Hasil untuk "History and principles of religions"

Lvmin Zhang, Shengqu Cai, Muyang Li et al.

Autoregressive video generation relies on history context for content consistency and storytelling. As video histories grow longer, efficiently encoding them remains an open problem - particularly for personal users and local workflows where compute and memory budgets are limited. We present a lightweight history encoder that maps long video histories into short-length embeddings, pretrained with a frame query objective that learns to attend to content features at arbitrary temporal positions. The pretraining stage provides the encoder with dense history coverage on large-scale video data; the subsequent finetuning stage adapts the pretrained encoder under an autoregressive video generation objective to establish content-level consistency. In this way, the lightweight embeddings achieve comparable performance to heavier alternatives. We evaluate the framework with ablative settings and discuss the architecture designs.

Nutandhar Sharma, Richard Widdess

Dāphā bhajan is a participatory genre of Hindu–Buddhist devotional music, sung by groups of farmers and other Newar singers in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. It is deeply integrated with local neighbourhood communities, but owing to recent disasters (the 2015 earthquake, the 2020–2022 Covid-19 pandemic) and ongoing cultural changes, its sustainability is in doubt. In 2022–2023 the authors conducted a survey of selected groups to investigate the performers’ perspectives.  In this preliminary report we find that dāphā groups showed resilience in recovering from the recent disasters, the main effect of which was to exacerbate ongoing systemic problems. Chief among these is the difficulty of recruiting and training new members, to which some groups are responding with innovative solutions. But a range of other interconnected issues also emerged. We conclude that although many groups exhibit continuing vitality and an integrated relationship with the local communities in which they are embedded, their dependence on traditional models may be unsustainable without a degree of change.

Se-eun Yoon, Ahmad Bin Rabiah, Zaid Alibadi et al.

Customers reach out to online live chat agents with various intents, such as asking about product details or requesting a return. In this paper, we propose the problem of predicting user intent from browsing history and address it through a two-stage approach. The first stage classifies a user's browsing history into high-level intent categories. Here, we represent each browsing history as a text sequence of page attributes and use the ground-truth class labels to fine-tune pretrained Transformers. The second stage provides a large language model (LLM) with the browsing history and predicted intent class to generate fine-grained intents. For automatic evaluation, we use a separate LLM to judge the similarity between generated and ground-truth intents, which closely aligns with human judgments. Our two-stage approach yields significant performance gains compared to generating intents without the classification stage.

İdil Çetin

Jacob Carlson, Tom Bryan, Melissa Dell

Thousands of users consult digital archives daily, but the information they can access is unrepresentative of the diversity of documentary history. The sequence-to-sequence architecture typically used for optical character recognition (OCR) - which jointly learns a vision and language model - is poorly extensible to low-resource document collections, as learning a language-vision model requires extensive labeled sequences and compute. This study models OCR as a character level image retrieval problem, using a contrastively trained vision encoder. Because the model only learns characters' visual features, it is more sample efficient and extensible than existing architectures, enabling accurate OCR in settings where existing solutions fail. Crucially, the model opens new avenues for community engagement in making digital history more representative of documentary history.

Teppei Minoda, Shintaro Yoshiura, Tomo Takahashi

We argue that observations of the reionization history can be used as a probe of primordial density fluctuations, particularly on small scales. Although the primordial curvature perturbations are well constrained from measurements of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies and large-scale structure, these observational data probe the curvature perturbations only on large scales, and hence its information on smaller scales will give us further insight on primordial fluctuations. Since the formation of early galaxies is sensitive to the amplitude of small-scale perturbations, and then, in turn, gives an impact on the reionization history, one can probe the primordial power spectrum on small scales through observations of reionization. In this work, we focus on the running spectral indices of the primordial power spectrum to characterize the small-scale perturbations, and investigate their impact on the reionization history using the numerical code \texttt{21cmFAST}, which adopts a simple but commonly used reionization model. We also derive the constraints on the running spectral indices from observations of the reionization history indicated by the luminosity function of the Lyman-$α$ emitters. We show that the reionization history, in combination with large-scale observations such as CMB, would be a useful tool to investigate primordial density fluctuations.

Patrick Kaplanian

Kaustav Chakraborty

Gender in the contemporary everyday life of the Darjeeling men is a ritual of reiterating the colonial hypermasculinity that ultimately reinforces the stereotyped notion that the Gorkha men are muscular men whose hegemonic masculinity makes them merely worthy of wars. This toxic masculinity is the major object of criticism by the ecofeminists who have shown how detrimental this hypermasculinity is for both women and ecology. This article, by revisiting the alternative textuality of everydayness as manifested in the select Lepcha folktales of the Hills, aims at uncovering an endogenous eco (alternative)masculinity that may act as a genderqueer model based on which the Gorkha men may learn to replace their colonial internalized ‘ethic of daring’ with the ‘ethic of caring’ in their everyday future. As an interpretation of the folktales by a ‘non-indigenous ally,’ a hybrid methodology has been used by combining various perspectives from the theories related to gender and sexuality, ethno-poetics, folkloristics, etc. The article begins by arguing that the scope of studying everyday life has to be expanded from merely focusing on the micro and the oblivious towards accommodating the hidden ‘non-everyday’ inclusive alternatives that are embedded in the everyday textuality of the folktales. Thereafter, it tries to assert how the politicization of the possible everyday based on an understanding of the history of mentality as revealed through the folktales, can initially, allow the Darjeeling men to recall ‘the not yet-real,’ but plausible, genderqueer male identities of yore. This might eventuallyencourage them to turn the everyday,contemporary space of a martial, Gorkha-hypermasculinity into a multivocal everydayness of alternatives in the near future,with the ‘gentlemen warrior’ evolving into eco-men who, along with aposthuman intimacy, arecompetent in nurturing the feminine and the ecology.

Rainer Einzenberger

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Ekaterina Ozmitel

The article reconstructs the last period of the life of the outstanding bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Arseny (Stadnitsky). As Metropolitan of Novgorod, he was sent into exile in Central Asia, where he eventually spent 12 years. The data found in the letters of Metropolitan Arseny to the lawyer A.F. Koni and in the writings of Bishop Andrei (Ukhtomsky), for the first time made it possible to determine the dates and places of residence of Metropolitan Arseny in Central Asia: he lived in Krasnovodsk from mid-1924 until the summer of 1925; in Poltoratsk (Ashgabat) – from August 28, 1925 until the spring of 1927, and then in Tashkent. There was a change in the course of church policy pursued by the Deputy Patriarchal Locum Tenens Metropolitan Sergius (Stargorodsky) in 1927. The attitude of Metropolitan Arseny to the new church policy was ambiguous. There are diametrically opposite opinions in the writings of church historians on this subject, therefore, it seemed important to determine the church-political views of Metropolitan Arseny on the basis of analysis of a large body of narrative sources (letters and memoirs). At first, this attitude was sharply negative. He did not break off communication with Metropolitan Sergius, did not criticize him publicly, but he fell into disgrace and was left in exile after its end. In 1933, Metropolitan Arseny, having accepted the appointment to the Turkestan department, returned to episcopal ministry and church administrative activities. He visited Moscow at least three times to participate in the sessions of the Provisional Patriarchal Synod. During this period, Metropolitan Arseny also had a negative attitude towards some actions of the highest church authorities, in particular, measures to exalt Metropolitan Sergius. Metropolitan Arseny did not hide this, but he did not publicly denounce anyone, fearing to strengthen the schism. The article makes a number of assumptions concerning the role played by the figure of Metropolitan Arseny in the question of the succession of the supreme church authority and in the plans of the OGPU, which sought the liquidation of the Russian Church. These hypotheses require further study on the basis of new documentary sources.

Xuan Long Do, Bowei Zou, Liangming Pan et al.

Conversational question generation (CQG) serves as a vital task for machines to assist humans, such as interactive reading comprehension, through conversations. Compared to traditional single-turn question generation (SQG), CQG is more challenging in the sense that the generated question is required not only to be meaningful, but also to align with the occurred conversation history. While previous studies mainly focus on how to model the flow and alignment of the conversation, there has been no thorough study to date on which parts of the context and history are necessary for the model. We argue that shortening the context and history is crucial as it can help the model to optimise more on the conversational alignment property. To this end, we propose CoHS-CQG, a two-stage CQG framework, which adopts a CoHS module to shorten the context and history of the input. In particular, CoHS selects contiguous sentences and history turns according to their relevance scores by a top-p strategy. Our model achieves state-of-the-art performances on CoQA in both the answer-aware and answer-unaware settings.

Konstantin Kostromin

The article is devoted to the activities of the recently canonised Serbian saint Mardary Uskokovich during his studies at St. Petersburg (Petrograd) Theological Academy. The emphasis is on the intermediate and fi nal study results in the context of his participation in various Slavic societies in the early years of the First World War. The article is based on an analysis of the Mardary’s student case preserved in the Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg, still unused as a historical source, as well as some other cases from the same archive (some of them are publishing in the appendix to the article) and the text of his candidate (PhD) thesis from the National Russian Library collection, also not studied earlier. As a result, the article presents a reconstruction of the events that led to the accusation of Hieromonk Mardary of espionage in favour of Austria-Hungary and his removal from Petrograd, and later to his departure from Russia. It also analyses Mardary’s attitude to study and social activities, reveals his inclination to the studied sciences. Mardary’s studies at St. Petersburg Theological Academy and his activities in St. Petersburg were not studied in detail. It is concluded that, despite the extremely low results, the study at the theological academy in Petrograd had a great influence on the future saint, primarily through his acquaintance with the works of Russian religious philosophers, in particular A. Khomyakov. Mardary himself highly appreciated this acquaintance with the Russian thought, rather than formal results of education. Thanks to his studies at the academy, he gained an opportunity to take part in the activities of social movements and attract the attention of the political elite.

Damian Clarke, Manuel Llorca Jaña, Daniel Pailañir

Quantile regression and quantile treatment effect methods are powerful econometric tools for considering economic impacts of events or variables of interest beyond the mean. The use of quantile methods allows for an examination of impacts of some independent variable over the entire distribution of continuous dependent variables. Measurement in many quantative settings in economic history have as a key input continuous outcome variables of interest. Among many other cases, human height and demographics, economic growth, earnings and wages, and crop production are generally recorded as continuous measures, and are collected and studied by economic historians. In this paper we describe and discuss the broad utility of quantile regression for use in research in economic history, review recent quantitive literature in the field, and provide an illustrative example of the use of these methods based on 20,000 records of human height measured across 50-plus years in the 19th and 20th centuries. We suggest that there is considerably more room in the literature on economic history to convincingly and productively apply quantile regression methods.

Jan Zapletal, Raphael Watschinger, Günther Of et al.

The presented paper concentrates on the boundary element method (BEM) for the heat equation in three spatial dimensions. In particular, we deal with tensor product space-time meshes allowing for quadrature schemes analytic in time and numerical in space. The spatial integrals can be treated by standard BEM techniques known from three dimensional stationary problems. The contribution of the paper is twofold. First, we provide temporal antiderivatives of the heat kernel necessary for the assembly of BEM matrices and the evaluation of the representation formula. Secondly, the presented approach has been implemented in a publicly available library besthea allowing researchers to reuse the formulae and BEM routines straightaway. The results are validated by numerical experiments in an HPC environment.

Alexey Marchenko

This article discusses the forms of resistance of believers that took place during the implementation of the Soviets government’s decree “On the separation of church and state, church and school” in 1918. The author of the article describes mass religious processions and armed clashes as a form of resistance to units of the Red Guard. It is necessary to abandon the stereotype of the feeble response to the Bolsheviks’ arbitrariness and armed violence that has developed in the church consciousness. The armed resistance of the clergy and believers was mostly local and led to casualties not only among believers, but also among representatives of the Soviet authorities. The article provides an example of an attempt of requisition of the property of a metochion of Belogorsk Monastery of St. Nicholas in Perm, which grew into an armed clash between the defenders of the metochion and the Red Guard in February 1918. This resistance was supported by Andronik (Nikolsky), bishop of Perm diocese. He called on the clergy and believers to defend churches, monasteries, and church property in every possible way. This confrontation led to the death of the Red Guard soldiers, parishioners and members of the Belogorsk brotherhood. The article restores this event into a complete story based on sources which are signifi cantly diff erent in value and degree of reliability, i.e. materials of the Soviet and White Guard press, as well as memoirs of the participants of the event. The question of justifi cation of extreme forms of church resistance from the moral-canonical point of view is debatable and requires a solution in the presentday church science.

Irena Avsenik Nabergoj

The article is a partial presentation of a more comprehensive study of the images of Jews in Slovenian folk prayers, which have emerged over the centuries in similar, mostly poetic forms in all Slovenian regions. It is based on the observation that the motif of the Jews as Jesus’ tormentors appears in most folk prayers based on the Gospel story of Jesus’ passion, so that in this genre of prayers we can talk about their negative stereotypes. The most characteristic and most common »passion genre« of Slovene folk songs-prayers is described as »The Golden Lord’s Prayer«. This sometimes also includes the motif of »Mary’s dreams,« that is, Mary’s dream vision of the terrible suffering that awaits her son Jesus; but some prayers of the »Mary’s Dreams« genre also consist of independent units. Since no one in previous research has noticed the extremely frequent occurrence of the stereotypical motif of the Jews as tormentors of Jesus in Slovenian folk prayers, the article breaks new ground in this area. In the search for reasons for such frequent anti-Jewish depictions in Slovenia, it relies on the broader context of anti-Judaism in Europe in the centuries from the High Middle Ages onwards. It is particularly related to similar negative stereotypical representations of Jews in the Poljanski manuscript from the turn of the 18th to the 19th century which develops a thoughtful narrative of the life of Jesus based on the Gospels, the works of some Church Fathers and a medieval mystical tradition. As a comparative analysis has shown, Poljanski manuscript, which comprises more than 700 large-format pages, is a more or less literal translation of one of the Baroque editions of the monumental meditation on the life of Jesus Das grosse Leben Christi by the German Capuchin Father Martin von Cochem (1634–1712). This meditation had more than 300 editions and was also a source of translations in Slovenia.

Takumi Nakane, Xuequan Lu, Chao Zhang

In evolutionary algorithms, genetic operators iteratively generate new offspring which constitute a potentially valuable set of search history. To boost the performance of crossover in real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA), in this paper we propose to exploit the search history cached so far in an online style during the iteration. Specifically, survivor individuals over past few generations are collected and stored in the archive to form the search history. We introduce a simple yet effective crossover model driven by the search history (abbreviated as SHX). In particular, the search history is clustered and each cluster is assigned a score for SHX. In essence, the proposed SHX is a data-driven method which exploits the search history to perform offspring selection after the offspring generation. Since no additional fitness evaluations are needed, SHX is favorable for the tasks with limited budget or expensive fitness evaluations. We experimentally verify the effectiveness of SHX over 4 benchmark functions. Quantitative results show that our SHX can significantly enhance the performance of RCGA, in terms of accuracy.

Tristan Bruslé

Sahibə Əliyeva

Məqalədə müasir dövrün ən qlobal məsələlərindən biri dünya xalqlarını biraraya yığan, özündə milli və bəşəri xüsusiyyətləri birləşdirən mədəniyyətlərarası dialoqların keçirilməsinin vacibliyi qeyd olunmuş, ümumdünyamədəniyyətlərarası dialoqların nəzəri və praktiki tərəfləri tədqiq olunmuşdur.Multikulturalizm dəyərlərini təbliğ edən Azərbaycan dünya xalqlarına örnəkolacaq bir mədəniyyət nümayiş etdirir. Məqalədə multikulturalizmin Azərbaycan modeli təbliğ olunur. Məqalənin yazılması, bir tərəfdən, Avropada tügyanedən irqi, milli ayrı-seçkiliklə bağlı nümayiş və mitinqlərin baş qaldırması,milli igtişaşların güclənməsi, Qərb ölkələrində islamofobiya kabusunun artması, Qərb-Şərq münaqişəsi, Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının Nizamnaməsi,ATƏT-in qərar və göstərişləri, beynəlxalq konvensiyaları imzalayan Qərbdəmultikultural dəyərlərin iflası, miqrant böhranı, miqrantların qarşılaşdığıböhranlı vəziyyət, digər tərəfdən, Şərqdə irimiqyaslı müharibələrin genişlənməsi fonunda ölkə əhalisinin Avropaya miqrasiya etməsi, Şərq ölkələrinin miqrant axınına olan münasibəti, Şərqdə, xüsusən də müstəqil Azərbaycan Dövlətinin “azərbaycanlı” adlandırdığı etnik, milli qruplara olan münasibət, azsaylıxalqların yaşaması və fəaliyyəti üçün dövlət səviyyəli tədbirlərin keçirilməsikimi əhəmiyyətli məsələlər öz əksini tapmışdır.Məqaləni işləyən zaman milli-etnik proseslər, etnogenez problemi,müxtəlif dövlətlərin tərkibində yaşayan milli azlıqların və azsaylı xalqlarıninkişafının sosial dinamikliyi, bu prosesləri tənzimləyən ümumdünya əhəmiyyətli siyasi-hüquqi sazişlər, konvensiyalar, aktlar və bu çərçivədə öhdəliklərgötürən müstəqil Azərbaycanın həyata keçirdiyi islahatlar və onların əməlinəticələri əks olunmuşdur. Müstəqillik qazandıqdan sonra, AzərbaycanDövlətinin dövlətçilik strategiyasının ən başlıca məsələsi ümummilli liderHeydər Əliyevin yaratdığı ən böyük əsər Azərbaycançılıq ideologiyasınıntərkib hissəsi olan etnik azlıqların hüquq və azadlıqlarının müdafiəsi ilə bağlımüddəaların şərhi öz əksini tapmış, Böyük multikultural dəyərlər nümayiş etdirən Azərbaycan Dövlətinin bütün dünya üçün nümunə olan “Bakı prosesi”nin mahiyyəti, dünya üçün dözümlülüyün bir modeli olaraq, “Bakı Multikulturalizm Mərkəzi”nin yaranması, mədəniyyətlər və dinlərarası dialoqların keçirilməsi, onların beynəlxalq əhəmiyyəti kimi vacib məsələlər qeyd olunur.

Olga Izotova

This article analyses various aspects of the patriarch’s ministry in the corpus of letters of St. Theodore the Studite. St. Theodore’s statements about the pope and the four eastern patriarchs are studied in the light of various opinions of scholars as to the role of St. Theodore in approving the primacy of the Roman see and the system of the pentarchy. Attitude to St. Theodore, as a defender of the primacy of Rome, turns out to be insuffi ciently grounded, since neither the addresses to popes in the preambles of the letters, nor the magnifi cent praises to them, look unique if one compares them both with the addresses to the other four patriarchs by St. Theodore and the traditional addresses to patriarchs in Byzantine epistolography in general. Special attention which St. Theodore the Studite pays to the Roman and Jerusalem patriarchs also fi nds its explanation in the historical context of the period. It is just from these hierarchs that St. Theodore could expect real help facing persecution by the iconoclast emperors. The doctrine of St. Theodore about the “fi ve-headed (????????????) body of the Church” implies the special role of the patriarchs as heirs of the apostles in resolving issues of faith. The ministry of the patriarch is fundamentally diff erent from the ministry of an ordinary bishop, which is understood by St. Theodore primarily in relation to his congregation and in terms of following the canons. Correction of a patriarch who has fallen into heresy is possible only by his equals and is not subject to the will of the emperor or of all Orthodox emperors. The assembly of patriarchs, the fi ve heads of the body of the church, is independent from emperors and from those whose subjects they are in the earthly dimension. The existence of this assembly does ensure the preservation of the dogmata of the faith.