Hasil untuk "History (General) and history of Europe"

M. Ricklefs

Paulius Japertas

This article investigates the process of mine clearance in Lithuania between 1944 and 1946, conducted through the Soviet paramilitary organization OSOAVIACHIM. Based on documents preserved in the Lithuanian Central State Archives and the Lithuanian Special Archives, the study reconstructs the extent of explosive contamination and the implementation of the Soviet demining policy in the Lithuanian SSR. For the first time, a systematic reconstruction is provided of how mine clearance operations were organized and executed, the challenges encountered, and their underlying causes, including insufficient training of specialists, shortages of equipment, limited engagement by local authorities, a high number of accidents and civilian casualties, and the efforts of the Lithuanian SSR authorities to align with Moscow’s expectations. The specific conditions of the Lithuanian SSR, including an uncollectivized countryside, limited industrialization, weak peripheral administrative structures, and widespread public distrust of occupation institutions, complicated the application of standardized Soviet practices. Although official reports declared Lithuania ‘cleared of mines’ by the end of 1945, a significant number of explosives remained. The study contributes to the historiography by elucidating the interaction of wartime legacies, militarization, and security dilemmas in postwar Lithuanian society, and by highlighting security challenges that continue to hold contemporary relevance.

Frank Noulin, Jean-François Wagniart

Shahidul Islam, Ashik Aowal, Md Sharif Uddin et al.

Reconstructing a method's change history efficiently and accurately is critical for many software engineering tasks, including maintenance, refactoring, and comprehension. Despite the availability of method history generation tools such as CodeShovel and CodeTracker, existing evaluations of their effectiveness are limited by inaccuracies in the ground truth oracles used. In this study, we systematically construct two new oracles -- the corrected CodeShovel oracle and a newly developed HistoryFinder oracle -- by combining automated analysis with expert-guided manual validation. We also introduce HistoryFinder, a new method history generation tool designed to improve not only the accuracy and completeness of method change histories but also to offer competitive runtime performance. Through extensive evaluation across 400 methods from 40 open-source repositories, we show that HistoryFinder consistently outperforms CodeShovel, CodeTracker, IntelliJ, and Git-based baselines in terms of precision, recall, and F1 score. Moreover, HistoryFinder achieves competitive runtime performance, offering the lowest mean and median execution times among all the research-based tools. While Git-based tools exhibit the fastest runtimes, this efficiency comes at the cost of significantly lower precision and recall -- leaving HistoryFinder as the best overall choice when both accuracy and efficiency are important. To facilitate adoption, we provide a web interface, CLI, and Java library for flexible usage.

Diana Roselly Pérez Gerardo

Objective/context: This article analyzes testimonies of religious and military men, produced between 1770 and 1812, which give an account of Chumash, Juaneño and Yuma indigenous men of Alta California who were in the habit of dressing as women and joining them in the tasks corresponding to the feminine roles in these societies. The documents analyzed include two military diaries on the exploration expeditions and three chronicles of Franciscans who, starting in 1769, were in charge of founding missions in this area. Methodology: Through a gender perspective analysis, we examine the terms and categories used in the sources to describe and give meaning to the sexual roles and practices of the Coyas/Joyas, Cuút or Uluqi. Originality: The few works dedicated to the analysis of California Indians “in the habit of women” have focused on the missionary discourse or on the denunciation of the supposed “extermination” of dissident sexual practices. This paper argues that while the testimonies unanimously condemned these practices, they differed in the categories used to name and classify them and, thus, in the meaning attributed to them, which resulted in different legal and theological implications. Conclusions: The existence of men who dressed as women persisted, according to the sources analyzed, until the beginning of the 19th century in the region from the Gila and Colorado rivers to the Santa Barbara canal in northwestern New Spain. The categories of sodomy, amaricados or hermaphrodites, and male-female were understood under the single-sex model. And, although by the end of the eighteenth century, the principles of modern legal medicine were beginning to change, the meaning given to the Coyas/Joyas was linked to the justification of the advances or difficulties of colonization rather than to the scientific debates of the time

Muhammad Amiruddin, Hendy Rifki Saputra Arifin, Syahrul Ramadan et al.

Perkembangan teknologi sedemikian rupa ini tidak terlepas dari banyaknya pemanfaatan teknologi yang memudahkan kehidupan manusia. Akibat dari perkembangan teknologi juga berdampak di dunia pendidikan yang salah satunya yaitu ujian yang berbasis computer di tingkat sekolah dasar sebagai pengganti dari ujian yang berbasis alat tulis. SDN 1 Gadingkulon merupakan salah satu sekolah dasar yang juga harus memanfaatkan teknologi berbasis computer untuk pembelajaran dan ujian namun banyak siswa yang belum dapat mengorasikannya dengan baik. oleh seban itu sosialisasi dan pendampingan oleh tim pengabdian KKN di SDN 1 Gadingkulon sangat diperlukan. Metode pengabdian ini menggunakan metode Scientific yang dirancang untuk mengkonsep sebuah pemahaman sekaligus praktik. hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa sosialisasi dilakukan pada siswa kelas 5 dan 6 SDN 1 Gadingkulon berjalan dengan baik. Dilanjutkan dengan pengenalan fitur Microsoft Word beserta fungsi dan penggunaan. Kesimpulan kegiatan pengabdian ini ialah sosialisasi dan pendampingan berjalan dengan efektif dan memberikan dampak yang signifikan pada siswa setelah terlaksananya kegiatan tersebut. Sebanyak 90 persen siswa telah mampu mengoperasikan computer terutama pada ujian sekolah yang sebelumnya siswa tidak mengetahui tata cara pengoperasian teknologi computer.

Viviane Trindade Borges

A escrita prisional proporciona um espaço real e conceitual através do qual se pode refletir sobre uma variedade extraordinária de aspectos sobre a vida na prisão. Para além dos conteúdos dos textos, estas fontes permitem a problematização das condições em que foram produzidos e das práticas institucionais que possibilitaram o surgimento destes arquivos. A pesquisa que aqui apresento arrola e analisa as produções textuais de presos comuns em acervos de diferentes países das Américas e da Europa, focando em um caso específico localizado no Brasil. No intuito de apresentar alguns resultados iniciais, pretendo neste artigo centrar em acervos brasileiros e na produção escrita em diferentes períodos do século XX. Os textos foramcolhidos devido às perspectivas que oferecem sobre duas questões-chave: Como as produções textuais dos presos foram compreendidas e usadas pelas instituições prisionais? Como a escrita prisional pode ser entendida como um contra-discurso contraditório e complexo, que busca protestar e/ou denunciar os abusos sofridos no cárcere, mas que em alguns casos corrobora as práticas institucionais e teorias criminológicas? Para isso analisarei o caso de Oscar, um detento da Penitenciária de Florianópolis (Santa Catarina) e noções ligadas a prática homossexual na prisão incitadas pelos seus escritos.

Trevor S. Fristoe, M. Chytrý, W. Dawson et al.

Significance Invasive alien species pose major threats to biodiversity and ecosystems. However, identifying drivers of invasion success has been challenging, in part because species can achieve invasiveness in different ways, each corresponding to different aspects of demographics and distribution. Employing a multidimensional perspective of invasiveness to Europe’s alien flora, we find species generally fall along an axis from overall poor invaders to super invaders that become abundant, widespread, and invade diverse habitats. Some species that deviate from this pattern are recently introduced and still spreading, but others represent atypical forms of invasiveness. In addition to identifying species traits and ecological circumstances associated with super invaders (e.g., intercontinental introductions), we explore drivers in atypical invasions, providing increased clarity into invasion processes. Understanding drivers of success for alien species can inform on potential future invasions. Recent conceptual advances highlight that species may achieve invasiveness via performance along at least three distinct dimensions: 1) local abundance, 2) geographic range size, and 3) habitat breadth in naturalized distributions. Associations among these dimensions and the factors that determine success in each have yet to be assessed at large geographic scales. Here, we combine data from over one million vegetation plots covering the extent of Europe and its habitat diversity with databases on species’ distributions, traits, and historical origins to provide a comprehensive assessment of invasiveness dimensions for the European alien seed plant flora. Invasiveness dimensions are linked in alien distributions, leading to a continuum from overall poor invaders to super invaders—abundant, widespread aliens that invade diverse habitats. This pattern echoes relationships among analogous dimensions measured for native European species. Success along invasiveness dimensions was associated with details of alien species’ introduction histories: earlier introduction dates were positively associated with all three dimensions, and consistent with theory-based expectations, species originating from other continents, particularly acquisitive growth strategists, were among the most successful invaders in Europe. Despite general correlations among invasiveness dimensions, we identified habitats and traits associated with atypical patterns of success in only one or two dimensions—for example, the role of disturbed habitats in facilitating widespread specialists. We conclude that considering invasiveness within a multidimensional framework can provide insights into invasion processes while also informing general understanding of the dynamics of species distributions.

Munazza Zaib, Wei Emma Zhang, Quan Z. Sheng et al.

The increasing demand for the web-based digital assistants has given a rapid rise in the interest of the Information Retrieval (IR) community towards the field of conversational question answering (ConvQA). However, one of the critical aspects of ConvQA is the effective selection of conversational history turns to answer the question at hand. The dependency between relevant history selection and correct answer prediction is an intriguing but under-explored area. The selected relevant context can better guide the system so as to where exactly in the passage to look for an answer. Irrelevant context, on the other hand, brings noise to the system, thereby resulting in a decline in the model's performance. In this paper, we propose a framework, DHS-ConvQA (Dynamic History Selection in Conversational Question Answering), that first generates the context and question entities for all the history turns, which are then pruned on the basis of similarity they share in common with the question at hand. We also propose an attention-based mechanism to re-rank the pruned terms based on their calculated weights of how useful they are in answering the question. In the end, we further aid the model by highlighting the terms in the re-ranked conversational history using a binary classification task and keeping the useful terms (predicted as 1) and ignoring the irrelevant terms (predicted as 0). We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed framework with extensive experimental results on CANARD and QuAC -- the two popularly utilized datasets in ConvQA. We demonstrate that selecting relevant turns works better than rewriting the original question. We also investigate how adding the irrelevant history turns negatively impacts the model's performance and discuss the research challenges that demand more attention from the IR community.

Danielle de Brito Silva, Paula Jofré, Patricia B. Tissera et al.

Phylogenetic methods have long been used in biology, and more recently have been extended to other fields - for example, linguistics and technology - to study evolutionary histories. Galaxies also have an evolutionary history, and fall within this broad phylogenetic framework. Under the hypothesis that chemical abundances can be used as a proxy for interstellar medium's DNA, phylogenetic methods allow us to reconstruct hierarchical similarities and differences among stars - essentially a tree of evolutionary relationships and thus history. In this work, we apply phylogenetic methods to a simulated disc galaxy obtained with a chemo-dynamical code to test the approach. We found that at least 100 stellar particles are required to reliably portray the evolutionary history of a selected stellar population in this simulation, and that the overall evolutionary history is reliably preserved when the typical uncertainties in the chemical abundances are smaller than 0.08 dex. The results show that the shape of the trees are strongly affected by the age-metallicity relation, as well as the star formation history of the galaxy. We found that regions with low star formation rates produce shorter trees than regions with high star formation rates. Our analysis demonstrates that phylogenetic methods can shed light on the process of galaxy evolution.

H. Eves

Ricardo Domínguez García, Concha Pérez Curiel

El 16 de julio de 2020, las principales autoridades del Estado se reúnen en la plaza de la Armería del Palacio Real para rendir un solemne homenaje a los miles de víctimas que la pandemia de la COVID-19 había causado en España. Se trata del primer homenaje de Estado de carácter aconfesional celebrado en el país tras la reinstauración de la democracia en 1978. Dentro de un contexto de inestabilidad social provocada por la pandemia y con la llegada al poder del primer Gobierno de coalición de partidos de izquierda desde la II República, se produce una reactualización del ritual con la celebración de este homenaje de Estado a las víctimas del COVID. Este estudio, de corte ensayístico, pretende ahondar en el concepto del ritual político, en la posibilidad de crear nuevos ritos y en su papel en las modernas democracias. Además, se investiga en profundidad en los funerales oficiales ocurridos en España desde la aprobación de la actual Constitución, sus rasgos comunes y sus particularidades. Con este artículo se pretende poner en valor la importancia de este tipo de actos oficiales para cohesionar la sociedad, legitimar a las instituciones del Estado e influir a través del discurso político.

Juergen Schmidhuber

Machine learning (ML) is the science of credit assignment. It seeks to find patterns in observations that explain and predict the consequences of events and actions. This then helps to improve future performance. Minsky's so-called "fundamental credit assignment problem" (1963) surfaces in all sciences including physics (why is the world the way it is?) and history (which persons/ideas/actions have shaped society and civilisation?). Here I focus on the history of ML itself. Modern artificial intelligence (AI) is dominated by artificial neural networks (NNs) and deep learning, both of which are conceptually closer to the old field of cybernetics than what was traditionally called AI (e.g., expert systems and logic programming). A modern history of AI & ML must emphasize breakthroughs outside the scope of shallow AI text books. In particular, it must cover the mathematical foundations of today's NNs such as the chain rule (1676), the first NNs (circa 1800), the first practical AI (1914), the theory of AI and its limitations (1931-34), and the first working deep learning algorithms (1965-). From the perspective of 2025, I provide a timeline of the most significant events in the history of NNs, ML, deep learning, AI, computer science, and mathematics in general, crediting the individuals who laid the field's foundations. The text contains numerous hyperlinks to relevant overview sites. With a ten-year delay, it supplements my 2015 award-winning deep learning survey which provides hundreds of additional references. Finally, I will put things in a broader historical context, spanning from the Big Bang to when the universe will be many times older than it is now.

Vishal Sunder, Samuel Thomas, Hong-Kwang J. Kuo et al.

Dialog history plays an important role in spoken language understanding (SLU) performance in a dialog system. For end-to-end (E2E) SLU, previous work has used dialog history in text form, which makes the model dependent on a cascaded automatic speech recognizer (ASR). This rescinds the benefits of an E2E system which is intended to be compact and robust to ASR errors. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical conversation model that is capable of directly using dialog history in speech form, making it fully E2E. We also distill semantic knowledge from the available gold conversation transcripts by jointly training a similar text-based conversation model with an explicit tying of acoustic and semantic embeddings. We also propose a novel technique that we call DropFrame to deal with the long training time incurred by adding dialog history in an E2E manner. On the HarperValleyBank dialog dataset, our E2E history integration outperforms a history independent baseline by 7.7% absolute F1 score on the task of dialog action recognition. Our model performs competitively with the state-of-the-art history based cascaded baseline, but uses 48% fewer parameters. In the absence of gold transcripts to fine-tune an ASR model, our model outperforms this baseline by a significant margin of 10% absolute F1 score.

M. Martini, D. Lippi

Summary Ignác Fülöp Semmelweis (1818-1865) and Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) were two important personalities in the history of medicine and public health. They dealt with the problem of handwashing. Semmelweis is also known as the “father of hand hygiene”; just in 1847 he discovered the etiology and prophylaxis of puerperal sepsis and imposed a new rule mandating handwashing with chlorine for doctors. He also tried to persuade European scientific community of the advantages of handwashing. During the Crimean War, in Scutary (Turkey), Florence Nightingale strengthened handwashing and other hygiene practices in the war hospital where she worked and her handwashing practices reached a reductions in infections. Unfortunately the hygiene practices promoted by Semmelweis and Nightingale were not widely adopted. In general handwashing promotion stood still for over a century. During current pandemic SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) one of the most important way to prevent the spread of the virus is still to wash the hands frequently.

Adriana Guadalupe Alonso Rivera

This research attempts to present a journey through the different methods New-Spain art historiography has approached the corporate portraiture phenomenon inscribed in the female monastic context, displaying a general overview of the issues that tend to take place when addressing the series of calculated or conventional strategies formulated expressly for this set of representations. Thus, it goes beyond totalitarian genders such portraitures have agglutinated, such as “crowned nuns” or “religious painting of the 18th century”. In addition to it, the article questions prejudices around an alleged pictorial quality in function of the mimetic potential and the decorative features of these representations, encouraging new research axes evidencing their own variables, behaviors, and relations from particular theoretical, formal, corporate, and experiential approaches.

David Corcho Hernández

Este artículo analiza cómo la expansión del comercio y la manufactura afectaron al pensamiento político clásico en la última etapa de las Trece Colonias y los primeros años de Estados Unidos. Gracias a una combinación de análisis histórico y de teoría política, observa los cambios inducidos por la sociedad comercial en aspectos clave del pensamiento político clásico, como la representación, propiedad, libertad y el sentido de la historia. Su principal aporte está en buscar causas para esas transformaciones doctrinales en factores extradiscursivos, pues buena parte de la bibliografía sobre la historia de las ideas políticas en esta etapa se centra en los “lenguajes” e “ideologías”.

Radin Dardashti

No-go theorems have played an important role in the development and assessment of scientific theories. They have stopped whole research programs and have given rise to strong ontological commitments. Given the importance they obviously have had in physics and philosophy of physics and the huge amount of literature on the consequences of specific no-go theorems, there has been relatively little attention to the more abstract assessment of no-go theorems as a tool in theory development. We will here provide this abstract assessment of no-go theorems and conclude that the methodological implications one may draw from no-go theorems are in disagreement with the implications that have often been drawn from them in the history of science.

A. S. Kuznetsov

The present research featured the content, specific features, and potential of military diaries as a historical source in the anthropology of the Great Patriotic War. The study was based on the views of the leading Soviet and modern specialists in the field of source studies and historical methodology. The author defined three approaches to the place of diaries in the classification of historical sources: 1) diaries as ego-documents, 2) military diaries as memoirs, 3) diaries as a separate group of personal documents. The research objective was to determine the potential of military diaries as a source for anthropological studies of the Great Patriotic War. The method of content analysis revealed the most important aspects for the dairy writers in extreme military environment. The biographical method based on the diary analysis made it possible to describe the image of homo militaris during the Great Patriotic War. Military diaries demonstrated a great potential for studies of war routine, healthcare, psychology, and enemy perception through the eyes of an ordinary military participant, the psychology of warring man, the perception of an enemy during World War I.

Laura Salmon

Book Review