M. Patsali, Danai-Priskila V. Mousa, Eleni Papadopoulou
et al.
Highlights • During the lockdown.• Two thirds of university students reported at least ‘much’ increase in anxiety.• One third in depressive feelings and.• 2.59% an increase in suicidal thoughts.• Major depression was present in 12.43%.• Severe distress was present in 13.46%.• Risk factors were:.• Female sex.• History of self-injury.• History of suicidal attempts.• Following studies of law, literature, pedagogics, political sciences and related studies as well as technical but not health sciences.• Beliefs in conspiracy theories.• Enjoyed acceptance ranging from 20 to 68%.• Students of law, literature, pedagogics, political sciences and related studies manifested higher acceptance rates.
Conferring legal personhood on purely synthetic entities is a very real legal possibility, one under consideration presently by the European Union. We show here that such legislative action would be morally unnecessary and legally troublesome. While AI legal personhood may have some emotional or economic appeal, so do many superficially desirable hazards against which the law protects us. We review the utility and history of legal fictions of personhood, discussing salient precedents where such fictions resulted in abuse or incoherence. We conclude that difficulties in holding “electronic persons” accountable when they violate the rights of others outweigh the highly precarious moral interests that AI legal personhood might protect.
The article analyzes the emergence of the concept of genocide from the beginning of the formation of the idea regarding the need to introduce criminal liability to its use in scientific literature and legal practice. The purpose of the study is to determine the emergence of the concept of genocide in history, its introduction in scientific literature and use in proving the guilt of persons who committed genocide, and to analyze the periods of improvement of criminal liability for genocide.
The concept of genocide arises from a natural or acquired position about the inequality of certain groups or communities and the desire to obtain the resources of one group at the expense of another. This perceived inequality of groups has led to the beginning of more than one genocide in human history.
The concept of genocide arose thanks to the lawyer of Jewish-Polish origin Raphael Lemkin.
In the process of committing the crime that Lemkin defined, there is oppression, disempowerment of a certain group, mockery of moral values and the use of physical attacks, the group becomes disempowered and it is easier to impose a national model of the oppressor. This process can be followed in practice.
The commission of genocide requires extensive preparation, coordination of actions to fulfill the intent to destroy a specific group, as defined in law. The premeditation of genocide and the use of a large number of methods of committing the crime indicate the intent to destroy a specific group.
It is concluded that the intention to define the concept of genocide and responsibility for committing the crime began in 1933, the concept was defined in 1943, the concept of genocide was first used in the work “The Rule of the Axis Powers in Occupied Europe», and in 1945-1946 the concept of genocide was used in practice.The definition and consolidation of the concept of genocide took place in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, December 9, 1948.
Accordingly, a long period of defining the concept of genocide has passed, from the moment of the emergence of the specified concept to the introduction of responsibility for the commission of genocide in international law. The concept of genocide has changed since its emergence. At present, there is a need to improve this concept in criminal legislation.
Language models have led to a leap forward in web automation. The current web automation approaches take the current web state, history actions, and language instruction as inputs to predict the next action, overlooking the importance of history states. However, the highly verbose nature of web page states can result in long input sequences and sparse information, hampering the effective utilization of history states. In this paper, we propose a novel web history compressor approach to turbocharge web automation using history states. Our approach employs a history compressor module that distills the most task-relevant information from each history state into a fixed-length short representation, mitigating the challenges posed by the highly verbose history states. Experiments are conducted on the Mind2Web and WebLINX datasets to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach. Results show that our approach obtains 1.2-5.4% absolute accuracy improvements compared to the baseline approach without history inputs.
Internal labor markets have been explained with efficiency and control arguments; however, retrospective event-history data from 279 organizations suggest that federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) law was the force behind the spread of formal promotion mechanisms after 1964. The findings highlight the way in which American public policy, with its broad outcome-oriented guidelines for organizations, stimulates managers to experiment with compliance mechanisms with and eye to judicial sanction. In response to EEO legislation and case law, personnel managers devised and diffused employment practices that treat all classes of workers as ambitious and achievement oriented in the process of formalizing and rationalizing promotion decisions.
This article provides an objective historical analysis of the decrees issued by the President of the Republic, commonly referred to as the "Beneš Decrees." These decrees, which encompassed various legal aspects, gained attention due to their connection to the post-World War II expulsion of the German population from Czechoslovakia. The article examines the historical facts associated with these decrees, their impact on restitution disputes, and the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. It also addresses the myths and simplifications surrounding the Beneš Decrees and aims to present an unbiased understanding to foreign readers.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
This article proves the correlation between parental education level and the ability to memorize juz 'amma fluency in Al-Mustaghfiroh Jombang Kindergarten students. This research was conducted on students in early childhood education, namely at Kindergarten B Al-Mustaghfiroh Jombang. The method in this research was carried out through a quantitative approach using documentation studies. The data previously obtained was processed using descriptive analysis, percentage formulas, standard deviations and Contingency Coefficient Correlation analysis. In this case, the research results show that this research is very suitable for identifying students' learning processes, including relationships that influence the learning process or students' memory during their golden age. Second, the educational level of the parents of Al-Mustaghfiroh Kindergarten students, which is in the high category, is 25% or as many as 5 people who are Bachelor graduates; the medium category is 70%, or as many as 14 people who are high school graduates and finally the low category is only 1 person or as much as 5% are elementary school graduates. Al-Mustaghfiroh Kindergarten students' ability to memorize fluency was included in the high category with a score of > 70.00 for as many as 7 people, 11 people in the medium category got a score of 60.00 - 69.00 and only 2 people in the low category with a score of < 59.00. From this, it can be seen that there is a positive and significant correlation between the level of parental education and the fluent memorization ability of Al-Mustaghfiroh Kindergarten students at a significance level of 5% or ?=0.05 with ?_0 > ?_tabel / 0.74998 > 0.444 so reject H_0 and H_a accepted. and vice versa, namely 25.002% influenced by other factors.
Qu’implique l’étude d’un droit administratif étranger ? Inscrire une recherche dans le champ disciplinaire du « droit étranger » soulève d’abord la question de la manière dont il convient d’envisager la relation de ce dernier avec celui du « droit comparé ». À bien des égards, la distinction généralement établie semble devoir être nuancée, notamment parce qu’un droit étranger ne peut être compris et présenté que par rapport au droit national. Quant au droit administratif étranger, le constat majoritaire a longtemps été celui d’une certaine indifférence des comparatistes à l’égard du droit administratif, et des administrativistes à l’égard du droit comparé. Pourtant, outre que l’étude d’un droit administratif étranger présente un grand intérêt pour la compréhension du système de gouvernement considéré, elle permet également d’envisager son droit administratif national avec un regard renouvelé et critique.
The Paper deals with the importance of the Slovak influence (the role of Hungarian law and Slovak commissions) in the and recodification of civil law in Czechoslovakia for the time period 1918-1948 using the example of inheritance law. Firstly, different approaches in private law legislation after 1918 are presented (discontinuity, compromise, continuity with Hungarian law, continuity with Austrian law). Secondly, attention is paid to the inspiration of Slovak (Hungarian) law in the course of the recodification of inheritance law, which together with family law was one of the areas differing the most in the Czech lands and Slovakia, while receiving the most attention in the literature of the time and compared to other areas of civil law, which also influenced the further legal development the most significantly (Slovak law, the preparation of the Civil Code of 1950, the interwar curricula of 1931 and 1936/37, as well as the preparation of the Civil Code of 2012). In particular, the issues discussed in the so-called Slovak commissions (the Commission for the Civil Law established in Bratislava in 1922 and partly also the Commission under the Justice Commission for the Codification and Unification of Civil Law established in 1946), such as the acquisition of inheritance, incapacity to inherit (crime against the testator, the status of members of religious orders, adulterers and deserters), waiver of the right of inheritance, oral will, testamentary succession, protection of the surviving wife, extraordinary right of inheritance of legatees, determining the value of the gift by collation, transfer of the testator’s debts, contract of inheritance, war will, annulment of last will and testament and protection of illegitimate children. The ABGB was chosen as the basis for the recodification, which was only to be modernised (mainly the codification of Austrian law, its applicability to the majority of the population of the new state and its familiarity with Slovak lawyers were the reasons given for the preference of Austrian law), however, the law in force in Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia was also to be taken into account. However, the reality was different, and the comments of the Slovak Commissions were only marginally taken into account. The dismissive attitude towards Slovak law and, indirectly, towards Slovak lawyers was also one of the reasons why only partial unification took place in the interwar era and the Civil Code was not adopted in the end. Comprehensive unification of private law, which followed the interwar recodification (albeit to a limited extend), only took place after the communist overturn within the framework of the so-called legal biennium from 1948 to 1950, which took real account of the Slovak legal situation.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Law
This paper explores the potential of contextualized word embeddings (CWEs) as a new tool in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science (HPSS) for studying contextual and evolving meanings of scientific concepts. Using the term "Planck" as a test case, I evaluate five BERT-based models with varying degrees of domain-specific pretraining, including my custom model Astro-HEP-BERT, trained on the Astro-HEP Corpus, a dataset containing 21.84 million paragraphs from 600,000 articles in astrophysics and high-energy physics. For this analysis, I compiled two labeled datasets: (1) the Astro-HEP-Planck Corpus, consisting of 2,900 labeled occurrences of "Planck" sampled from 1,500 paragraphs in the Astro-HEP Corpus, and (2) a physics-related Wikipedia dataset comprising 1,186 labeled occurrences of "Planck" across 885 paragraphs. Results demonstrate that the domain-adapted models outperform the general-purpose ones in disambiguating the target term, predicting its known meanings, and generating high-quality sense clusters, as measured by a novel purity indicator I developed. Additionally, this approach reveals semantic shifts in the target term over three decades in the unlabeled Astro-HEP Corpus, highlighting the emergence of the Planck space mission as a dominant sense. The study underscores the importance of domain-specific pretraining for analyzing scientific language and demonstrates the cost-effectiveness of adapting pretrained models for HPSS research. By offering a scalable and transferable method for modeling the meanings of scientific concepts, CWEs open up new avenues for investigating the socio-historical dynamics of scientific discourses.