Hasil untuk "Neurophysiology and neuropsychology"

Giovanni de Girolamo, Ole A. Andreassen, Michael Bauer et al.

Abstract Background BIPCOM aims to (1) identify medical comorbidities in people with bipolar disorder (BD); (2) examine risk factors and clinical profiles of Medical Comorbidities (MC) in this clinical group, with a special focus on Metabolic Syndrome (MetS); (3) develop a Clinical Support Tool (CST) for the personalized management of BD and medical comorbidities. Methods The BIPCOM project aims to investigate MC, specifically MetS, in individuals with BD using various approaches. Initially, prevalence rates, characteristics, genetic and non-genetic risk factors, and the natural progression of MetS among individuals with BD will be assessed by analysing Nordic registers, biobanks, and existing patient datasets from 11 European recruiting centres across 5 countries. Subsequently, a clinical study involving 400 participants from these sites will be conducted to examine the clinical profiles and incidence of specific MetS risk factors over 1 year. Baseline assessments, 1-year follow-ups, biomarker analyses, and physical activity measurements with wearable biosensors, and focus groups will be performed. Using this comprehensive data, a CST will be developed to enhance the prevention, early detection, and personalized treatment of MC in BD, by incorporating clinical, biological, sex and genetic information. This protocol will highlight the study's methodology. Discussion BIPCOM's data collection will pave the way for tailored treatment and prevention approaches for individuals with BD. This approach has the potential to generate significant healthcare savings by preventing complications, hospitalizations, and emergency visits related to comorbidities and cardiovascular risks in BD. BIPCOM's data collection will enhance BD patient care through personalized strategies, resulting in improved quality of life and reduced costly interventions. The findings of the study will contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between medical comorbidities and BD, enabling accurate prediction and effective management of MetS and cardiovascular diseases. Trial registration: ISRCTN68010602 at https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN68010602 . Registration date: 18/04/2023.

Vickie Plourde, Sylvie Gaudet, Mylène Ross-Plourde et al.

Intervention acceptability is considered as one of the factors related to the efficacy and favourable outcomes post-therapy. Prospective or anticipated acceptability, which is measured before undertaking therapy, has yet to be assessed in the context of psychotherapies targeting emerging adults. This research aimed at measuring the anticipated acceptability and preference toward cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) (Study 1), and three delivery formats (in-person, online, or blended; Study 2). University students aged 18–25 (Study 1: N = 21; Study 2: N = 102) read vignettes for each intervention and filled questionnaires online. In Study 1, there were higher levels of acceptability toward CBT than MBT. In Study 2, acceptability levels were significantly higher for the in-person, followed by blended and online formats. There was also a significantly higher acceptability for in-person CBT compared to MBT. The in-person format was also preferred, but preferences for CBT or MBT were similar. Overall, students indicate a higher acceptability for CBT (Study 1) and CBT in-person (Study 2). As preferences toward both interventions were similar, asking about these could help personalizing our approach with university students.

Topchiy I, Fink AM, Maki KA et al.

Irina Topchiy,1,2,* Anne M Fink,1,2 Katherine A Maki,2,3 Michael W Calik1,2,* 1Center for Sleep and Health Research, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; 2Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science; University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; 3Translational Biobehavioral and Health Disparities Branch, Clinical Center; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Michael W Calik, University of Illinois Chicago, 845 South Damen Avenue (M/C 802), College of Nursing, Room 740, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA, Tel +1 312 413 0581, Email mcalik@uic.eduIntroduction: Current methods of sleep research in rodents involve invasive surgical procedures of EEG and EMG electrodes implantation. Recently, a new method of measuring sleep, PiezoSleep, has been validated against implanted electrodes in mice and rats. PiezoSleep uses a piezoelectric film transducer to detect the rodent’s movements and respiration and employs an algorithm to automatically score sleep. Here, we validate PiezoSleep scoring versus EEG/EMG implanted electrodes sleep scoring in rats.Methods: Adult male Brown Norway and Wistar Kyoto rats were implanted with bilateral stainless-steel screws into the skull for EEG recording and bilateral wire electrodes into the nuchal muscles for EMG assessment. In Brown Norway rats, the EEG/EMG electrode leads were soldered to a miniature connector plug and fixed to the skull. In Wistar Kyoto rats, the EEG/EMG leads were tunneled subcutaneously to a telemetry transmitter implanted in the flank. Rats were allowed to recover from surgery for one week. Brown Norway rats were placed in PiezoSleep cages, and had their headsets connected to cable for recording EEG/EMG signals, which were then manually scored by a human scorer in 10-sec epochs. Wistar Kyoto rats were placed in PiezoSleep cages, and EEG/EMG signals were recorded using a telemetry system (DSI). Sleep was scored automatically in 4-sec epochs using NeuroScore software. PiezoSleep software recorded and scored sleep in the rats.Results: Rats implanted with corded EEG/EMG headsets had 85.6% concurrence of sleep-wake scoring with PiezoSleep. Rats implanted with EEG/EMG telemetry had 80.8% concurrence sleep-wake scoring with PiezoSleep. Sensitivity and specificity rates were similar between the EEG/EMG recording systems. Total sleep time and hourly sleep times did not differ in all three systems. However, automatic sleep detection by NeuroScore classified more sleep during the light period compared to the PiezoSleep.Conclusion: We showed that PiezoSleep system can be a reliable alternative to both automatic and visual EEG/EMG- based sleep-wake scoring in rat.Keywords: piezoelectric, noninvasive sleep scoring, telemetry, automated sleep scoring, EEG/EMG, rat

Xian-Zhang Hu

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and debilitating mental disorder that affects patients throughout their lives, leading to a diminished quality of life for patients and families, reduced productivity, and higher health care costs. It is of clinical and theoretical importance to investigate a more efficacious therapeutic approach for OCD and the neurophysiological mechanism underlying the efficacy of treatment, potentially associated with the etiology of OCD. Recently, a novel psychotherapy designated cognitive-coping therapy (CCT) has been reported to have a large effect size in OCD treatment. CCT hypothesizes that fear of negative events plays a crucial role in OCD. The study entitled “Decreased left amygdala functional connectivity by cognitive-coping therapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder” attempted to investigate the potential neurophysiological mechanism underlying the efficacy of CCT for OCD. The study provides crystal evidence showing that 4-week pharmacotherapy plus CCT decreases the left amygdala seed-based functional connectivity (LA-FC) with the right anterior cingulate gyrus and the left paracentral lobule/the left superior parietal/left inferior parietal, and 4-week CCT decreases the LA-FC with the left middle occipital gyrus/the left superior parietal. The alteration of the LA-FC with the right anterior cingulate gyrus positively correlates to the reduction of the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) score. Therefore, it provides new insights into understanding the neurophysiology and neuropsychology behind the onset and treatment of OCD.

Snorre Malm Hagen, Sajedeh Eftekhari, Steffen Hamann et al.

Abstract Background The kaolin induced obstructive hydrocephalus (OHC) model is well known for its ability to increase intracranial pressure (ICP) in experimental animals. Papilledema (PE) which is a predominant hallmark of elevated ICP in the clinic has not yet been studied in this model using high-resolution digital fundus microscopy. Further, the long-term effect on ICP and optic nerve head changes have not been fully demonstrated. In this study we aimed to monitor epidural ICP after induction of OHC and to examine changes in the optic disc. In addition, we validated epidural ICP to intraventricular ICP in this disease model. Method Thirteen male Sprague-Dawley rats received an injection into the cisterna magna containing either kaolin-Ringer’s lactate suspension (n = 8) or an equal amount of Ringer’s lactate solution (n = 5). Epidural ICP was recorded post-operatively, and then continuously overnight and followed up after 1 week. The final epidural ICP value after 1 week was confirmed with simultaneous ventricular ICP measurement. Optic disc photos (ODP) were obtained preoperatively at baseline and after one week and were assessed for papilledema. Results All animals injected with kaolin developed OHC and had significant higher epidural ICP (15.49 ± 2.47 mmHg) compared to control animals (5.81 ± 1.33 mmHg) on day 1 (p < 0.0001). After 1 week, the epidural ICP values were subsided to normal range in hydrocephalus animals and there was no significant difference in epidural ICP between the groups. Epidural ICP after 1 week correlated with the ventricular ICP with a Pearson’s r = 0.89 (p < 0.0001). ODPs from both groups showed no signs of acute papilledema, but 5 out of 8 (62.5%) of the hydrocephalus animals were identified with peripapillary changes. Conclusions We demonstrated that the raised ICP at day 1 in the hydrocephalus animals was completely normalized within 1 week and that epidural ICP measurements are valid method in this model. No acute papilledema was identified in the hydrocephalus animals, but the peripapillary changes indicate a potential gliosis formation or an early state of a growing papilledema in the context of lateral ventricle dilation and increased ICP.

Yue Bai, Zhiwei He, Weisong Duan et al.

Abstract Background Sodium formononetin-3ʹ-sulphonate (Sul-F) may alleviate I/R injury in vivo with uncertain mechanism. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis participates in the process of cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our aim is to figure out the effect of Sul-F on cerebral I/R injury and to verify whether it works through suppressing ER stress-mediated apoptosis. Results The cerebral lesions of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in SD rats were aggravated after 24 h of reperfusion, including impaired neurological function, increased infarct volume, intensified inflammatory response and poor cell morphology. After intervention, the edaravone (EDA, 3 mg/kg) group and Sul-F high-dose (Sul-F-H, 80 mg/kg) group significantly alleviated I/R injury via decreasing neurological score, infarct volume and the serum levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), as well as alleviating pathological injury. Furthermore, the ER stress level and apoptosis rate were elevated in the ischemic penumbra of MCAO group, and were significantly blocked by EDA and Sul-F-H. In addition, EDA and Sul-F-H significantly down-regulated the ER stress related PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and IRE1 signal pathways, which led to reduced cell apoptosis rate compared with the MCAO group. Furthermore, there was no difference between the EDA and Sul-F-H group in terms of therapeutic effect on cerebral I/R injury, indicating a therapeutic potential of Sul-F for ischemic stroke. Conclusions Sul-F-H can significantly protects against cerebral I/R injury through inhibiting ER stress-mediated apoptosis in the ischemic penumbra, which might be a novel therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.

Zoltan Kovacs, Peter Vestergaard, Rasmus W. Licht et al.

Abstract Background Lithium is the gold standard prophylactic treatment for bipolar disorder. Most clinical practice guidelines recommend regular calcium assessments as part of monitoring lithium treatment, but easy-to-implement specific management strategies in the event of abnormal calcium levels are lacking. Methods Based on a narrative review of the effects of lithium on calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) homeostasis and its clinical implications, experts developed a step-by-step algorithm to guide the initial management of emergent hypercalcemia during lithium treatment. Results In the event of albumin-corrected plasma calcium levels above the upper limit, PTH and calcium levels should be measured after two weeks. Measurement of PTH and calcium levels should preferably be repeated after one month in case of normal or high PTH level, and after one week in case of low PTH level, independently of calcium levels. Calcium levels above 2.8 mmol/l may require a more acute approach. If PTH and calcium levels are normalized, repeated measurements are suggested after six months. In case of persistent PTH and calcium abnormalities, referral to an endocrinologist is suggested since further examination may be needed. Conclusions Standardized consensus driven management may diminish the potential risk of clinicians avoiding the use of lithium because of uncertainties about managing side-effects and consequently hindering some patients from receiving an optimal treatment.

Helle Østergaard Madsen, Shakoor Ba-Ali, Steffen Heegaard et al.

Abstract Background Visible light, predominantly in the blue range, affects mood and circadian rhythm partly by activation of the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). The light-induced responses of these ganglion cells can be evaluated by pupillometry. The study aimed to assess the blue light induced pupil constriction in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Methods We investigated the pupillary responses to blue light by chromatic pupillometry in 31 patients with newly diagnosed bipolar disorder, 22 of their unaffected relatives and 35 healthy controls. Mood state was evaluated by interview-based ratings of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and (hypo-)manic symptoms (Young Mania Rating Scale). Results The ipRGC-mediated pupillary responses did not differ across the three groups, but subgroup analyses showed that patients in remission had reduced ipRGC-mediated responses compared with controls (9%, p = 0.04). Longer illness duration was associated with more pronounced ipRGC-responses (7% increase/10-year illness duration, p = 0.02). Conclusions The ipRGC-mediated pupil response to blue light was reduced in euthymic patients compared with controls and increased with longer disease duration. Longitudinal studies are needed to corroborate these potential associations with illness state and/or progression.

Sintayehu Asnakew, Getasew Legas, Amsalu Belete et al.

Background: Misconception about epilepsy in Ethiopia is higher which in turn affects overall quality of life of the individuals. This research was aimed to assess knowledge and attitude of the community towards epilepsy in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data was entered by Epi data version 4.2 and analyzed by SPSS version 24. Descriptive and analytical statistical procedures, with 95% confidence interval were employed and significance level was determined at p-value < 0.05. Result: A total of 782 respondents were participated with the response rate of 96.1%. About 66.2% of respondents had poor knowledge and 67.0% had unfavorable attitude, towards epilepsy.In multivariate logistic regression, younger age, rural resident, not knew someone with epilepsy, did not have witness of seizure episode, and did not take prior training were associated with poor knowledge. Male sex, rural resident, did not know someone with epilepsy, did not have witness of seizure episode, did not take prior training, and had poor knowledge were associated with unfavorable attitude towards epilepsy. Conclusion: Majority of participants had poor knowledge and unfavorable attitude. Public education about epilepsy is recommended to modify misconceptions and to promote positive attitudes.

Nikolaos P. Daskalakis, Laura M. Schultz, Elina Visoki et al.

Suicidal ideation and attempts (i.e., suicidality) are complex behaviors driven by environmental stress, genetic susceptibility, and their interaction. Preadolescent suicidality is a major health problem with rising rates, yet its underlying biology is understudied. Here we studied effects of genetic stress susceptibility, approximated by the polygenic risk score (PRS) for post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD), on preadolescent suicidality in participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. We further evaluated PTSD-PRS effects on suicidality in the presence of environmental stressors that are established suicide risk factors. Analyses included both European and African ancestry participants using PRS calculated based on summary statistics from ancestry-specific genome-wide association studies. In European ancestry participants (N = 4,619, n = 378 suicidal), PTSD-PRS was associated with preadolescent suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95%CI 1–1.25, p = 0.038). Results in African ancestry participants (N = 1,334, n = 130 suicidal) showed a similar direction but were not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 0.93–1.57, p = 0.153). Sensitivity analyses using non-psychiatric polygenic score for height and using cross-ancestry PTSD-PRS did not reveal any association with suicidality, supporting the specificity of the association of ancestry-specific PTSD-PRS with suicidality. Environmental stressors were robustly associated with suicidality across ancestries with moderate effect size for negative life events and family conflict (OR 1.27–1.6); and with large effect size (OR ∼ 4) for sexual-orientation discrimination. When combined with environmental factors, PTSD-PRS showed marginal additive effects in explaining variability in suicidality, with no evidence for G × E interaction. Results support use of cross-phenotype PRS, specifically stress-susceptibility, as a genetic marker for suicidality risk early in the lifespan.

Federico Salfi, Marco Lauriola, Giulia Amicucci et al.

Italy was the first western hotspot of the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to contain the spread of the virus, the Italian Government imposed home confinement to the entire population for almost two months. The present study is the first large-scale longitudinal report of the sleep and mental health changes during the prolonged lockdown due to the COVID-19 outbreak. We focused on the gendered vulnerability in a sample of the Italian population since cross-sectional research identified women to be more at-risk than men during this unprecedented situation.A total of 2701 individuals (mean age ± standard deviation, 32.37 ± 11.62; range, 18–82) participated in a web-based longitudinal survey consisting of two measurements. Participants were first-time recruited on social networks and via telephone messages through a snowball sampling and tested during the third week of the lockdown period. Subsequently, a follow-up evaluation was carried out during the seventh week of restraining measures. The survey assessed sleep quality, insomnia and depression symptoms, perceived stress, and anxiety, using the following questionnaires: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Beck Depression Inventory-second edition, the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale, and the State-Anxiety Inventory.Female gender showed the worst condition for all the examined dimensions in both the assessments. Nevertheless, at the follow-up women reported a reduction in insomnia and depression severity symptoms, perceived stress, and anxiety. On the other hand, male participants showed a worsening of sleep quality, insomnia symptoms, and perceived stress. Consequently, the gender prevalence gap of clinical conditions such as insomnia and depression was largely reduced under lockdown.Our investigation pointed to a different time course of sleep and mental health between genders during the home confinement period. Women seemed to show greater long-term resilience during the lockdown. Meanwhile, the male gender emerges as the most vulnerable category to the extension of the restraining measures. Our results suggest that there is no “weaker gender” after a prolonged lockdown. Indeed, the Italian population transversely presented signs of psychological suffering and significant sleep disturbances after the protracted and stressful lockdown period due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

M. G. Shahnawaz, Usama Rehman

Social networking is the new norm of the society as many of us remain “online” 24*7. However, excessive use of it would result in social networking addiction. There are some existing tools to measure social networking addiction but all of them suffer from conceptual or/and methodological problems. The present research aimed at developing a theoretically and psychometrically sound tool to assess social networking addiction by conducting three different studies. Study 1 established the factor structure of the social networking addiction scale as a higher-order construct having six first-level factors. In study 2, we found that social networking is a relatively enduring characteristic as test-retest reliability was found to be. 88 in a time span of 25 days. Study 3 was conducted to establish the convergent and divergent validity of the social networking addiction scale (SNAS). Problematic internet use, Facebook addiction, average time spent on the internet daily and loneliness were chosen to test the convergent validity of SNAS, while life satisfaction was used to test the divergent validity. The result establishes the convergent and divergent validity of SNAS. The scale situated nicely between problematic internet and Facebook addictions as it shared 53% of the variance with the former and 25% with the later.

Arash Shahriyari, Alireza Aghaz

Aim and Background: Eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorders are more than their healthy counterparts and can negatively affect their health, communication and other disabilities. Maternal resilience and interactive style play a vital role in the health, behaviors and quality of life of these children. The aim of this study was to predict the eating problems of children with autism spectrum based on resilience and interactive style of their mothers. Methods and Materials: This is a descriptive and correlational study. The statistical population of this study was children with autism spectrum disorders aged 4 to 7 years who referred to private rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The sample size of 90 people was selected by available sampling method. Data were collected using the Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire, Resilience Scale, and Child-Parent Relationship Scale. The data of this study were analyzed using SPSS software and Spearman correlation method. Findings: Based on the findings, increasing maternal resilience reduced eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorders (p<0.01). In addition, increasing the quality of the parent-child relationship reduces eating problems in these children (p<0.05). Also, increasing the resilience of these mothers directly affects the quality of parent-child interaction (p<0.01). Maternal resilience can predict eating problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. Conclusions: Resilience and communication style of mothers play a key role in the development of nutritional problems in children with autism spectrum disorders. It seems that by strengthening the parent-child relationship and mothers' resilience, the eating problems of these children can be reduced.

Maly Phy, Twisuk Pungpeng, Chaweewon Boonshuyar et al.

Mass fainting Illness (MFI) has occurred repeatedly for years in factory settings in Cambodia. This study examines factors related to MFI, such as worker ‘characteristics, organizational, psychosocial-work, and non-work factors, among Cambodian-factory workers. A factory-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 740 workers in October 2017 using structured questionnaires. Female workers and workers with longer duration of work had a higher-risk of MFI, but a lower-risk for those working in factory before and those absent due to occupational accident. Organizational determinants, such as workers employed in a shorter fixed-term, and those performing repetitive task and a low-skill work were significantly at a higher-risk of MFI, but a lower-risk for those performing a night/evening shift work. The study also showed that Psychosocial-work complaints, workers with less influence on their choice of co-workers, perceived a high temperature at work, and have little opportunity to work at their best had a lower-risk, but a higher-risk for those who lost jobs and those traveling by bicycles/walking to work. Overall, worker characteristics, organizational determinants, psychosocial-work complaints, and external-work factors were independent predictors explaining 31.8% of the overall-MFI prevalence.

P. Faglioni

to our clinical and research laboratories and to my position, so that the first person to be officially called a neurochemist was at the MNI. Today there are about a thousand recognized neurochemists around the world, many in various national and international organizations for neurochemistry. I believe that our neurochemistry laboratory was the first research laboratory of the MNI to become individually endowed. Penfield was able to communicate his intuition to W.H. Donner and allowed me the pleasure of imparting some of our enthusiasm to that friendly philanthropist, so in 1951 it became the Donner Laboratory for Experimental Neurochemistry. In 1955 the first comprehensive survey of brain and nerve chemistry appeared. Called "Neurochemistry",1 it was edited in our laboratory in collaboration with I.H. Page and J.H. Quastel. A second edition2 appeared in 1962. Thereafter it became no longer possible to condense the field into a single volume. (An eight-volume "condensation" has lately been edited by Abel Lajtha in New York). Because of wartime concerns my first research assignment at the MNI was to work with Jasper on brain swelling in relation to head injuries.3 This influenced me to become Jasper's pupil in neurophysiology and established the close relation of the Donner laboratory with neurophysiology that has expressed itself in much further work. The interest in brain swelling has remained a major preoccupation of the Donner laboratory and has involved cooperation with other departments within and outside the MNI. Penfield's feeling for the unity of the sciences and their clinical aspects promoted integration of the objectives and the work of the neurochemistry laboratory with other aspects of the MNI and the Montreal Neurological Hospital. Penfield sought to integrate my interests with the major interests of others at the MNI working in the field of epilepsy. He would invite me into the operating room so that I could appreciate the problems. My awe stimulated a permanent interest in the mechanism of brain function and epilepsy. With Penfield a group of us from various departments of the MNI published a survey of early studies on epileptogenic areas of the brain.4 The introduction to this article referred to Penfield's earlier conclusion that there is a decrease in the richness of the capillary bed within an epileptogenic focus, leading to the possibility of disturbance of homeostasis and consequent local metabolic changes. Penfield also often expressed his idea that an "x-substance" may be produced that triggers the epileptogenic activity. In my opinion these are valid and related ideas. We now know that there are a number of factors electrolytes, metabolites and transmitter substances that affect neuronal activity. Their production and release are affected by metabolic conditions, and they, together or individually, could correspond to the "x-substance". Thus almost any study on brain tissue metabolism and the "action substances" of nervous activity is relevant to the problem of epilepsy. One of my first publications from the MNI described a study of the metabolism of focal epileptogenic human brain tissue;5 Penfield was coauthor. Much of our early work68 on brain tissue metabolism, electrolytes, transmitter substances and active amino acids has been forgotten but it has led to rapid and exciting developments in many other laboratories. And such work in many of these other laboratories is being carried out by our former students and coworkers. Meanwhile in our laboratory Wolfe has become an authority on, and contributor to basic understanding of, various neurologic diseases,9'10 and Pappius has carried on our old interest in brain swelling and has become a leading authority on cerebral edema.'1"2 Penfield's legacy to neurology is part of his more universal legacy. His scientific books and his historical novels and other writings have pleased and informed many of us. I have been especially affected by "The Mystery of the Mind".13 I have believed that the mystery will remain, but Penfield showed that concrete thinking, based on remarkable observation and anatomic-physiologic knowledge, can be applied to the mystery. With neurochemical knowledge now added I believe the mechanisms behind the mystery are soon to be at least definable in much clearer detail. The influence of Penfield has been felt in tangible ways in his personal works and in his organization and encouragement. But I, and I think others, have felt his presence in less definable ways. There was warmth, yet with controlled severity, an expectation of excellence and a benign dominance that keyed one up and also made one feel part of a whole vital enterprise. An era has ended. We must live without Penfield. But he has made sure that we can.

Jef J.J. van den Hout, Josette M.P. Gevers, Orin C. Davis et al.

Research has shown that the psychological experience of flow delivers great benefits in all aspects of life, including work settings. But, flow is typically studied at the individual level, even though work often comprises complex tasks performed in teams. Therefore, the focus of this study is on team flow, defined as a shared experience of flow during the execution of interdependent personal tasks in the interest of the team, originating from an optimized team dynamic and typified by seven prerequisites and four characteristics. We developed and tested the Team Flow Monitor as an instrument to assess team flow and related outcomes. The empirical findings of 110 teams support the operationalization of team flow as a second-order model that consists of two factors. Moreover, team flow related positively to individual and team outcomes. These findings suggest that team flow can serve as an important indicator in the management of work teams.

Gabriel Okawa Belizario, Alexandre Duarte Gigante, Cristiana Castanho de Almeida Rocca et al.

Abstract Background Bipolar disorder (BD) patients exhibit cognitive impairments during euthymic states. Studies suggest that manic episodes may be correlated to cognitive impairments. The present study investigated the relationship between predominant polarity and the cognitive deficits frequently detected in bipolar patients. We hypothesize that mania predominant polarity (MPP) patients should exhibit greater cognitive impairments in comparison to depressive (DPP) and indefinite predominant polarity (IPP) patients and healthy control (HC) individuals. Methods The study evaluated 55 euthymic BD patients, type I and II, and 31 HCs. Patients were divided into 3 groups: MPP (n = 17), DPP (n = 22), and IPP (n = 16), and compared regarding demographic and clinical variables, and performance on a 7-test neuropsychological battery. Results MPP patients demonstrated greater cognitive impairments in alternating attention, verbal fluency, and delayed memory in comparison to DPP, IPP, and HC. Compared to HC, IPP patients exhibit cognitive deficits in verbal fluency and alternating attention and DPP patients solely in verbal fluency. Furthermore, DPP patients did not exhibit, in none of the seven neuropsychological tests, significant poorer performances than MPP or IPP patients, although having significant more episodes than MPP patients. Conclusion MPP patients exhibit increased cognitive impairments in comparison to DPP, IPP, and HC subjects. Manic episodes may play an important role in the development of cognitive deficits and thus, in potential neuroprogression. Predominant polarity may be an important specifier for predicting future cognitive impairments.

شیما مصری‌پور, عذرا اعتمادی, سید احمد احمدی et al.

Aim and Background: Given the complex nature of cheating and its catastrophic impact on tendency toward divorce, it is imperative to adopt effective interventions to help those couples who are facing this problem. This study aimed to compare effectiveness of the counseling programs based on tendency toward divorce among couples involved in extramarital relationships. Methods and Materials: Present study is a quasi-experimental study. The subjects were selected from clients referring to the counseling centers in Isfahan, Iran, through convenience sampling method. The participants were non-randomly divided into four groups including couple counseling (8 couples), husbands&rsquo; individual counseling (16 men being cheated on and their spouses), wives&rsquo; individual counseling (16 cheating women and their spouses), and the control group (n = 16). Three experimental groups were treated in ten 80-minute sessions. Divorce tendency questionnaire was used to assess intervention effectiveness and to compare the surveyed groups. Various studies have reported the acceptable reliability and validity of this instrument. Findings: The data of all participants (96 individuals including the couples in all groups) were analyzed. The repeated measures test was used to evaluate the main and interactive effects of the time and surveyed groups regarding divorce and its components. The effect of group interaction (individual counseling group, couple counseling group and control group) and time (three stages: pre-test, post-test and follow-up) were significant in all surveyed variables (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Counseling programs based on couple counseling, compared with individual counseling methods, had higher effectiveness regarding tendency toward divorce among couples involved in extramarital relations.

J. Jeppesen, S. Beniczky, P. Johansen et al.

Sorosh Tabatabaeifar, Susanne Wulff Svendsen, B. Johnsen et al.