Hasil untuk "Europe (General)"

Shuai Wang, Lihong Cui

For a (molecular) graph $G$ and any real number $α\ne 0$ , the zero-order general Randić index , denote by $^0R_α$, is defined by the following equation: \begin{align*} {^0R_α} (G) =\sum_{v\in G}d_G (v) ^α (α\in \mathbb{R}-\left\{0\right\}) . \end{align*} In this paper, we use this index to give sufficient conditions for a graph $G$ to satisfy the Hamiltonian (or $k$-Hamiltonian) property, and show that none of these conditions can be dropped. Finally we give similar results for the case when $G$ is a balanced bipartite graph.

J. Breuilly

Zijian Hu, Zhenjie Zheng, Monica Menendez et al.

Network-wide traffic flow, which captures dynamic traffic volume on each link of a general network, is fundamental to smart mobility applications. However, the observed traffic flow from sensors is usually limited across the entire network due to the associated high installation and maintenance costs. To address this issue, existing research uses various supplementary data sources to compensate for insufficient sensor coverage and estimate the unobserved traffic flow. Although these studies have shown promising results, the inconsistent availability and quality of supplementary data across cities make their methods typically face a trade-off challenge between accuracy and generality. In this research, we first time advocate using the Global Open Multi-Source (GOMS) data within an advanced deep learning framework to break the trade-off. The GOMS data primarily encompass geographical and demographic information, including road topology, building footprints, and population density, which can be consistently collected across cities. More importantly, these GOMS data are either causes or consequences of transportation activities, thereby creating opportunities for accurate network-wide flow estimation. Furthermore, we use map images to represent GOMS data, instead of traditional tabular formats, to capture richer and more comprehensive geographical and demographic information. To address multi-source data fusion, we develop an attention-based graph neural network that effectively extracts and synthesizes information from GOMS maps while simultaneously capturing spatiotemporal traffic dynamics from observed traffic data. A large-scale case study across 15 cities in Europe and North America was conducted. The results demonstrate stable and satisfactory estimation accuracy across these cities, which suggests that the trade-off challenge can be successfully addressed using our approach.

Seungwook Han, Jyothish Pari, Samuel J. Gershman et al.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive real-world utility, exemplifying artificial useful intelligence (AUI). However, their ability to reason adaptively and robustly -- the hallmarks of artificial general intelligence (AGI) -- remains fragile. While LLMs seemingly succeed in commonsense reasoning, programming, and mathematics, they struggle to generalize algorithmic understanding across novel contexts. Our experiments with algorithmic tasks in esoteric programming languages reveal that LLM's reasoning overfits to the training data and is limited in its transferability. We hypothesize that the core issue underlying such limited transferability is the coupling of reasoning and knowledge in LLMs. To transition from AUI to AGI, we propose disentangling knowledge and reasoning through three key directions: (1) pretaining to reason using RL from scratch as an alternative to the widely used next-token prediction pretraining, (2) using a curriculum of synthetic tasks to ease the learning of a reasoning prior for RL that can then be transferred to natural language tasks, and (3) learning more generalizable reasoning functions using a small context window to reduce exploiting spurious correlations between tokens. Such a reasoning system coupled with a trained retrieval system and a large external memory bank as a knowledge store can overcome several limitations of existing architectures at learning to reason in novel scenarios.

Gloria Chicote

Mi contribución a este Homenaje consiste en efectuar una reflexión sobre la presencia del romancero en la vida académica de Aurelio González. El estudio del romancero atraviesa todas sus líneas de investigación desde distintos lugares de asedio al género: el romancero viejo, el romancero tradicional moderno, el romancero americano. La poética y la gramática del romancero lo preocuparon y ocuparon desde su tesis de doctorado dedicada al estudio de las formas y funciones de los principios en el romancero viejo en 1984, hasta el romancero americano al que dedicó los últimos 20 años de su vida. Asimismo, el estudio de la tradición oral moderna lo tuvo como participante de las grandes encuestas realizadas en España a fines del siglo XX coordinadas por Diego Catalán. Estas páginas constituyen un recorrido a través de los estudios romancísticos de Aurelio González que pone de manifiesto su insoslayable contribución al campo.

Ekaterina Timoshenkova

The article is dedicated to reflections on the activities of the prominent Austrian politician, diplomat, and public figure Walter Schwimmer (1942–2025). The author examines in detail his contributions to the development of European integration, the protection of human rights, and the promotion of intercivilizational dialogue. Special attention is given to analyzing Schwimmer's works, his public speeches, and his book «Dreams of Europe», where he advocates for the idea of a large peaceful European home without dividing borders. The article explores Schwimmer's political career, his tenure as Secretary-General of the Council of Europe (1999–2004), as well as his work as Director of the Coordinating Committee of the World Public Forum “Dialogue of Civilizations”. The author reveals Schwimmer's views on contemporary global challenges, including combating terrorism, the rise of populism, threats to democracy, reforming international institutions, and building strategic cooperation between Europe and Russia.

Whatley, Katherine G.T.

This article tells the story of a diasporic Jewish family across generations, continents, and languages through a shared name—Katherine—showing how names serve as talismans, linking present and past. Centered on the author’s grandmother, a Hungarian Holocaust survivor who lived in Europe and Australia, and the author, raised in Japan, it explores how Jewish names act as markers of memory, identity, politics, and religion. The author argues that Jewish naming rituals reflect the diasporic, cosmopolitan nature of prewar Jewish society. She examines tensions between assimilation and non-assimilation, secularism and mysticism, nationalism and cosmopolitanism, advocating for a renewed sense of multilingual, cosmopolitan Jewish identity. Drawing on Judaism, Buddhism, and esoteric mysticism, the author presents multilingualism and cosmopolitanism as inherent strengths of Jewish diasporic life—and as vital in today’s world. Through her own translational upbringing and family history, she offers a deeply personal narrative intertwined with 20th-century upheavals and calls for a revival of prewar Jewish cosmopolitanism.

Philipp Glaum, Fabian Neumann, Tom Brown

The European North Sea has a vast renewable energy potential and can be a powerhouse for Europe's energy transition. However, currently there is uncertainty about how much offshore wind energy can be integrated, whether offshore grids should be meshed and to what extent offshore hydrogen should play a role. To address these questions, we use the open-source energy system optimization model PyPSA-Eur to model a European carbon-neutral sector-coupled energy system in high spatial and temporal resolution. We let the model endogenously decide how much offshore wind is deployed and which infrastructure is used to integrate the offshore wind. We find that with point-to-point connections like we have today, 310 GW offshore wind can be integrated in the North Sea. However, if we allow meshed networks and hydrogen, we find that this can be raised to 420 GW with cost savings up to 15 billion euros per year. Furthermore, we only observe significant amounts of up to 75 GW of floating wind turbines in the North Sea if we have offshore hydrogen production. Generally, the model opts for offshore wind integration through a mix of both electricity and hydrogen infrastructure. However, the bulk of the offshore energy is transported as hydrogen, which is twice as much as the amount transported as electricity. Moreover, we find that the offshore power network is mainly used for offshore wind integration, with only a small portion used for inter-country transmission.

Gabriel Conant, Kyle Gannon, James E. Hanson

We prove a number of results relating the concepts of Keisler measures, generic stability, randomizations, and NIP formulas. Among other things, we do the following: (1) We introduce the notion of a Keisler-Morley measure, which plays the role of a Morley sequence for a Keisler measure. We prove that if $μ$ is fim over $M$, then for any Keisler-Morley measure $λ$ in $μ$ over $M$ and any formula $\varphi(x,b)$, $\lim_{i \to \infty} λ(\varphi(x_i,b)) = μ(\varphi(x,b))$. We also show that any measure satisfying this conclusion must be fam. (2) We study the map, defined by Ben Yaacov, taking a definable measure $μ$ to a type $r_μ$ in the randomization. We prove that this map commutes with Morley products, and that if $μ$ is fim then $r_μ$ is generically stable. (3) We characterize when generically stable types are closed under Morley products by means of a variation of ict-patterns. Moreover, we show that NTP$_2$ theories satisfy this property. (4) We prove that if a local measure admits a suitably tame global extension, then it has finite packing numbers with respect to any definable family. We also characterize NIP formulas via the existence of tame extensions for local measures.

Wei Wang, Yuhan Feng, Ruotong Wu et al.

With the development of agriculture and industry, the increase in nitrogen (N) deposition has caused widespread concern among scientists. Although emission reduction policies have slowed N releases in Europe and North America, the threat to biodiversity cannot be ignored. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of plant communities in forest ecosystems, and both their distribution and diversity have vital ecological functions. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of long-term N addition on AM fungi and understory herbaceous plants in a Korean pine plantation in northern China. The soil properties, community structure, and diversity of AM fungi and understory herbaceous plants were detected at different concentrations of NH4NO3 (0, 20, 40, 80 kg N ha−1 year−1) after 7 years. The results showed that long-term N deposition decreased soil pH, increased soil ammonium content, and caused significant fluctuations in P elements. N deposition improved the stability of soil aggregates by increasing the content of glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) and changed the AM fungal community composition. The Glomus genus was more adaptable to the acidic soil treated with the highest N concentration. The species of AM fungi, understory herbaceous plants, and the biomass of fine roots were decreased under long-term N deposition. The fine root biomass was reduced by 78.6% in the highest N concentration treatment. In summary, we concluded that long-term N deposition could alter soil pH, the distribution of N, P elements, and the soil aggregate fractions, and reduce AM fungal and understory herb diversity. The importance of AM fungi in maintaining forest ecosystem diversity was verified under long-term N deposition.

Мирјана Богуновић

Мандат као двострано неједнако обавезујући контракт одступа од правила синалагматичности у групи консензуалних контраката . Управо доводећи у везу чињенице да је мандат двострано неједнако обавезујући уговор (contractus bilateralis inaequalis) и да припада групи консензуалних контраката, поставља се врло једноставно питање о поријеклу тог института. Да ли је постојао институт сличан институту мандата у цивилном праву који су римски правници адаптирали и по угледу на карактеристике тог института створили институт који ће бити доступан и странцима и регулисан начелима добре вјере, а задржати бесплатност као суштинско одређење правне природе контракта јер води поријекло из пријатељства и дужности? Вјеродостојан одговор на ово питање се може дати само уколико романистика дође до нових извора који ће потврдити већ постојеће хипотезе које су формиране кроз бројне теорије о поријеклу мандата .

E. Abel

Michael Timothy Bennett

The following defines intent, an arbitrary task and its solutions, and then argues that an agent which always constructs what is called an Intensional Solution would qualify as artificial general intelligence. We then explain how natural language may emerge and be acquired by such an agent, conferring the ability to model the intent of other individuals labouring under similar compulsions, because an abstract symbol system and the solution to a task are one and the same.

Zhao Yuan

Optimal power flow (OPF) is the fundamental mathematical model in power system operations. Improving the solution quality of OPF provide huge economic and engineering benefits. The convex reformulation of the original nonconvex alternating current OPF (ACOPF) model gives an efficient way to find the global optimal solution of ACOPF but suffers from the relaxation gaps. The existence of relaxation gaps hinders the practical application of convex OPF due to the AC-infeasibility problem. We evaluate and improve the tightness of the convex ACOPF model in this paper. Various power networks and nodal loads are considered in the evaluation. A unified evaluation framework is implemented in Julia programming language. This evaluation shows the sensitivity of the relaxation gap and helps to benchmark the proposed tightness reinforcement approach (TRA). The proposed TRA is based on the penalty function method which penalizes the power loss relaxation in the objective function of the convex ACOPF model. A heuristic penalty algorithm is proposed to find the proper penalty parameter of the TRA. Numerical results show relaxation gaps exist in test cases especially for large-scale power networks under low nodal power loads. TRA is effective to reduce the relaxation gap of the convex ACOPF model.

M. Lukas Seehausen, Catarina Afonso, Hervé Jactel et al.

Many factors can affect the success and failure of classical biological control. However, these factors have mainly been studied independently of each other, which leaves their relative importance within the complexity of classical biological control (CBC) programmes unknown. Therefore, we set out to take a more holistic view on the factors that may impact the outcome of CBC of insect pests by insect predators and parasitoids. To this end, we filtered the BIOCAT catalogue to extract entries for the Greater Western Palearctic ecozone and added 15 new explanatory variables. These mainly concerned traits of released biological control agents, target pests, and host plants of the target, but also included the number of introductions for specific agent-target combinations as a management aspect. We then analysed the data regarding three levels of success: agent establishment, impact on the target population, and complete control of the target. Between 1890 and 2010 a total of 780 introductions of insects for biological control were undertaken in the analysed area, constituting 416 agent-target combinations. Overall success of agent establishment was 32%, successful impact of single agents on their target was 18%, and success of complete control was 11%. The number of factors significantly influencing the outcome of CBC decreased with increasing level of success. Remarkably few agent-related factors influenced the success: insect predators as agents decreased the probability of establishment and using oligophagous parasitoids significantly decreased the chances of complete control. Other significant factors were related to traits of target pests or their host plants. For example, sap feeders and target pests attacking reproductive plant parts were more likely to be successfully controlled. The rate of success increased with the number of introductions of CBC agents, in particular against univoltine target pests. These findings suggest that a focus on agent-related traits to increase the chances of successful CBC is not fully justified and should be complemented with the consideration of lower trophic levels and other aspects of CBC, such as abiotic factors and management.

Anna Vogiatzoglou, A. Mulligan, Marleen A. H. Lentjes et al.

Background Flavonoids are a group of phenolic secondary plant metabolites that are ubiquitous in plant-based diets. Data from anthropological, observational and intervention studies have shown that many flavonoids are bioactive. For this reason, there is an increasing interest in investigating the potential health effects of these compounds. The translation of these findings into the context of the health of the general public requires detailed information on habitual dietary intake. However, only limited data are currently available for European populations. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the habitual intake and main sources of anthocyanidins, flavanols, flavanones, flavones, flavonols, proanthocyanidins, theaflavins and thearubigins in the European Union. Design We use food consumption data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the FLAVIOLA Food Composition Database to estimate intake of flavonoids. Results Mean (±SEM) intake of total flavonoids in Europe was 428±49 mg/d, of which 136±14 mg/d were monomeric compounds. Gallated flavan-3-ols (53±12 mg/d) were the main contributor. The lowest flavonoid intake was observed in Mediterranean countries (monomeric compounds: 95±11 mg/d). The distribution of intake was skewed in many countries, especially in Germany (monomeric flavonoids; mean intake: 181 mg/d; median intake: 3 mg/d). Conclusions The habitual intake of flavonoids in Europe is below the amounts found to have a significant health effect.

Yulia Sepreninova, Inna Makarenko, Alex Plastun et al.

This article summarizes the existing approaches to investigating instruments of responsible investments in the health care system in Europe and in United States. The main research’s purpose is to identify existing instruments of responsible investment under funding Sustainable Development Goal 3: ‘Good health and well-being’. Systematization of scientific sources and approaches on the investigated issue showed no unique approach to forming a list of responsible investment instruments to finance health and well-being in Europe and United States. Hence, existing approaches vary by risk, return, suitability for financing, and so on. Therefore, the analysis and generalization of existing approaches and investigating their implementation-related practical features are the relevant scientific problem. The research’s object is the health care financing approaches of the generally recognized organizations such as the Financial Initiative for Biodiversity under the United Nations Development Program, the United States Agency for International Development and the World Bank (Biodiversity Finance Initiative United Nation Development Program, USAID, World Bank). The authors noted that these organizations contributed greatly to provide funding for these projects at the global level. For gaining the research’s goal, this study was conducted in the following logical sequence. Firstly, the authors characterized the Biofin financial decisions in health care under the United Nations Development Program. Secondly, the study systematized the U.S. Agency for International Development financing approaches regarding the Sustainable Development Goal 3. Then, the authors generalized the practical directions towards realizing the mentioned above instruments while digging into the World Bank responsible investment activity regarding health care. The study suggested the typology method to identify the key criteria for classifying responsible investment instruments. In turn, the mapping method was used to generalize the scientific background concerning health care finance. Therefore, the findings could help scientists further develop and unify the classification of responsible investment instruments regarding sustainable development and health care financing based on EU and US experience. Moreover, the obtained results enrich the existing global approaches in funding the national health care system and reaching the established Sustainable Development Goals 3 ‘Good health and well-being’

Mariusz Zygmunt, Tadeusz Gargula, Przemysław Klapa

Circular arcs are a graphical element present in the cadastral systems of many countries. Unfortunately, this type of record of the geometry of parcel borders is a problem described by the directives of Infrastructure for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) Data Specification on Cadastral Parcels. Because of the difficulties of using such geometric objects, the solution to this problem, as recommended by the European Commission, should be monitored. The target effect should be a cadastral data model based solely on linear segments. Solutions based on a classic approach of converting such data (like arcs), unfortunately, always involves changes of one of the most important attributes of a parcel—its area. The paper presents a proposal for solving this important problem using an algorithm, ensuring the preservation of the area of the parcels after converting the arcs into linear segments. Moreover, attention was paid to the technical aspects of the proposed changes.

Claudia Miller, Hamidreza Rahmati, Rebecca R. G

The main goal of this paper is to prove, in positive characteristic $p$, stability behavior for the graded Betti numbers in the periodic tails of the minimal resolutions of Frobenius powers of the homogeneous maximal ideals for very general choices of hypersurface in three variables whose degree has the opposite parity to that of $p$. We also find some of the structure of the matrix factorization giving the resolution. We achieve this by developing a method for obtaining the degrees of the generators of the defining ideal of an $\mathfrak{c}$-compressed Gorenstein Artinian graded algebra from its socle degree, where $\mathfrak{c}$ is a Frobenius power of the homogeneous maximal ideal. As an application, we also obtain the Hilbert-Kunz function of the hypersurface ring, as well as the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the quotients by Frobenius powers of the homogeneous maximal ideal.

Guillaume Bossard, Severin Lüst

We systematically study all supersymmetric solutions of six-dimensional (2,0) supergravity with a null isometry. In particular, every such solution with at least four real supersymmetries is also a supersymmetric solution of a (1,0) theory preserving the same absolute amount of supersymmetry. This implies that no genuinely new solutions of this type can be found in this framework. The microstate geometries associated to supersymmetric black holes within Mathur's proposal are generically supersymmetric solutions of six-dimensional supergravity. A direct consequence of our result is that supersymmetric microstate geometries of single centre supersymmetric black holes should carry only one compact 3-cycle.