Hasil untuk "History of Civilization"

F. Lomoc, N. Canosa, A. P. Boette et al.

We present a method for analyzing general time series by employing the history state formalism of quantum mechanics. This formalism allows us to describe a complete evolution based on a single quantum state, the history state, which simultaneously includes -also as a quantum system- the reference clock. It naturally leads to the concept of system-time entanglement, with the ensuing entanglement entropy constituting a measure of the effective number of distinguishable states visited in the history. Through a quantum coherent state embedding of the time series data, it is then possible to associate a quantum history state to the series. The gaussian overlap between these coherent states provides thus a smooth measure of distinguishability between the series data. The eigenvalues of the corresponding overlap matrix determine in fact the entanglement spectrum and entropy of the history state, which provide a rigorous characterization of the evolution. As illustration, the formalism is applied to typical financial time-series data. Through the entanglement entropy and spectrum, different evolution regimes can be identified. Entanglement based volatility indicators are also derived, and compared with standard volatility measures.

م.م. رواء حيدر صالح طاهر

      يدرس البحث  "موقف ريبيكا فيلتون من قضايا المرأة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية"، موقف احدى الامريكيات اللاتي انحدرن من المجتمع الجنوبي المحافظ من قضايا المرأة على مختلف الصعد ، ولما من المنطق ان يكون موقف النسوة عامة مؤيداً وداعماً لحقوقهن ولإسهامهن في جميع مناحي الحياة ، إلا أن ذلك لم يكن قاعدة مطلقة فهنالك من ميزن في المطالبة بالحقوق ما بين النسوة البيض والسود في ظل التمييز العنصري الذي ساد المجتمعات الجنوبية ، ومن بينهن ريبيكا فيلتون التي وقفت مناصرة لحقوق النسوة البيض من أبناء جلدتها في التعليم والملكية والمشاركة في صنع القرار السياسي حتى انها كرُمت لجهودها في ذلك المجال بتعيينها اول امرأة تشغل عضوية مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي ، فيما اهملت المطالبة بحقوق النسوة السوداوات، و ذلك لا يعني اسدال الستار عن مواقفها وادوارها في الدفاع عن حقوق المرأة إذا ما أخذنا بنظر الاعتبار انها ناضلت لأجلها في ظل مجتمع جنوبي فلاحي لا يرى للمرأة مكانة سوى منزل زوجها ولا وظيفة سوى رعاية ابناءها .

Lidio M. Valdez

Dorothy Menzel is an exceptional researcher who, despite of the brevity of her foray into the field of archaeology of the Central Andes, left a significant legacy. Many of the ideas and concepts first introduced by Menzel approximately six decades ago remain relevant, while her publications remain indispensable sources and are still consulted by young researchers. This article is a brief review of Menzel’s academic life, with an emphasis on her legacy.

Nuannuan Xiang, Yuki Shiraito

Evolutionary societal changes often prompt a debate. The positions of the two major political parties in the United States on civil rights issues underwent a reversal in the 20th century. The conventional view holds that this shift was a structural break in the 1960s, driven by party elites, while recent studies argue that the change was a more gradual process that began as early as the 1930s, driven by local rank-and-file party members. Motivated by this controversy, this paper develops a nonparametric Bayesian model that incorporates a hidden Markov model into the Dirichlet process mixture model. A distinctive feature of the proposed approach is that it models a process in which multiple latent clusters emerge and diminish as a continuing process so that it uncovers any of steady, sudden, and repeated shifts in analysing longitudinal data. Our model estimates each party's positions on civil rights in each state based on the legislative activities of their Congressional members, identifying cross- and within-party coalitions over time. We find evidence of gradual racial realignment in the 20th century, with two periods of fast changes during the 1948 election and the Civil Rights Movement.

Alexandra Boucherie

Estimating biological sex is a fundamental step in assessing the biological profile of human remains, whether recovered from archaeo-anthropological or forensic contexts. As the methods based on the os coxae are not systematically applicable, alternative means of sexual diagnosis are needed. This morphometric study examines the sexual dimorphism of the cranial base (i.e., occipital, temporal bones and bony labyrinth) using a corpus of 611 skulls and 121 bony labyrinths from identified individuals – both immature and adult – from Western Europe. The study shows how the expression of this sexual dimorphism becomes more marked on the temporal bone as from the pubertal growth peak. Thirteen predictive models, with a classification accuracy ranging from 77 to 87% with a 0.70 decision threshold, were developed based on the adult cranial base. The models were also applied, successfully, to 3D cranial surfaces. Our study demonstrates that an age-independent sex estimation method cannot be designed on the bony labyrinth. Taking into account the specific features of immature and adult sexual dimorphism, predictive models were built up that yielded, respectively, up to 76-83% and 73-86% accuracy. This research thus offers a new method of sexual diagnosis which is better suited to fragmentary adult remains, and thereby contributes to the discussion about the need to set up a standardized analytical framework for future developments in sexing methods.

Ramina O. Abilova

The article examines trade and food situation in Kazan during the first five-year plan based on the analysis of written and visual sources created by American economist Frank Whitson Fetter (1899–1991) during his six-week visit in 1930. As a professional economist, Fetter used a wide variety of tools to study the economic situation in the Soviet Union: participant observation, interviews, photography, and filming. He visited Kazan cooperatives and markets daily and recorded field data in his notebooks. Based on them, Fetter made detailed records in his journal. Currently, a significant part of the collected materials, including more than 300 photographs, is kept at David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University (USA). Particular attention in Fetter’s materials is paid to the Kazan trade situation (the behavior of sellers and buyers, queues, range of goods, price dynamics, interruptions in government supply, sanitary condition of private markets and establishments of the state cooperative trading network) and consumers’ status (their salaries, rationing system, food, availability and quality of clothing and footwear). Fetter witnessed the growing shortage of goods and the growing discontent of Kazan citizens during a radical change in the economic system of the USSR. The article reveals his view of the situation and provides photographs taken by him.

J. Fowler, Ruth Murray-Clay

In the seven years that the starship Voyager spent in the Delta Quadrant, it used many questionable techniques to engage with alien civilizations and ultimately find its way home. From detailed studies of their logs and opening credits, we simulate Voyager's practice of orbiting a planet, to examine the effect on planetary rings. We outline a feasible planetary system and simulate the extent to which its rings would be disrupted. We find that Voyager's orbit could inflate the height of the rings in the vicinity of the spacecraft by a factor of 2, as well as increase the relative speeds of neighboring planetesimals within the rings. This increase in ring thickness has the potential to alter shadows on any moons of this planet, impacting ring-shadow based religions. Additionally, the acceleration of these planetesimals could rival their gravity, bucking any alien inhabitants and their tiny civilizations off of their planetesimal homeworlds. Finally, we posit that due to increased collisions amongst the planetesimals (which may harbor tiny intelligent life) the trajectory of these civilizations may be forever altered, violating the prime directive.

Annie Yang

Extended reality can weave together the fabric of the past, present, and future. A two-day design hackathon was held to bring the community together through a love for history and a common goal to use technology for good. Through interviewing an influential community elder, Emile Pitre, and referencing his book Revolution to Evolution, my team developed an augmented reality artifact to tell his story and preserve on revolutionary's legacy that impacted the University of Washington's history forever.

Francisco Calderón

Algebraic quantum field theory (AQFT) puts forward three "causal axioms" that aim to characterize the theory as one that implements relativistic causation: the spectrum condition, microcausality, and primitive causality. In this paper, I aim to show, in a minimally technical way, that none of them fully explains the notion of causation appropriate for AQFT because they only capture some of the desiderata for relativistic causation I state or because it is often unclear how each axiom implements its respective desideratum. After this diagnostic, I will show that a fourth condition, local primitive causality (LPC), fully characterizes relativistic causation in the sense of fulfilling all the relevant desiderata. However, it only encompasses the virtues of the other axioms because it is implied by them, as I will show from a construction by Haag and Schroer (1962). Since the conjunction of the three causal axioms implies LPC and other important results in QFT that LPC does not imply, and since LPC helps clarify some of the shortcomings of the three axioms, I advocate for a holistic interpretation of how the axioms characterize the causal structure of AQFT against the strategy in the literature to rivalize the axioms and privilege one among them.

Ho-Chien Huang, Chao-Lin Liu

In the Taiwanese judicial system, Cause of Actions (COAs) are essential for identifying relevant legal judgments. However, the lack of standardized COA labeling creates challenges in filtering cases using basic methods. This research addresses this issue by leveraging embedding and clustering techniques to analyze the similarity between COAs based on cited legal articles. The study implements various similarity measures, including Dice coefficient and Pearson's correlation coefficient. An ensemble model combines rankings, and social network analysis identifies clusters of related COAs. This approach enhances legal analysis by revealing inconspicuous connections between COAs, offering potential applications in legal research beyond civil law.

Тихонов Сергей Семенович

При изучении этнографо-археологических комплексов аялынских татар в Среднем Прииртышье, а также этнографии и истории русских старожилов, проживающих в среднем течении р.Томь, были получены материалы, позволяющие ставить вопрос о возможности изучения миграций позднесредневекового населения в однокультурной среде. Пока можно говорить о двух вариантах таких передвижения. Первый – это переселения на небольшое расстояние в 5–10 км в пределах территории, которой владеет коллектив. Такая ситуация была прослежена на примере материалов об одной из групп аялынских татар, проживавших в Бергамацких юртах. За 2–3 столетия они минимум три раза последовательно переносили свои юрты на новое место. Второй вариант – переселение на незанятые земли в пределах ареала проживания населения, родственного им по происхождению и культуре. Это было прослежено у русских Среднего Притомья, когда на свободные земли в верховьях р.Иня и на Томи в месте ее выхода из гор на равнину русские крестьяне и служилые люди основали несколько деревень, что привело к необходимости для их охраны поставить Мунгатский острог. Не исключено, что передвижения населения на свободные земли или в пределах принадлежащей ему территории были и в более ранние времена. Однако пока нет достоверных и убедительных археологических свидетельств подобных передвижений, относящихся ко времени ранее появления письменных источников в изучаемых регионах, хотя не исключена вероятность того, что подобные материалы появятся.

Leonard Bongard, Lena Held, Ivan Habernal

We present a new NLP task and dataset from the domain of the U.S. civil procedure. Each instance of the dataset consists of a general introduction to the case, a particular question, and a possible solution argument, accompanied by a detailed analysis of why the argument applies in that case. Since the dataset is based on a book aimed at law students, we believe that it represents a truly complex task for benchmarking modern legal language models. Our baseline evaluation shows that fine-tuning a legal transformer provides some advantage over random baseline models, but our analysis reveals that the actual ability to infer legal arguments remains a challenging open research question.

V. V. Salykova

Article reviews the Kalmyk oral stories about Buddhist deities and Kalmyk monks. Studying of the features of folk texts (epic “Jangar” and religious songs) shows that the Kalmyk folklore is unusually rich in its content. Considered religious oral stories reveal the spiritual culture and Buddhist worldview of the Kalmyks.

Terry Rudolph

We show that free-space diffraction of photons distributes highly useful entanglement: the receivers of the propagated modes can do a distributed quantum computation using only linear optics and photon counting. The distributed computation requires classical communication between receivers, however, similar to standard measurement-based computation, that communication is of purely random outcomes and so can be indistinguishable from noise. The speculation in the title arises from the further observation that the natural way for a circumspect civilization to hide their photonic entanglement distribution is to use the thermal light already being emitted from the various stars they visit. This requires them knowing the number of photons in the modes they have chosen to use, and as such they would need to perform a quantum non-demolition measurement of photon number. Because the thermal light they are measuring is diagonal in the number basis even this process can be rendered in principle indiscernible to those of us excluded from the conversation.

Raphael Watschinger, Michal Merta, Günther Of et al.

We present a novel approach to the parallelization of the parabolic fast multipole method for a space-time boundary element method for the heat equation. We exploit the special temporal structure of the involved operators to provide an efficient distributed parallelization with respect to time and with a one-directional communication pattern. On top, we apply a task-based shared memory parallelization and SIMD vectorization. In the numerical tests we observe high efficiencies of our parallelization approach.

F. Küpper, M. C. Feiters, B. Olofsson et al.

Shengli Zhai, H. Karahan, Li Wei et al.

Aurore Monod Becquelin

Laura Cervi

Exclusionary populism is well known for twisting real grievances of the citizens, by problematizing the gap between “us” and “them”, capitalizing on identity lines, calling out as “others” those who do not share “pure people’s” identity and culture. Especially after 9/11, Muslims have become the ideal-type of “other”, making Islamophobia the primary populist anti-paradigm. This article contributes to the burgeoning literature on Islamophobic populism analyzing the presence of Islamophobia in the electoral discourse of Vox party in Spain and Lega in Italy. In addition, it makes a novel contribution by discussing and testing the existence of different models of Islamophobia, distinguishing between “banal Islamophobia” and “ontological Islamophobia”. Applying clause-based semantic text analysis—including qualitative and quantitative variables—to thirty speeches by the two party leaders, Santiago Abascal and Matteo Salvini, during the last three elections (General, Regional and European), the paper concludes that, despite the similarities, the two politician display two different models of Islamophobia. Whereas Abascal displays a clear “ontological Islamophobia”, depicting Muslims ontologically incompatible with Spanish civilization (defined precisely by its anti-Muslim history), the latter presents a mix of arguments that oscillate between “ontological” and “banal” Islamophobia.