El Plan de Conmoción Interna del Estado (CONINTES) fue implementado durante el gobierno de Arturo Frondizi (1958-1962) en Argentina, en un contexto de agitación obrera y conflictividad sindical. Estableció la subordinación de las policías provinciales a las Fuerzas Armadas (FF. AA.) y habilitó, de esta manera, su participación en la represión interna. Este artículo reconstruye el caso de los “presos CONINTES” detenidos en la Base Naval de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, provincia de Buenos Aires. El objetivo principal es analizar estas experiencias de prisión política a partir de una identificación precisa de los actores involucrados y de las prácticas represivas implementadas en esta dependencia de la Armada. La elección de esta perspectiva de análisis busca poner en diálogo el contexto nacional con las dinámicas políticas y sociales específicas del espacio local. El corpus principal de fuentes se compone de denuncias de apremios ilegales realizadas por los detenidos y prensa local.
Social Sciences, Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform
We introduce KRED (Korea Research Economic Database), a new FRED MD style macroeconomic dataset for South Korea. KRED is constructed by aggregating 88 key monthly time series from multiple official sources (e.g., Bank of Korea ECOS, Statistics Korea KOSIS) into a unified, publicly available database. The dataset is aligned with the FRED MD format, enabling standardized transformations and direct comparability; an Appendix maps each Korean series to its FRED MD counterpart. Using a balanced panel of 80 series from 2009 to 2024, we extract four principal components via PCA that explain approximately 40% of the total variance. These four factors have intuitive economic interpretations, capturing monetary conditions, labor market activity, real output, and housing demand, analogous to diffusion indexes summarizing broad economic movements. Notably, the factor based diffusion indexes derived from KRED clearly trace major macroeconomic fluctuations over the sample period such as the 2020 COVID 19 recession. Our results demonstrate that KRED's factor structure can effectively condense complex economic information into a few informative indexes, yielding new insights into South Korea's business cycles and co movements.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a powerful tool for economic research, enabling large-scale simulation and policy optimization. However, applying AI effectively requires simulation platforms for scalable training and evaluation-yet existing environments remain limited to simplified, narrowly scoped tasks, falling short of capturing complex economic challenges such as demographic shifts, multi-government coordination, and large-scale agent interactions. To address this gap, we introduce EconGym, a scalable and modular testbed that connects diverse economic tasks with AI algorithms. Grounded in rigorous economic modeling, EconGym implements 11 heterogeneous role types (e.g., households, firms, banks, governments), their interaction mechanisms, and agent models with well-defined observations, actions, and rewards. Users can flexibly compose economic roles with diverse agent algorithms to simulate rich multi-agent trajectories across 25+ economic tasks for AI-driven policy learning and analysis. Experiments show that EconGym supports diverse and cross-domain tasks-such as coordinating fiscal, pension, and monetary policies-and enables benchmarking across AI, economic methods, and hybrids. Results indicate that richer task composition and algorithm diversity expand the policy space, while AI agents guided by classical economic methods perform best in complex settings. EconGym also scales to 10k agents with high realism and efficiency.
Like much recent historiography, especially that inspired by the so-called “new history of capitalism,” Prak and Van Zanden are interested in what they call the “how” and “why” of the emergence of a capitalist market economy in the premodern Low Countries Yet, unlike much of the literature in this vein which takes the early modern trans-Atlantic slave trade and the tobacco, coffee, tea, sugar and cotton plantation economies that it supported as capitalism’s founding moment, the authors begin their story solidly in the early Middle Ages.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Economic history and conditions
We demonstrated the analogy between Economics and Gauge Theory of Plasticity and used it to describe the relationship between money supply and inflation at the economic market. The received equations of economical dynamics in phase space are similar to the plasticity equations and economic variables - choice, competition and profit correspond to the state of the market with inflation. We described the meaning of equations and the role of its variables in the stabilization mechanism of the market with inflation. The equation of market equilibrium including the Profit turnover, time changes of competition, capital and choice was discussed in detail.
Abstract This chapter explores memories of service recalled by female deponents in the church courts. Focusing on a sub-set of women whose memories of service reached far back into the past, the chapter probes their recollections to capture the lasting impact of service on women’s identities and lives. Being a servant witness signified dependency and poverty, attributes that the opposing side leveraged as grounds for dismissal of the testimony (based on poor credit and affinity to a litigating master or mistress). On the other hand, being asked to remember as a former servant recharacterized these women as repositories and sharers of knowledge through their historic service. Their past labour took on new meaning in the courts. The chapter endows service with a longevity beyond the number of years a woman actively served. Imprinted on memory and recalled even through bodily habits and practices, life in service left its mark on women and their identity. The chapter draws attention to the importance of service as a framework for women’s recollections of the past. Service helped make sense of and organise their life stories – stories which grounded their working lives within national epidemics, economic crises, local practices, and customs.
En el presente trabajo, desde una perspectiva integradora, se realizó un diagnóstico y propuestas de acción para el mejoramiento del sector ganadero en el municipio de Juchique de Ferrer, Veracruz, México al año 2022.
Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform, Economic history and conditions
Post-pandemic world has thrown up several challenges, such as, high inflation, low growth, high debt, collapse of economies, political instability, job losses, lowering of income in addition to damages caused natural disasters, more convincing attributed to climate change, apart from existing inequalities. Efforts are being made to mitigate these challenges at various levels. To the best of the knowledge of the author, most of the prior researches have focussed on specific scenarios, use cases, inter-relationships between couple of sectors and more so on optimal policies, such as, impact of carbon tax on individuals, interaction between taxes and welfare, etc. However, not much effort have been made to understand the actual impact on individual agents due to diverse policy changes and how agents cope with changing economic dynamics. This paper considers progressive deteriorating conditions of increase in expense, degrading environmental utility, increase in taxation, decrease in welfare and lowering of income with recourse to inherited properties, credits and return on investments, and tries to understand how the agents cope with the changing situations using an agent based model with matrices related to savings, credits, assets. Results indicate that collapse of agents' economic conditions can be quite fast, sudden and drastic for all income groups in most cases.
Ummya Salma, Md. Fazlul Huq Khan, Md. Masum Billah
This study aims to examine the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), personal remittances received, and official development assistance (ODA) in the economic growth of Bangladesh. The study utilizes time series data on Bangladesh from 1976 to 2021. Additionally, this research contributes to the existing literature by introducing the Foreign Capital Depthless Index (FCDI) and exploring its impact on Bangladesh's economic growth. The results of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) suggest that the economic growth of Bangladesh depends on FDI, remittances, and aid in the long run. However, these variables do not exhibit a causal relationship with GDP in the short run. The relationship between FCDI and economic growth is positive in the long run. Nevertheless, the presence of these three variables has a more significant impact on the economic growth of Bangladesh
Existence theory in economics is usually in real domains such as the findings of chaotic trajectories in models of economic growth, tatonnement, or overlapping generations models. Computational examples, however, sometimes converge rapidly to cyclic orbits when in theory they should be nonperiodic almost surely. We explain this anomaly as the result of digital approximation and conclude that both theoretical and numerical behavior can still illuminate essential features of the real data.
We present some conditions for social preference transitivity under the majority rule when the individual preferences include cycles. First, our concern is with the restriction on the preference orderings of individuals except those (called cycle members) whose preferences constitute the cycles, but the considered transitivity is, of course, of the society as a whole. In our discussion, the individual preferences are assumed concerned and the cycle members' preferences are assumed as strict orderings. Particularly, for an alternative triple when one cycle is involved and the society is sufficient large (at least 5 individuals in the society), we present a sufficient condition for social transitivity; when two antagonistic cycles are involved and the society has at least 9 individuals, necessary and sufficient conditions are presented which are merely restricted on the preferences of those individuals except the cycle members. Based on the work due to Slutsky (1977) and Gaertner \& Heinecke (1978), we then outline a conceptual $\hat{O}\mbox{-}\hat{I}$ framework of social transitivity in an axiomatic manner. Connections between some already identified conditions and the $\hat{O}\mbox{-}\hat{I}$ framework is examined.
Balancing pandemic control and economics is challenging, as the numerical analysis assuming specific economic conditions complicates obtaining predictable general findings. In this study, we analytically demonstrate how adopting timely moderate measures helps reconcile medical effectiveness and economic impact, and explain it as a consequence of the general finding of ``economic irreversibility" by comparing it with thermodynamics. A general inequality provides the guiding principles on how such measures should be implemented. The methodology leading to the exact solution is a novel theoretical contribution to the econophysics literature.
Standard economic theory uses mathematics as its main means of understanding, and this brings clarity of reasoning and logical power. But there is a drawback: algebraic mathematics restricts economic modeling to what can be expressed only in quantitative nouns, and this forces theory to leave out matters to do with process, formation, adjustment, creation and nonequilibrium. For these we need a different means of understanding, one that allows verbs as well as nouns. Algorithmic expression is such a means. It allows verbs (processes) as well as nouns (objects and quantities). It allows fuller description in economics, and can include heterogeneity of agents, actions as well as objects, and realistic models of behavior in ill-defined situations. The world that algorithms reveal is action-based as well as object-based, organic, possibly ever-changing, and not fully knowable. But it is strangely and wonderfully alive.
ABSTRACT This paper uses the ‘access orders’ paradigm developed by North, Wallis, and Weingast [(2009). Violence and social order: A conceptual framework for interpreting recorded human history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press] to analyse the case of the Italian North–South economic divide. In line with their framework, we collect and discuss several social and political indicators over the long-run, at the regional level. Firstly we looked at data on the pre-conditions for the establishment of an open-access order, such as murders per capita (a proxy for control over violence), voting turnout and referendums participation (proxies for political legitimacy), and the impersonality of exchange. We then showed evidence of different access orders in the North and in the South, using the information on human capital formation, women participation in the labour market, and referendum results. On the basis of this evidence, we argue that, despite being part of the same State and subject to the same formal institutions, the North of the country progressively developed into an open-access order, while the South remained a form of limited access order. Institutional differences are linked to specific aspects of the economic performance of the two areas, thus the ‘access order’ paradigm appears to be an effective conceptual scheme to explain the North–South economic divide.
Since the arrival of the Coronavirus in the United States, Americans have been forced to quarantine themselves at home in dramatic fashion, unlike almost any other time in the nation’s history. Moreover, the American workforce has been equally impacted by virtue of state-imposed shutdowns that have affected innumerable businesses, including the Hollywood entertainment industry, which is the subject of this research. I examine how commercial entertainment conglomerates like AT&T, Comcast, Disney, ViacomCBS, and Fox have responded to mandatory closures for businesses that employ a human workforce upon whom they rely for their labor, and to human consumers they seek to distribute their film and television commodities to for profit. Using historical and discourse analyses in a political economic theoretical framework, I review contemporary reports about the economic conditions which have influenced the industry’s technological adaptation and innovation and argue that the Hollywood television and film industries will capitalize upon this current public health crisis as a motivator to adopt streaming platforms as the new preferred distribution mechanism of entertainment long after COVID 19 is a memory. This qualitative research examines the technological adaptations employed by these entertainment conglomerates to analyze (1) how the transition to streaming video on demand has occurred, and evaluates (2) what the adoption of these survival strategies mean for Hollywood’s long-term economic future and survival in a “digitally competitive” (Smith and Telang, 2017) marketplace.
Ez a cikk e szerző négy előző írásának [Szakolczai, 2016, 2017a, 2017b, 2017c]
a folytatása, amely elmélettörténetinek látszik, de ilyen szempontból vázlatos, viszont nagyon is súlyos gazdaságpolitikai következtetésekre vezet. E cikkben a keynesi Általános elmélet és a Keynesi Általános nemzetközi elmélet összehasonlításából indulok ki. Ez utóbbi terminológiát az indokolja, hogy a nemzetközi gazdaság
keynesi rendje szerintem ugyanolyan súlyú, mint a keynesi Általános elmélet, és
ezért szerintem joggal nevezhető a keynesi Általános nemzetközi elméletnek. Ezt
az összehasonlítást szükségképpen a keynesi Általános elmélet rövid bemutatásával kell kezdenem, noha ez közismert.
Economic theory. Demography, Economic history and conditions
We study the problem of providing blockchain applications with \emph{economically viable randomness} (EVR), namely, randomness that has significant economic consequences. Applications of EVR include blockchain-based lotteries and gambling. An EVR source guarantees (i) secrecy, assuring that the random bits are kept secret until some predefined condition indicates that they are safe to reveal (e.g., the lottery's ticket sale closes), and (ii) robustness, guaranteeing that the random bits are published once the condition holds. We formalize the EVR problem and solve it on top of an Ethereum-like blockchain abstraction, which supports smart contracts and a transferable native coin. Randomness is generated via a distributed open commit-reveal scheme by game-theoretic agents who strive to maximize their coin holdings. Note that in an economic setting, such agents might profit from breaking secrecy or robustness, and may engage in side agreements (via smart contracts) to this end. Our solution creates an incentive structure that counters such attacks. We prove that following the protocol gives rise to a stable state, called Coalition-Proof Nash Equilibrium, from which no coalition comprised of a subset of the players can agree to deviate. In this stable state, robustness and secrecy are satisfied. Finally, we implement our EVR source over Ethereum.
Sustainable development needs to be considered both at the macro and micro level. World history has been developing over an enormous number of years. During this period, the considerable power of the economy and its globalization is shown. The development tendencies of the present world have greatly influenced the original appearance of our planet and its aspects, such as humanity, nature, and the connections of various kinds of systems. All this leads to the understanding that the possibilities of nature to maintain a balance are not unlimited. The economy closely interacts with nature, which what determines the relevance and importance of the sustainability of modern companies and the balance of economic, social and environmental aspects of development for any company. The conditions of functioning of real-time economic entities determine the priority and relevance of the tasks of ensuring their sustainable development, which is due to the constant impact of objective and multidirectional factors of micro and macro level economy. The impact of external and internal factors remains unchanged and can lead to a violation of the stability of the state of the company if it is not prepared for them, and, therefore, is not able to resist them. In turn, the sustainability of a company’s development is characterized by its ability to function effectively and develop when external and internal conditions change. The strategic goal of sustainable development is to ensure the longest and healthiest possible existence for us and our generation, due to the competent combination and interaction between economic, social and environmental aspects that cover our lives, preserve the natural potential and technological capabilities and form certain benefits for humanity as a whole
This paper constructs a global economic policy uncertainty index through the principal component analysis of the economic policy uncertainty indices for twenty primary economies around the world. We find that the PCA-based global economic policy uncertainty index is a good proxy for the economic policy uncertainty on a global scale, which is quite consistent with the GDP-weighted global economic policy uncertainty index. The PCA-based economic policy uncertainty index is found to be positively related with the volatility and correlation of the global financial market, which indicates that the stocks are more volatile and correlated when the global economic policy uncertainty is higher. The PCA-based global economic policy uncertainty index performs slightly better because the relationship between the PCA-based uncertainty and market volatility and correlation is more significant.