With the occupation of Poland by German troops in the fall of 1939, Nazi German authorities began to seize Polish cultural assets on a large scale, with academic institutions participating in this process. In this context, the article at hand focuses on the confiscation of Polish forestry science collections in 1939/40. The focus lies on the holdings of the Warsaw Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego (SGGW), the General Directorate of State Forests, and the Faculty of Forestry at the University of Poznań. With the cooperation of German forestry colleges – in particular those in Tharandt and Eberswalde – these holdings were systematically cataloged and transferred to Germany. Based on previously little-known files from the Tharandt University of Forestry, the case study reconstructs the sequence of events, the actors, and the ideological background of these measures. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of Professor Kurt Mantel and his colleague Heinz Hoinkes, who were involved in the cataloging and relocation of Polish holdings in Warsaw on behalf of the German authorities. At the same time, contemporary Polish reports documenting the extent of looting and destruction are consulted. After the end of WWII, a systematic return of the stolen objects began in Tharandt, which was largely completed by the early 1950s. Nevertheless, provenance research has revealed that the holdings of the SLUB Dresden still contain volumes that arrived from Poland in 1940. Both concretely and symbolically, these volumes stand for the long-suppressed history of the systematic takeover of scientific and technical equipment. In the spirit of Walter Benjamin, this text is intended as a memorial that reveals the hidden traces of history and gives voice to the forgotten.
Wartość jako kategoria naukowa jest współcześnie wykorzystywana sporadycznie. Zwykle jest ignorowana, a jeśli się już o niej wspomina, to dla przytoczenia argumentów na rzecz jej odrzucenia. Jednak każde odrzucenie wartości podkreśla doniosłość leżących u jego podstaw rozstrzygnięć aksjologicznych.
Na wstępie przedstawiono pięć powodów odrzucania wartości. Każdy taki sprzeciw jest źródłem wiedzy o warunkujących go relacjach aksjotycznych. Następnie omówiono pięć par relacji aksjotycznych o znaczeniu ontycznym, egzystencjalnym, epistemicznym, semiotycznym i sensotwórczym. Relacje te zachodzą w środowiskach kulturowym, gospodarczym, przyrodniczym i społecznym. Tekst zamykają uwagi na temat współwystępowania relacji aksjotycznych w procesie kształtowania i opisywania tych środowisk. W ten sposób autor ukazuje uniwersalną obecność języka wartości w różnych aspektach rzeczywistości i sposobach wypowiadania się o nich.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Poland
This paper arguments that despite the historical and political contexts of the nineteenth century period and the military intentions of The Map of Old Poland’s [Karta Dawnej Polski] original creators, this source now represents not only the nationhood narrative but also a complex story of wetlands. Due to time constraints and limited resources, the authors did not index forests or other environments in this map, except from aquatic objects. Therefore, we received a rich source containing over 3,700 hydronyms in Polish, including rivers, swamps, bogs, marshes, lakes, and larger bodies of water, some of which no longer exist or are now known only by foreign names. After indexing them for a new digital edition prepared by the Spatial History Lab in the Department of Historical Atlas, this paper envisages how to study such rare cartographical data within the frame of environmental history and the renewed interest in wetland restoration across a drying Europe. Particularly, the eastern parts of the former Polish Kingdom preserved on The Map of Old Poland, stretching from north to south, offer several valuable examples that are case studied in this article.
Clayton Bromley, Alexander Moore, Amar Saini
et al.
Contemporary state-of-the-art video object segmentation (VOS) models compare incoming unannotated images to a history of image-mask relations via affinity or cross-attention to predict object masks. We refer to the internal memory state of the initial image-mask pair and past image-masks as a working memory buffer. While the current state of the art models perform very well on clean video data, their reliance on a working memory of previous frames leaves room for error. Affinity-based algorithms include the inductive bias that there is temporal continuity between consecutive frames. To account for inconsistent camera views of the desired object, working memory models need an algorithmic modification that regulates the memory updates and avoid writing irrelevant frames into working memory. A simple algorithmic change is proposed that can be applied to any existing working memory-based VOS model to improve performance on inconsistent views, such as sudden camera cuts, frame interjections, and extreme context changes. The resulting model performances show significant improvement on video data with these frame interjections over the same model without the algorithmic addition. Our contribution is a simple decision function that determines whether working memory should be updated based on the detection of sudden, extreme changes and the assumption that the object is no longer in frame. By implementing algorithmic changes, such as this, we can increase the real-world applicability of current VOS models.
The purpose of this work is to show the formation process, his professional career, popularizing, teaching and organizational achievements in the field of physical culture and physical rehabilitation. Lucjan Lange was a respected physiotherapist, coach, athlete, academic teacher of Physical Education at the University of Poznań (he worked with Prof. Dr. Eugeniusz Piasecki, pioneer of the history of physical culture as a new scientific discipline, and Prof. Dr. Zdzislaw Grot, pioneer of the history of physical education in Poland), lecturer at the Medical Academy, the Higher School of Physical Education, the Agricultural Academy, the Medical Academy and Poznań high schools. He served as head of the Department of Therapeutic Physical Culture and as an instructor at the Department of Therapeutic Rehabilitation of the Orthopedic Medicine Clinic of the Poznan Medical Academy. He worked with the most prominent practitioners and theoreticians of Polish phys- iotherapy of the interwar period: Prof. Wiktor Dega, Prof. Kazimiera Milanowska and Doc. Janina Tomaszewska. He was among the forerunners of the application of new methods in therapeutic gymnastics; he organized and conducted staff training for rehabilitation departments. He served as secretary of the scientific journal “Physical Education” and was a member of district sports associations and clubs and national and international medical societies. While working at the University of Poznań’s Department of Physical Education, he taught classes in swimming, rowing, gymnastics, national dances, hand-to-hand combat, sports games, athletics and ice skating, among others. He presented methods for improving the compensation andadaptation of the musculoskeletal organ, muscle re-education and improvement after peripheral neuron damage. He has published dozens of popular science papers, the content of which he has presented at scientific conferences.
Artykuł przedstawia analizę performatywno-partycypacyjnego charakteru działań twórczych podejmowanych w obrębie sztuk graficznych w ostatniej dekadzie. Ta stosunkowo nowa dla sztuk graficznych formuła relacji artysta — dzieło — odbiorca opisana została przy pomocy koncepcji sztuki partycypacyjnej zgodnej z jej ujęciem zaproponowanym w 2012 roku przez Claire Bishop. Uzupełnieniem metodologicznym jest redefinicja pojęcia dyspozytywu graficznego, który w ramach analizowanych projektów ulega daleko idącemu przekształceniu w stosunku do postaci, w jakiej dotychczas funkcjonował w obrębie sztuk graficznych. Refleksja podjęta w artykule dotyczy wspólnototwórczego charakteru działań dwóch graficzek, Zuzanny Dyrdy (Polska) i Priscilli Romero Cubero (Kostaryka), i wskazuje na rolę, jaką zaproponowana przez każdą z nich praktyka artystyczna odgrywa w przekształcaniu postrzegania medium graficznego w aktualnym polu sztuki. Omówione projekty reprezentują istotny wkład w rozwój sztuk graficznych w tak zwanym poszerzonym polu i stanowią dobry przykład możliwości, jakimi dysponuje to medium artystyczne w zakresie aktywizowania, budzenia świadomości oraz budowania mikro- i makro-wspólnot opartych na emocjonalnym zaangażowaniu odbiorców i kładących nacisk na cielesność jako istotny aspekt konstytuowania emocji.
Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology, History of Poland
Aleksander Sapiński, Jolanta Pochopień, Martyna Januszewicz
et al.
The text discusses the issue of long-term discrimination against women in history, especially in the professional sphere. The authors point out that although women played important roles in ancient societies as mothers, priestesses and wives of rulers, they never had access to the highest positions or decision-making roles.The text emphasizes that beliefs play a key role in shaping society and influence our choices. However, good or bad choices are often imposed by society, which operates on the basis of specific cultural patterns.The text distinguishes three types of activities affecting discrimination:The authors note that the dominance of certain beliefs over others leads to long-term discrimination. In the context of professional discrimination against women in Poland, the text points to the repetition of cultural patterns and disregard of women's interests by men, often under the pretext of tradition and a hypocritical interpretation of the Catholic faith.Finally, the authors emphasize that assessing the actions of the government and non-governmental organizations is difficult because it is influenced by powerful corporations and their economic interpretations, which are often placed above ethical and moral issues. The text points to the need to fight discrimination in the professional sphere and change society's beliefs.
In the course of Operation Reinhardt, Germans not only deported Jews to death camps but also killed them in mass shootings in the close vicinity of their homes. The mass graves are still part of the Polish landscape. Meanwhile, most of these post-killing sites are marked in space and commemorated. Taking the example of the mass grave in Tylawa, in southeastern Poland, the article gives an insight into research on the memory of the mass shootings. Given the poor archival documentation, the author argues that physical matter, including landscape, is very informative as a source on the history and memory of Operation Reinhardt. A method used for interpreting physical objects and their entanglement with human actions is called infrastructural inversion, as proposed by Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star. The author therefore applies the concept of infrastructure in order to understand the historical and mnemonic processes behind the mass grave and its monument in Tylawa.
Raphael Watschinger, Michal Merta, Günther Of
et al.
We present a novel approach to the parallelization of the parabolic fast multipole method for a space-time boundary element method for the heat equation. We exploit the special temporal structure of the involved operators to provide an efficient distributed parallelization with respect to time and with a one-directional communication pattern. On top, we apply a task-based shared memory parallelization and SIMD vectorization. In the numerical tests we observe high efficiencies of our parallelization approach.
Sebastian Fabian Klonowic’s Translation of Civilitas morum by Erasmus of Rotterdam: Its Place in the Poet’s Legacy and Its Publishing History in Poland-Lithuania
The article focuses on the Polish rendition of De civilitate morum puerilium – that is, a translation from Reinhard Lorich’s (Hadamarius’) catechismal version of Erasmus’ of Rotterdam treatise. The main goals of the text are: first, to understand the presence of the text (the Polish title: Dworstwo obyczajów) among works of such a talented author as Sebastian Fabian Klonowic; second, to reconstruct the publishing history of the Polish De civilitate; third to argue that forgotten bestsellers, such as Dworstwo, can help to better understand both early modern literature and book market in the first centuries of printing. The article summarises current knowledge about Sebastian Fabian Klonowic (ca. 1545–1602), a prolific poet, but also an author of textbooks and handbooks used to teach Latin and morals, as De civilitate was used as well. It analyses Klonowic’s translation practices and discusses his enthusiasm for Erasmus’ output. It also suggests that the Polish text was written with school usage in mind, probably for students of the newly opened academy established by Polish Brethrens in Raków. Next, the text moves on to describe the publishing history of De civilitate – Erasmus’ manual, its adaptations and translations. The author concentrates on the Polish translation, but the scarce evidence available for this title and its editions in the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania is interpreted in the wider context of the Latin and vernacular editions of De civilitate printed in other European lands. The survey combines information offered by the unique copies preserved in the library collections and the evidence found in archival sources to reconstruct the reasons for the success of the handbook, and to explain why the majority of copies multiplying the text once enormously popular with printers and readers alike were bound to perish.
Edition of Dworstwo obyczajów presents the Polish text of Klonowic. It is based on a printed unique copy of about 1603 (held at Ossolineum Library in Wrocław).
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages, Literature (General)
The first determination of the surface temperature of stars other than the Sun is due to the Hungarian astrophysicist Béla Harkányi. Prompted by the recent unprecedented increase in the availability of stellar temperature estimates from Gaia, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of Harkányi's birth, this article presents the life and work of this neglected, yet remarkable figure in the context of the history of stellar astrophysics.
The concentration parameter is a key characteristic of a dark matter halo that conveniently connects the halo's present-day structure with its assembly history. Using 'Dark Sky', a suite of cosmological $N$-body simulations, we investigate how halo concentration evolves with time and emerges from the mass assembly history. We also explore the origin of the scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. We show that the evolution of halo concentration has two primary modes: (1) smooth increase due to pseudo-evolution; and (2) intense responses to physical merger events. Merger events induce lasting and substantial changes in halo structures, and we observe a universal response in the concentration parameter. We argue that merger events are a major contributor to the uncertainty in halo concentration at fixed halo mass and formation time. In fact, even haloes that are typically classified as having quiescent formation histories experience multiple minor mergers. These minor mergers drive small deviations from pseudo-evolution, which cause fluctuations in the concentration parameters and result in effectively irreducible scatter in the relation between concentration and assembly history. Hence, caution should be taken when using present-day halo concentration parameter as a proxy for the halo assembly history, especially if the recent merger history is unknown.
The aim of the work is to clarify the attribution of the Lavryszów Gospel of Aprakos (Poland, Kraków National Museum, Czartoryski Museum of Library, collection 2097 IV) and to update the problem of protograph's determining, as well as to present the latest codicological and palaeographic facts. The task is also to single out dialectal, especially phonetics, features and compare them with the famous Ruthenian-Ukrainian aprakos of the 12th-14th centuries. Methodology of the research is based on the use of source, paleographic, codicological and linguistic methods of analysis. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the dating of the monument to a time not earlier than the 14th century. There are five scribes with the boundaries of their handwriting. One of the scribes, other writers' inspirer and teacher was Saint Iieve (in the text - Ieve). It is proved that the protographer with whom the first scriber worked before the verso of 61st sheet is the Galician-Volyn Gospel of the 12th-13th centuries from the collection of the Tretyakov Gallery K 5348 (Russia, Moscow). Protographs that were used by scribes to rewrite other parts of the code are more difficult to establish now. The complex of identified dialectal features connects the studied aprakos with other gospels of the Galician-Volyn written tradition. The analysis of handwriting and artistic decoration allowed to suggest the hypothesis that this book was created as a kind of textbook for mastering novice scribes clerical and porthole skills. Conclusions. The latest data give grounds to attribute the manuscript of the 14th century, and the protographs used in its writing to localize them as Galician-Volyn. The text does not attest to the peculiarities of writing, spelling, phonetics, characteristic of the end of the 13th century. The main protograph is the Gospel of Aprakos of the 12th-13th centuries, which is kept in the Tretyakov Gallery. The complex of revealed dialectal features connects the studied aprakos with other gospels of the 14th century of the Galician-Volyn written tradition; most similarities are attested with the Lutsk Gospel. Further establishment of protographs of the Lavryshiv Gospel is promising for source studies and important for the study of the history of the Ukrainian language.
The paper is an attempt to define the term “Vilnius modernism”, its earliest manifestations in various, and even contradictory, formulas. The sources of modern art in Vilnius after the end of the Great War, artistic, historical and ideological contexts of the dynamically changing phenomenon of Vilnius modernism – from late symbolism, through neoclassicism, to strictly avant-garde art –are indicated. Both theoretical declarations/ manifestoes as well as works of art and their interpretations at that time are taken into account.
The article focuses on historical aspects and the presentation of selected persons, who have had a key impact on reaching the principle of double-entry from Italy to Poland. It presents the history of the prevalence of the double-entry rule and thus Benedetto Cotrugli’s contribution to science and education in accounting. Cotrugli’s work was a compendium of merchant knowledge necessary to keep accounting books and the same time a basis for science and education in this field. It was Benedetto Cotrugli who made the first theoretical description of the rules of double accounting, exceeding by over 20 years the work of Luca Pacioli, who codified the principles of bookkeeping in his work Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalita, published in Venice in 1491. Due to the fact that the article also attempts to present the meaning of Cotrugli’s book (Book on the Art of Trade), already written in 1458, for the history of accountancy in Poland, it also refers to Ambrogio Lerici, as the first Italian who dealt with dissemination of the double-entry rules in Gdańsk.
Przełomem w rozpętaniu masowego terroru w ZSRR stało się lutowo-marcowe plenum KC WKP(b) (1937), które zainicjowało działania NKWD na rzecz likwidacji „kontrrewolucyjnych elementów”. Równolegle do tych działań prowadzone były od lipca 1937 r. do listopada 1938 r. operacje przeciwko „wrogim narodowościom” – potencjalną „piątą kolumną”, „bazą powstańczą” na wypadek wojny. Obejmowały one wszystkie warstwy ludności. Skazano wtedy ponad 335 tys. osób, spośród których rozstrzelano prawie 74%. Głównym celem było zniszczenie resztek „nacjonalistycznych elementów” – bazy dla zagranicznych wywiadów. Na przykładzie tej operacji w Kirgizji zostały przedstawione jej etapy (przygotowania, aresztowanie, śledztwo, wyrok) oraz „technologia” represji. Nawiązując do „operacji polskiej” NKWD, przytoczono bliższe informacje archiwalne o sprawie Ludwika Krynickiego. Dokonano analizy pochodzenia narodowościowego 137 ofiar, których szczątki wydobyto w Czon-Tasz, a także składu narodowego prawie 21 tys. represjonowanych w Kirgizji w latach 1918–1953 (m.in. 180 Polaków).
The historical development of the common borders took place in many respects simultaneously since the epoch of the two states’ establishment. The territories and borders of both states have greatly changed ever since, yet during the periods of joined kingdom the common borders always showed a high degree of stability.
The first description of the common state borders can be found in the Anonymous Latin Gesta by around 1200 AD. From the 15th century on, the Hungarian Parliament on several occasions appointed and sent different committees by legal acts to the borders of neighbouring countries, including Poland, in order to delimit or adjust its state borders.
Due to the threefold dissolution of the Polish State, the former common border fundamentally changed. After the First World War, the common state border between the reborn Poland and the historical Hungary completely vanished after the latter lost some two-thirds of its territory.
During the Second World War the common borders were restored for a short time through which thousands of Polish escaped to Hungary.
Thus, the partially shared state history and the changing (disappearing and reappearing) common state border represent an international singularity in many respects.
In 1848 the world was ravaged by one of the deadliest cholera outbreaks of the 19th century. From among the Northwestern Russian governorates, it was Mogilev which suffered most and where, over a sixmonth period, over 48,000 people fell sick, of whom 31.4% eventually died of the plague. When taking the incidence rate into consideration, the districts of Orsza and Sienno were hardest hit as, due to both the geophysical conditions (large numbers of bogs, swamps, periodic river floods, high soil moisture etc.) and the prevailing social and civilizational determinants (poor sanitary conditions in the towns and villages, the lack of water supply lines or sewage systems, low pure water accessibility, very limited medical care etc.) the Vibrio cholerae had particularly favorable conditions for development. The article presents the conditions for the development of the outbreak, its course, and the methods of treatment for a disease which was poorly understood at that time.
History of Poland, Demography. Population. Vital events