Hasil untuk "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"

Sujoy Bhore, Karl Bringmann, Timothy M. Chan et al.

The union volume estimation problem asks to $(1\pm\varepsilon)$-approximate the volume of the union of $n$ given objects $X_1,\ldots,X_n \subset \mathbb{R}^d$. In their seminal work in 1989, Karp, Luby, and Madras solved this problem in time $O(n/\varepsilon^2)$ in an oracle model where each object $X_i$ can be accessed via three types of queries: obtain the volume of $X_i$, sample a random point from $X_i$, and test whether $X_i$ contains a given point $x$. This running time was recently shown to be optimal [Bringmann, Larsen, Nusser, Rotenberg, and Wang, SoCG'25]. In another line of work, Meel, Vinodchandran, and Chakraborty [PODS'21] designed algorithms that read the objects in one pass using polylogarithmic time per object and polylogarithmic space; this can be phrased as a dynamic algorithm supporting insertions of objects for union volume estimation in the oracle model. In this paper, we study algorithms for union volume estimation in the oracle model that support both insertions and deletions of objects. We obtain the following results: - an algorithm supporting insertions and deletions in polylogarithmic update and query time and linear space (this is the first such dynamic algorithm, even for 2D triangles); - an algorithm supporting insertions and suffix queries (which generalizes the sliding window setting) in polylogarithmic update and query time and space; - an algorithm supporting insertions and deletions of convex bodies of constant dimension in polylogarithmic update and query time and space.

Анна Романовна Лагно

Опираясь на антитезу смеха и стыда, предложенную философом Леонидом Карасевым, автор исследует, каким образом в польском комедийном сериале «Ухо председателя» (Ucho Prezesa) посредством юмора отражаются общественные представления о власти, политических нравах и механизмах управления, которые были характерны для периода правления партии «Право и справедливость» (ПиС) (2015–2023). Главный герой – председатель ПиС Ярослав Качиньский – окружен трусливыми, глупыми и лицемерными соратниками, лишенными саморефлексии и не испытывающими стыда за свои поступки. Смех председателя над своими подчиненными и представителями оппозиции укрепляет его чувство превосходства, он радуется чужим неудачам и, по сути, всех презирает. Чувство стыда ему не чуждо, однако он сознательно подавляет его в себе. «Ухо председателя» высмеивает не только представителей правящей партии, но и оппозицию. Политические конкуренты ПиС представлены не в лучшем свете: они лицемерны, порой вульгарны и глупы, думают лишь о собственном благополучии и о том, как бы вернуться снова к власти. Создатели сериала иронизируют над абсурдностью установившейся в Польше по сути двухпартийной системы, при которой на протяжении последних двадцати лет ПиС и «Гражданская Платформа», побеждая на выборах, отменяет решения своих предшественников, превращая политический процесс в бесконечный замкнутый круг. Смех становится способом выражения общественного недовольства затянувшимся политическим конфликтом, известным как «польско-польская война», который превращает политический процесс в борьбу личных интересов, лишая общество необходимых изменений. Статья поступила в редакцию 28.03.2025. Рецензирование завершено 22.07.2025. Статья принята к публикации 16.09.2025. Цитирование Лагно А. Р. Смех и стыд в польском комедийном сериале «Ухо председателя» (Ucho Prezesa): кого высмеивают и кто смеется? // Славянский альманах. 2025. No 3–4. С. 296–318. DOI: 10.31168/2073-5731.2025.3-4.15

Valentina Ageeva

Introduction. Transportation to forced labor is a special stage of a kind of “initiation” of Soviet citizens into slaves of the Third Reich, “Untermenschen,” associated with violent separation from their home, relatives, and established way of life, with a one-time transition to a destructive situation of loss of personal freedom, humiliation of human dignity, and physical and psychological exhaustion. Methods and materials. The author relied on the approaches of historical anthropology, historical psychology, and the history of everyday life. The source base of the study was formed by the documents of the Rostov Regional Commission for the Accounting of Damage and Atrocities Inflicted by the Nazi Occupiers on Institutions, Enterprises, and Citizens of Rostov and the Rostov region and the memories of natives of the Don who survived Nazi slavery. Analysis. The article describes the key stages of organizing the transportation of “Eastern workers”: from collections in the region to the distribution point in the Third Reich. The first psychological shock was caused by the forced separation from home and relatives, which “Eastern workers” experienced during the departure from the collection points of the cities and districts of the region. During transportation, people entered the stage of psycho-emotional overload associated with both psychophysiological stressors (hunger, lack of sleep, pain) and with the experience of aggression and violence, humiliation of personal dignity, perception of their own and others’ suffering, death of other people, group isolation, and uncertainty of the future. The article also reflects forms of resistance through escapes during stops at stations and the possibility of rescue by partisans during combat operations. Results. The transportation of residents of the Rostov region in 1942–1943 to Nazi Germany was one of the first stages of the psychological and physiological breakdown of Soviet citizens by the Nazis, who were destined to become “slaves” of the Third Reich.

Galina V. Aksenova

The author considers the life V.N. Khitrovo (1834-1903) who was to a greater extent known as the founder of the Orthodox Palestine Society and, to a lesser extent, as a statesman. In 1856, he became an official in the Naval Ministry, where he served under the command of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich until April 1863, during the transformation of the financial reporting system in the Naval Ministry. The article describes for the first time V.N. Khitrovo’s service in the Office of the Control Department and the Commissariat Department of the Ministry and shows the features of his service. The author reveals the significance of V.N. Khitrovo's business trip to France in 1858. The introduction into scientific use of the documents from the naval archive made it possible to characterize the nature of Khitrovo’s activity during the studies and the practical training he had in the Reporting Department of the French Ministry of Finance and Arsenal. In addition, the author analyzed for the first time V.N. Khitrovo’s works devoted to the history of accounting and justification of the need to introduce a double-entry bookkeeping system. The conducted research allowed us to come to the conclusion that during his years of service in the Naval Ministry, V.N. Khitrovo gained critical experience in organizing financial control and accounting, which later allowed him to effectively organize the financial activities of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society.

Gregory Tierney

Elite-level American football and rugby union are two high-contact sports with growing clinical and legal concerns over player safety. A comparison of current indicative trends in concussion and head acceleration events (HAEs) in elite-level American football and rugby union was undertaken. Rugby union players have a greater number of professional playing years and matches available in a season than their American football counterparts. Rugby union players have a greater number of concussions reported per match and a higher proportion of concussions occurring during training sessions, based on National Football League (NFL) and Rugby Football Union (RFU) injury reports. Preliminary findings indicate that rugby union forwards experience a higher incidence of HAEs per player match over lower and higher magnitude thresholds, than American football defensive players. Taken collectively, current evidence indicates a trend toward greater reported exposure in elite-level rugby union across several key metrics. These patterns highlight the need for independent, transparent, and scientifically rigorous research to better understand concussion and HAE biomechanics and to support the development of effective mitigation strategies in contact sport.

Ramon Amela, Shreemoy Mishra, Sergio Demian Lerner et al.

We present Union, a trust-minimized bridge protocol that enables secure transfer of BTC between Bitcoin and a secondary blockchain. The growing ecosystem of blockchain systems built around Bitcoin has created a pressing need for secure and efficient bridges to transfer BTC between networks while preserving Bitcoin's security guarantees. Union employs a multi-party variant of BitVMX, an optimistic proving system on Bitcoin, to create a bridge that operates securely under the assumption that at least one participant remains honest. This 1-of-n honest approach is strikingly different from the conventional honest-majority assumption adopted by practically all federated systems. The protocol introduces several innovations: a packet-based architecture that allows security bonds to be reused for multiple bridge operations, improving capital efficiency; a system of enablers to manage functionaries participation and to enforce penalties; a flexible light client framework adaptable to various blockchain architectures; and an efficient stop watch mechanism to optimize time-lock management. Union is a practical and scalable solution for Bitcoin interoperability that maintains strong security guarantees and minimizes trust assumptions.

Apaar Bawa, Ugur Kursuncu, Dilshod Achilov et al.

Telegram emerged as a crucial platform for both parties during the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. Per its minimal policies for content moderation, Pro-Kremlin narratives and potential misinformation were spread on Telegram, while anti-Kremlin narratives with related content were also propagated, such as war footage, troop movements, maps of bomb shelters, and air raid warnings. This paper presents a dataset of posts from both pro-Kremlin and anti-Kremlin Telegram channels, collected over a period spanning a year before and a year after the Russian invasion. The dataset comprises 404 pro-Kremlin channels with 4,109,645 posts and 114 anti-Kremlin channels with 1,117,768 posts. We provide details on the data collection process, processing methods, and dataset characterization. Lastly, we discuss the potential research opportunities this dataset may enable researchers across various disciplines.

Vladimir Ig. Kolesov, Dmitriy V. Sen’

The article devotes itself to establishing and describing the key events in the “migration history” of the Dzhegonassko-Evreyskoe Mountain Jews. The problem is discussed in the context of this group’s post-revolutionary history, up until the beginning of the 1930s. The article analyzes the debatable issues of the fate of the devastated settlement of the Dzhegonas Jews in 1918 and in the subsequent period, their further dispersion on the North Caucasus territory. Additional evidence has been uncovered that confirms the residency of a large portion of this group of Mountain Jews in the village of Nevinnomysskaya, as well as their links to other groups of Mountain Jews. Additional facts about the attempts of the Dzhegonas Jews to return to the lands of their old village in Karachay-Cherkessia in the first half of the 1920s have been revealed. It is shown how the question of land management of the Dzhegonas Jews turned out to be connected with the regular collection by the Soviet, Communist Party and other structures of a variety of accounting, statistical and other information about them (as well as about the Mozdok and Grozny mountain Jews). The forms and methods of consolidation of Dzhegonas Jews in the Soviet policy of indigenization of national minorities and the settlement of Terek District by mountain Jews organized by the authorities are studied.

Olga V. Trefilova

This congratulatory message refers to the lead researcher of the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Philology Anna A. Plotnikova, a specialist in Serbian language, Balkanistics, ethnolinguistics, linguistic geography, Slavic dialectology, lexicology, lexicography. The researcher’s path is connected with the Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with which she began to cooperate while studying at the Lomonosov Moscow State University in the 1980s. After defending her PhD thesis “Ethnolinguistic dictionary as a linguistic, ethnographic and folklore source (based on the material of Slavic languages and traditions)” (1990), she began to work at the Institute of Slavic Studies as a junior researcher and worked her way up to the lead researcher of the Department of Ethnolinguistics and Folklore. Anna Plotnikova is actively developing areal ethnolinguistics. In 2005, she defended her doctoral thesis “Ethnolinguistic geography of South Slavia”. To date, she has authored 6 books and more than 500 research papers. She is a member of the author’s team of the ethnolinguistic dictionaries “Slavic antiquities” and “Slavic mythology”, a member of the editorial boards of some scholarly journals, editor of serial publications and some monographs of her colleagues. Since 2007, Anna Plotnikova has led the collective work in the Department of Ethnolinguistics and Folklore, which was aimed at creating an electronic database of the Archive of Polesie expeditions (were conducted in 1962–1985); at various times she managed or participated in a number of grants supported by Russian scientific foundations. She is a member of the Russian National Committee of Slavists, participates in the work of several commissions under the International Committee of Slavists: on Balkan linguistics, on ethnolinguistics, on the study of Russian Old Believers. She cooperates with university education, directs the work of graduate students, including foreign ones, and engages young researchers in research activities.

Mikhail A. Volkhonsky, Akhmet A. Yarlykapov, Sergey B. Manyshev

The article reveals the main stages of the life path of the last Karanogay manager Philip Iosifovich Kapelgorodsky (1882–1938) – a person whose merits in the arrangement of the Nogai steppe at the beginning of the XX century are unfairly forgotten. The little-studied aspects of his activities as an imperial administrator are highlighted with the involvement of archival data and memoirs. Separate episodes from the biography of F.I. Kapelgorodsky, which determined the turns of his life. His significant contribution to the organization of education in the Nogai steppe, the study and description of the culture, customs, way of life of the Nogais is indicated. A brief description and analysis of his activities during the Soviet period is also given. In addition, the track record of F.I. Kapelgorodsky in 1915, extracted from the funds of the Russian State Military Historical Archive, which allows us to clarify some biographical data.

Abidat A. Gazieva, Ruslan I. Seferbekov, Olga B. Khalidova

This paper presents a historiographical review of studies about the history of Russians and Cossacks of Dagestan and the North Caucasus in the late Middle Ages, modern, soviet and contemporary times. The history of the study of the Russians and the Cossacks in each of these historical periods had its own characteristics and was determined by the socio-political, socio-economic and cultural processes occurring in the country. The authors believe that the most complete and comprehensive, free from ideological attitudes, historical and ethnographic study of the Russians and the Cossacks, was conducted in modern times. This is because of the new paradigm of the state and social structure of Russia, associated with the unfavorable international political and economic situation, the global challenges of our time; such as an increase in ethnic self-awareness of the Russians who make up most of the population; bring awareness to their responsibility for the peoples’ fate of Russia and the entire world. Further study of the historiography of various groups of the domestic and foreign Russian population and the Cossacks is promising to create generalizing works on the history and ethnography of Russians in Russia and other countries of the world.In the article, based on the analysis of the works of the authors of pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historiography, using historical-genetic, comparative-historical, typological and historical-systemic methods, a historical and bibliographic review of the main works on the history of Russians and the Cossacks of Dagestan and the North Caucasus is given.

V. Arakelova

The Talishis are the fourth largest ethnic group in the South Caucasus and the largest nonstate people in the Caucasian-Iranian region. The problems of their ethnic history, culture, and identity are among the topical issues of Caucaso-Caspica. The Talishis are a divided people living on opposite banks of the Araxes River, in the current Azerbaijan Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This historical division occurred in the 19th century as a result of the Russian-Persian wars and seriously affected the cultural, linguistic, religious and other markers of the Talishi identity. Up to the 19th c., the whole land inhabited by the Talishis had been part of Iran. Since 1813, northern Talysh has successively been ruled by the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and finally, since 1991, by the former Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Republic). These historical peripeteia have resulted in the actualisation of different identity markers on opposite banks of the Araxes River; they are of different relevance in Iran and in Azerbaijan Republic. Accordingly, the idea of Talysh (the Talishis’ ethnic territory) and its status is also approached in different ways among the two groups. This paper focuses on the Talishi identity, its transformations and peculiarities in Azerbaijan Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Anne Crowley-Vigneau, Andrey Baykov, Yelena Kalyuzhnova

Introduction. This paper deals with the international environmental norms on combatting the flaring of Associated Petroleum Gas (APG) and its adoption by Russia (decrees no. 7 and 1148). Flaring, or the systematic burning of associated gas during oil production, leads to the release of carbon dioxide and other harmful substances, endangering the surrounding and global environment. Methods. The authors use qualitative methods resting upon the analysis of primary and secondary documents, including articles from the media, legal texts, official communications and scholarly literature, to trace back the conditions that brought about the emergence of a distinct international norms condemning flaring. Analysis. The analysis of the norm through its life cycle reveals that the multi-faceted framing strategies employed by the Transnational Advocacy Network allowed the issue of flaring to gain salience in a relatively short timeframe. The flexible, durable, technical and apolitical approach adopted by the World Bank’s Global Gas Flaring Reduction Private Public partnership explains the Russian Government’s willingness to address the issue of flaring and to legislate on APG utilization. Results. The findings suggest that international campaigning for environmental protection need not be confrontational and that transnational advocacy networks may gain in efficiency if they adopt targeted strategies and systematically recode their message for each group of actors they plan to sensitize. Authors contribution. This article is based on research carried out by one of the authors, Anne Crowley-Vigneau for her dual doctoral thesis on international norms and Local Content policies completed at MGIMO University and the University of Reading. As the coordinating author she gathered the primary data through expert interviews. Andrey Baykov participated in coding, triangulating the data and studying legal documents. Prof. Yelena Kalyuzhnova, the supervisor of this research, provided guidance and created the research methodology. The writing of the paper was a joint effort of all three authors.

Viacheslaw Cheremuchin

Introduction. The history of Tsaritsyn as a frontier is a unique example of urbanization, the struggle for which was both ideological and strategic. Since the Russian Revolution of 1917, the city has been under pressure from the ideological systems of the “fiery revolutionaries” of 1917, the Bolsheviks and their opponents in 1917–1920. Methods. Using the accumulated historiographical material, based on the material of the local periodical press, practically not put into circulation, an attempt is made to reconstruct the life of Tsaritsyn in 1917–1920. Analysis. The analysis revealed a number of important problems. The central problem of the city was the food issue, which reached a crisis stage under the influence of public criticism of the government’s actions to introduce food appropriation (1916) and was not resolved until the end of the war. The crisis, aggravated by revolutionary actions, introduced the public into (2) a spiritual crisis, which manifested itself in the unwillingness of people to participate in the activities of self-government. Fuel, crime, epidemiological and budgetary problems led to the breakdown of the urban economy and the lack of combat capability of the military. The capture of the city by the Whites in 1919 only worsened the urban economy. The public was in crisis and quickly panicked at reports of the threat of a fall in volunteer power. The return of the city to the leadership of the Red Army and the creation of an independent province with its center in Tsaritsyn led to the gradual restoration of the city on the basis of an industrial base established in the 19th century. Results. Research into the history of Tsaritsyn during the transition years has shown that radical transformations and the inconsistent policy of successive regimes led to the deformation of urban structures, bringing them into a state of permanent crisis. Only the end of hostilities and the establishment of a stable state course of development can provide the potential for the functioning of the city within the state.

A. Gapsalamov, V. Vasilev, T. Bochkareva et al.

The collapse of the Soviet Union, the destruction of intra- and intersectoral ties between the former Soviet republics, and the unsuccessful market transformations that followed, supplemented by political and social problems, could not produce an explosive positive effect on the development of the new statehood. Crises became an integral part of the economy of the Russian Federation, which did not take long to affect the social sphere of society. It was necessary to search for mechanisms capable of changing the situation and accelerating economic processes. Relying only on the experience of leading foreign states, as practice showed, did not always lead to a positive result. The reasons for this lie in the combination of political, economic, cultural characteristics of countries that are not like Russia. Undoubtedly, it is worth trying to use this experience, but at the same time applying the achievements of domestic theory and management practice. In this regard, in the presented study, on the example of a separate republic, an analysis of the development of the Soviet economy in the middle of the 1960s1970s is carried out, the features of the success and at the same time the crisis of the Soviet industry are shown. Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the period under review was able to achieve a powerful upswing in industry. Success was built primarily on the oil and petrochemical industries, which was explained by the demand for the products of these industries in the domestic and foreign markets. However, only the focus on data, traditional industries, in the conditions of late industrialism, became the anchor of further development. Central and local leadership failed to capture these trends.

Edita G. Gzoyan

Artsakh or Karabakh is an integral part of historic Armenia. Felling under the rule of various conquerors throughout the history, Artsakh remained Armenian, sometimes possessing also a semi-independent status. The legal history of the Artsakh dispute can be traced back to the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan, when Persia ceded sovereignty of Artsakh to the Russian Empire. After the collapse of the Russian Empire, during 1918-1920 Artsakh was disputed by the Republics of Armenia and Azerbaijan, because of the administrative policy of the former Russian Empire to unite the national territories into mixed administrative units. After being incorporated into the Soviet Union, again because of the same administrative police, the Armenian populated Artsakh was incorporated into Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous district (marz). Utilizing Article 3 of the "Law on Procedure for Resolving Questions Connected with a Union Republic’s Secession from the USSR,” which provides right to the people of autonomous republics and autonomous formations to independently decide their future state-legal status, on September 2, 1991, a joint session of the People's Deputies of the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Region and Shahumian regional councils, declared the establishment of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic (NKR). This move was followed by a referendum, where 99,9 percent voted for independence of NKR. After this vote until now, Azerbaijan tries to seize Artsakh by force, which is contrary to international public and humanitarian law. This article aims to study the status of Artsakh in the context of the above historical-legal developments. It clearly demonstrates that the right of people of Artsakh to independence is undisputable.

Z.R. Ishanxodjaeva, R. Makhkamova

As a result of the repressive policy pursued by the Soviet authorities, even a small part of the nationalities living in the country were unjustifiably expelled from the territories where they lived. As a result of this policy, it was relocated to Uzbekistan, along with other republics of the former Soviet Union. The mass forced relocation of Koreans to Uzbekistan, along with other minorities, began in 1937-1938. In short, this article discusses the history of the resettlement of Koreans.

A. Soulsby, A. Remišová, T. Steger

This special issue focuses on the developments in ethical standards in the post-communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) including the former Soviet Union. Over thirty years have elapsed since the demise of the Soviet Bloc and, despite some common institutional features, the societies have had very different experiences with uneven developments across the region since the collapse of communism. In this special issue, the authors explore business and management ethics situated within the context of the challenges that face these still transforming post-communist societies. The papers cover a range of issues and countries including Albania, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia. Potential further avenues for research are identified in the field of business ethics in post-communist societies.

Alexey Yastrebov

This article aims to show the existence of stable ties between the Metropolitanate of Philadelphia of the Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Russian Orthodox Church at the end of the 16th century. Last but not least, the establishment of these contacts was facilitated by the active position of the ruling bishop of the metropolis. In addition, texts belonging to the pen of two theologians and clergymen who were directly related to Russia and the Russian Church — Jesuit Antonio Possevino and Metropolitan Gavriil Sevir of Philadelphia — are being introduced into scientifi c circulation. Both of them, Catholic and Orthodox, each from their own point of view, appreciated the faith and rituals of the Orthodox Church. The fi nal chapter of the treatise “Muscovy” by A. Possevino informs us about what views he had on religion in the Moscow state, representing a certain list of doctrinal “mistakes” of the Russians, which Metropolitan Gabriel chose to defend. His letter, being an apology for the whole of Orthodoxy, primarily defends the Russian Church, against which the “capita” of the Jesuit were directed. Finally, the latter’s answer is interesting not so much from the theological point of view. It, like Gabriel’s message, is valuable as an illustrative example of principled but respectful discussion. Of course, this does not exclude the fact that each tried to achieve his goal and to some extent dull the opponent’s vigilance. The metropolitan’s genuine attitude to Possevino is demonstrated, for example, by the remark published below in the preface to the later edition of one of his works. All this makes the documents, first published in Russian, important sources for the history of the Roman Catholic, Russian and Greek Orthodox Churches.

А. В. Зайцева, А. Л. Лифшиц

References to Dmitrii Anichkov’s Annotationes in logicam, metaphysicam et cosmologiam (1782) regularly appear in literature on Russian book history. However, this publication not only did not exist, but could not exist. Anichkov, following the classification put forth by Christian Wolf and Friedrich Baumeister, regarded cosmology as part of metaphysics. In fact, Anichkov’s textbook, entitled Annotationes in logicam et metaphysicam, which was published in 1782 and 1783, included two volumes that ontology and cosmology respectively. Both are yet to be explored.