Hasil untuk "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"

Mikkel Thelle

Jan Budňák

Frederic Ponten

Pablo G. Pérez-González, Roberto Maiolino, Pascal A. Oesch et al.

Full sky coverage with 30-40 meter-class telescopes is essential to answer fundamental questions in Astrophysics, Cosmology, and Physics, such as the composition of the Universe and the formation of the first stars and supermassive black holes. An ELT/TMT-like telescope in the Northern Hemisphere is a fundamental and necessary facility to provide multiplexing of observing power, diversity of instrumentation, rapid response, and statistical power required to address the questions and the problems, current and future, unveiled by full sky observatories such as JWST, Euclid, or Roman space telescopes. The Northern ELT/TMT will expedite the study of unique, extreme, rare, transient, and/or high-energy events which will give the most information about fundamental Physics problems in the era of multi-messenger and time-domain Astronomy.

Florentin Millour, Guillaume Bourdarot, Jean-Baptiste Le Bouquin et al.

We present in this proceeding the results of the test phase of the GRAVITY+ adaptive optics. This extreme AO will enable both high-dynamic range observations of faint companions (including exoplanets) thanks to a 40x40 sub-apertures wavefront control, and sensitive observations (including AGNs) thanks to the addition of a laser guide star to each UT of the VLT. This leap forward is made thanks to a mostly automated setup of the AO, including calibration of the NCPAs, that we tested in Europe on the UT+atmosphere simulator we built in Nice. We managed to reproduce in laboratory the expected performances of all the modes of the AO, including under non-optimal atmospheric or telescope alignment conditions, giving us the green light to proceed with the Assembly, Integration and Verification phase in Paranal.

Eatidal Amin, Cassio F. Dantas, Dino Ienco et al.

In recent decades, European forests have faced an increased incidence of fire disturbances. This phenomenon is likely to persist, given the rising frequency of extreme events expected in the future. Estimating canopy recovery time after disturbance serves as a critical assessment for understanding forest resilience, which can ultimately help determine the ability of forests to regain their capacity to provide essential ecosystem services. This study estimated fire severity and post-disturbance recovery in European forests using a remote sensing--based time series approach. MODIS Leaf Area Index (LAI) time series data were used to track the evolution of vegetation cover over burned areas from 2001 to 2024. Fire severity was defined relative to pre-disturbance conditions by comparing vegetation status before and after fire events. Recovery intervals were determined from temporal evolution of vegetation greening as the duration required to reach the pre-disturbance LAI baseline. Furthermore, this study analyzed the severity and recovery indicators in relation to forest species diversity and landscape heterogeneity metrics across Europe, offering valuable insights into the spatial variability of forest response dynamics across diverse forest ecosystems across Europe. Results revealed a consistent pattern across vegetation cover types: higher forest species diversity and greater landscape shape complexity were associated with lower fire severity and, notably, shorter recovery times following fire disturbance.

Mostafa Barani, Konstantin Löffler, Pedro Crespo del Granado et al.

Europe is warming at the fastest rate of all continents, experiencing a temperature increase of about 1°C higher than the corresponding global increase. Aiming to be the first climate-neutral continent by 2050 under the European Green Deal, Europe requires an in-depth understanding of the potential energy transition pathways. In this paper, we develop four qualitative long-term scenarios covering the European energy landscape, considering key uncertainty pillars -- categorized under social, technological, economic, political, and geopolitical aspects. First, we place the scenarios in a three-dimensional space defined by Social dynamics, Innovation, and Geopolitical instabilities. These scenarios are brought to life by defining their narratives and focus areas according to their location in this three-dimensional space. The scenarios envision diverse futures and include distinct features. The EU Trinity scenario pictures how internal divisions among EU member states, in the context of global geopolitical instability, affect the EU climate targets. The REPowerEU++ scenario outlines the steps needed for a self-sufficient, independent European energy system by 2050. The Go RES scenario examines the feasibility of achieving carbon neutrality earlier than 2050 given favourable uncertain factors. The NECP Essentials scenario extends current national energy and climate plans until 2060 to assess their role in realizing climate neutrality. The scenarios are extended by incorporating policies and economic factors and detailed in a Qualitative to Quantitative (Q2Q) matrix, linking narratives to quantification. Finally, two scenarios are quantified to illustrate the quantification process. All the scenarios are in the process of being quantified and will be openly available and reusable.

Johanna Dalsant

Uwe M. Borghoff, Lars Berger, François Fischer

In fulfilling the European security commitment, the actors of the so-called "Intelligence Community" play a central role. They provide political and military decision-makers with important analyses and information. The Intelligence College in Europe (ICE) is the first entity to offer professional intelligence training as well as postgraduate level academic education in intelligence and security studies at a pan-European level. In developing its postgraduate provision, ICE has benefited from the experience of the German Master of Intelligence and Security Studies (MISS), which is a joint effort of the University of the Bundeswehr Munich and the Department of Intelligence at the Federal University of Administrative Sciences in Berlin. As a main contribution of this paper, the module Counterterrorism (adapted from the MISS) is examined in more detail as a case study of how postgraduate modules can be modified to speak to a pan-European audience of intelligence professionals.

James A. Sinclair, Robert West, John M. Barbara et al.

We present a study of the long term variability of Jupiter's mid-infrared auroral CH4 emissions. 7.7 - 7.9 micron images of Jupiter recorded by Earth-based telescopes over the last three decades were collated in order to quantify the magnitude and timescales over which the northern auroral hotspot's CH4 emissions varies. We find that the ratio of the radiance of the poleward northern auroral emissions to a lower-latitude zonal mean, henceforth 'Relative Poleward Radiance' or RPR, exhibits a 37% variability over a range of timescales. We searched for patterns of variability in order to test whether seasonally-varying solar insolation, the 11-year solar cycle, or short-term solar wind variability at Jupiter's magnetopause could explain the observed evolution. The variability of the RPR exhibits a weak (r < 0.2) correlation with the solar insolation received at Jupiter's high-northern latitudes. This rules out the hypothesis suggested in previous work (e.g. Sinclair et al., 2017a) that shortwave solar heating of aurorally-produced haze particles is the dominant heating mechanism in the lower stratosphere. We also find the variability exhibits negligible (r < 0.18) correlation with the monthly-mean sunspot number, which rules out variability associated with the solar cycle. On shorter timescales, we find moderate correlations of the RPR with solar wind conditions at Jupiter in the preceding days before images were recorded. For example, we find correlations of r = 0.45 and r = 0.51 of the RPR with the mean and standard deviation on the solar wind dynamical pressure in the preceding 7 days. The moderate correlation suggests that either: 1) only a subset of solar wind compressions lead to brighter, poleward, CH4 emissions and/or 2) a subset of CH4 emission brightening events are driven by internal magnetospheric and independent of the solar wind.

Abdelghani Maddi, Esther Lardreau, David Sapinho

Open access to scientific publications has progressively become a key issue for European policy makers, resulting in concrete measures by the different country members to promote its development. The aim of paper is, after providing a quick overview of OA policies in Europe, to carry out a comparative study of OA practices within European countries, using data from the Web of Science (WoS) database. This analysis is based on two indicators: the OA share that illustrates the evolution over time, and the normalized OA indicator (NOAI) that allows spatial comparisons, taking into account disciplinary structures of countries. Results show a general trend towards the development of OA over time as expected, but with large disparities between countries, depending on how early they begin taking measures in favor of OA. While it is possible to stress the importance of policy and its influence on open access at country level, this does not appear to be the case at the regional level. There is not much variability between regions, within the same country, in terms of open access indicators.

Lotte C.G. Hoegberg

Christopher Crocker

Tim William Machan and Jón Karl Helgason, eds. 2020. From Iceland to the Americas: Vinland and historical imagination. Manchester: Manchester University Press. xv + 288 pages. ISBN: 978-1-5261-2871-1.

Ryan E. Johnson

Niels C. M. Martens, Miguel Ángel Carretero Sahuquillo, Erhard Scholz et al.

Editorial of a special issue on dark matter & modified gravity, distributed across the journals Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics and Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. Published version of the open access editorial (in SHPS) available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2021.08.015. The six papers are collected here: https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-science-part-b-studies-in-history-and-philosophy-of-modern-physics/special-issue/10CR71RJLWM.

Piyu Ke, Zhu Deng, Biqing Zhu et al.

With the urgent need to implement the EU countries pledges and to monitor the effectiveness of Green Deal plan, Monitoring Reporting and Verification tools are needed to track how emissions are changing for all the sectors. Current official inventories only provide annual estimates of national CO$_2$ emissions with a lag of 1+ year which do not capture the variations of emissions due to recent shocks including COVID lockdowns and economic rebounds, war in Ukraine. Here we present a near-real-time country-level dataset of daily fossil fuel and cement emissions from January 2019 through December 2021 for 27 EU countries and UK, which called Carbon Monitor Europe. The data are calculated separately for six sectors: power, industry, ground transportation, domestic aviation, international aviation and residential. Daily CO$_2$ emissions are estimated from a large set of activity data compiled from different sources. The goal of this dataset is to improve the timeliness and temporal resolution of emissions for European countries, to inform the public and decision makers about current emissions changes in Europe.

Dalibor Zeman

Folke Forfang

Samandrag Sagbruksdrifta i Noreg starta rundt år 1500 med eit tyngdepunkt rundt Oslofjorden frå Agder til Østfold. Basert på oppteljingar av talet på sager har litteraturen til no rekna dette som situasjonen gjennom heile 1500- og 1600-talet. Ei sag som produserte 10 sagbord i året, vart etter denne teljemåten likestilt med ei sag som produserte 1 000 sagbord i året. I denne artikkelen blir derimot den faktiske produksjonen i dei ulike landsdelane samanlikna ut frå ein gjennomgang av skattelistene for heile Noreg. Denne gjennomgangen viser nokså uventa at produksjonen i Trondheim len var større enn i resten av landet samla frå 1620 og fram til midten av 1600-talet, trass i at det var dobbelt så mange sager i resten av Noreg som i Trondheim len. I Trondheim len var det ei stor overvekt av profesjonelle sageigarar med store sager og heller få bondesager. I resten av landet var andelen bondesager mykje større, og bøndene hadde gjerne sagbruksdrifta som ein liten tilleggssyssel til gardsdrifta. Gjennomsnittleg sagstørrelse var derfor mykje større i Trondheim len enn i resten av landet.

Gerald Sommer

This paper examines how characters of Czech origin (or characters bearing Czech names) are presented in Doderer's works. After an overview of the historical and biographical basis of Doderer's perception of Czech people, culture and language, we examine three exemplary characters of Czech origin and different social backgrounds with regard to their design and development and to their real-life models. Overall it was found that these characters appear as individuals and not as stereotypes.

Václava Beyerová, Markéta Hotařová

Protokolle der Angst (Protocols of Fear), written by Gruber in 1983, is a collection of stories based on real situations yet connected through a certain absurdity. Fear, death or suicide, sorrow and absurdity are typical features of Grubers works that deal with the meaning of life and develop a therapeutic potential of literature. This paper aims to connect the literary scientific analysis of a philosophically motivated literary text with possibilities of a corpus-based linguistical analysis demonstrated on the example of the motive/Lexeme "Fear".