DIP was influenced by land-based pollution, cage culture, and nutrient absorption by algae. In autumn, DIN and DIP were affected by a combination of land-based pollution and cage culture. In the end, we put forward some suggestions on pollution control, in order to provide reference for pollution control and environmental protection in Sansha Bay.

Wenjun Zhang, Qiong Wu, Pingyi Fan et al.

Semantic communication transmits the extracted features of information rather than raw data, significantly reducing redundancy, which is crucial for addressing spectrum and energy challenges in 6G networks. In this paper, we introduce semantic communication into a cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X)- based autonomous vehicle platoon system for the first time, aiming to achieve efficient management of communication resources in a dynamic environment. Firstly, we construct a mathematical model for semantic communication in platoon systems, in which the DeepSC model and MU-DeepSC model are used to semantically encode and decode unimodal and multi-modal data, respectively. Then, we propose the quality of experience (QoE) metric based on semantic similarity and semantic rate. Meanwhile, we consider the success rate of semantic information transmission (SRS) metric to ensure the fairness of channel resource allocation. Next, the optimization problem is posed with the aim of maximizing the QoE in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) links while improving SRS. To solve this mixed integer nonlinear programming problem (MINLP) and adapt to time-varying channel conditions, the paper proposes a distributed semantic-aware multi-modal resource allocation (SAMRA) algorithm based on multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), referred to as SAMRAMARL. The algorithm can dynamically allocate channels and power and determine semantic symbol length based on the contextual importance of the transmitted information, ensuring efficient resource utilization. Finally, extensive simulations have demonstrated that SAMRAMARL outperforms existing methods, achieving significant gains in QoE, SRS, and communication delay in C-V2X platooning scenarios.

Claudio Novelli, Philipp Hacker, Jessica Morley et al.

Regulation is nothing without enforcement. This particularly holds for the dynamic field of emerging technologies. Hence, this article has two ambitions. First, it explains how the EU's new Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA) will be implemented and enforced by various institutional bodies, thus clarifying the governance framework of the AIA. Second, it proposes a normative model of governance, providing recommendations to ensure uniform and coordinated execution of the AIA and the fulfilment of the legislation. Taken together, the article explores how the AIA may be implemented by national and EU institutional bodies, encompassing longstanding bodies, such as the European Commission, and those newly established under the AIA, such as the AI Office. It investigates their roles across supranational and national levels, emphasizing how EU regulations influence institutional structures and operations. These regulations may not only directly dictate the structural design of institutions but also indirectly request administrative capacities needed to enforce the AIA.

K. Kario, Jinho Shin, Chen-Huan Chen et al.

Hypertension is an important public health issue because of its association with a number of significant diseases and adverse outcomes. However, there are important ethnic differences in the pathogenesis and cardio‐/cerebrovascular consequences of hypertension. Given the large populations and rapidly aging demographic in Asian regions, optimal strategies to diagnose and manage hypertension are of high importance. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) is an important out‐of‐office blood pressure (BP) measurement tool that should play a central role in hypertension detection and management. The use of ABPM is particularly important in Asia due to the specific features of hypertension in Asian patients, including a high prevalence of masked hypertension, disrupted BP variability with marked morning BP surge, and nocturnal hypertension. This HOPE Asia Network document summarizes region‐specific literature on the relationship between ABPM parameters and cardiovascular risk and target organ damage, providing a rationale for consensus‐based recommendations on the use of ABPM in Asia. The aim of these recommendations is to guide and improve clinical practice to facilitate optimal BP monitoring with the goal of optimizing patient management and expediting the efficient allocation of treatment and health care resources. This should contribute to the HOPE Asia Network mission of improving the management of hypertension and organ protection toward achieving “zero” cardiovascular events in Asia.

Olubunmi Elizabeth Amoo, Abiodun Paul Olaiya, Felix Sanni et al.

Objective: High-risk behaviors among MSM have continually made this group susceptible to HIV and other STIs. Therefore, the study seeks to assess the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among MSM in Nigeria. Methodology: This quantitative descriptive cross-sectional survey examined the high-risk behaviors among MSM. The study was conducted in the state's three local government areas using a multistage cluster sampling technique. Data collection was done using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, and analysis was performed with IBM-SPSS version 25.0. Result: A significant number, 91.2% (114) of MSM in Benue State, had anal sex but mostly without protection, 75.2% (94). However, 108 (94.7%) used lubricants during anal sex, particularly those with multiple sexual partners (79, 63.2%). Also, 66 (52.8%) used/inject drugs. Sexual health was also challenging as 110 (88.0%) had been diagnosed with STIs. Most participants with STIs (118, 94.3%) said their sexual partner infected them. A substantial proportion, 16 (76.2%) of MSM aged 18-20 years, were using or injecting drugs, likewise those aged 21-25 years (14, 63.6%) (p<0.05). Furthermore, 22 (75.9%) of the unemployed and 17 (58.6%) employed were using or injecting drugs. About 60% (42) of homosexuals use or inject drugs. Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that condomless intercourse, drug injection, multiple sexual partners, and poor lubricant use are significant determinants of high-risk behaviors among MSM. The study also showed that MSM is exposed to HIV and other STIs due to these behaviors, making them even more susceptible given the sex they primarily practice.