While the costs related to population ageing are seen as major drivers of fiscal pressure in developed countries, including the EU, concerns about climate-related public spending and natural disasters have received relatively little attention in ensuring long-term fiscal sustainability in these countries. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the budgetary dimensions of natural disasters by empirically assessing their impact on the sustainability of public budgets and sustainable public debts. The so-called second-round effects resulting from governments' increasing efforts aimed at greenhouse gas reduction and adaptation are likely to further increase fiscal costs.
Nadiia Davydenko, Natalia Wasilewska, Zoia Titenko
et al.
The purpose of the article is to study the impact of investment and innovation development of agricultural enterprises on the financial security level. In today’s economy, one of the most common causes of a financial crisis at an enterprise is the lack of an effective mechanism for managing financial security. Especially in the context of neutralising the risks of doing business, it is important to ensure the investment and innovation development of agricultural enterprises. The study used scientific methods: abstract and logical - for theoretical generalisations and conclusions, tabular and graphical - for visualisation of the study results; analysis and synthesis - to find out the reasons that determine the change in the financial security level of the studied enterprises. The study results presented in this paper are important for formulating offers for investment and innovation development in the context of ensuring an adequate level of agricultural enterprises’ financial security.
The aim of the article is to determine differences in getting rid of unnecessary but operational items from households by young and older people. This is a significant problem from the point of view of the implementation of the principles of the circular economy because successful implementation of the circular economy system in municipalities depends on the habits and behaviour of consumers. The article is of a research nature. The survey was conducted in January 2020 using the CAWI method on a representative sample of n=1012 adult Polish residents aged 18 to 60. In the case of most of the product categories studied, there are differences in the way young and older people deal with unnecessary items. Younger people are more willing to buy new things, but on a positive note, they also often declare willingness to resell products they no longer need. However, an unfavourable phenomenon is the inclination of young people to store unnecessary items in their households. Older people - in the case of most of the products tested - are willing to give them free of charge to people in need. By knowing which groups of subjects deal with unnecessary objects less responsibly, one will be able to take targeted actions to change their behaviour.
This study aims to assess the market availability of human capital for the needs of the green economy under the conditions of the changing labour market in Poland. It is a theoretical and analytical study based on desk research and critical analysis of available factual information. Based on an analysis of quantitative data describing the age structure and education of Poles from the perspective of three consecutive decades, a growing labour supply deficit was found. It also points to a possible shortage of competencies needed to green the economy. It was emphasised that, in view of the low effectiveness of the state's prevention policy aimed at preventing the growing demographic crisis, it would be necessary to supplement the shortage of workers from external resources, that is, labour migration. However, this may also be difficult because the labour markets in other European countries become increasingly competitive. Recommended solutions to foster labour market sustainability for the green economy may be to delay the exit of employees from the labour market, boost female economic activity, and make the education system more efficient.
Anna Krysztopik, Izabela Anna Tałałaj, Paweł Biedka
The article aims to determine the share of mechanical-biological installation of waste processing (MBP) in the levels of recycling and preparation for the reuse of paper, metals, plastics, and glass (PMPG) achieved by municipalities. Two MBP installations were taken for the analysis - with the highest and the lowest share of municipalities in the Podlaskie Voivodship (Poland), which reached the recycling level required in 2019. In order to determine the share of MBP installations in the level of recycling achieved by communes, the share of the mass of recycled PMPG waste segregated from mixed municipal waste was calculated: in the total mass of generated PMPG waste and in the total mass of recycled PMPG waste from the municipal waste stream. On the basis of the conducted analyses, it should be stated that the MBP installation may have an impact on the achievement by municipalities of the recycling level required by law.
The energy transformation requires a change in the structure of the energy used. The article aims to determine the role of natural gas as a transition fuel in the European Union and Poland’s energy policy in the context of the promoted sustainable development policy. In the analysed documents presenting visions of energy policy, a differentiated approach to the effects of using natural gas is observed. The possible effects of using natural gas in Poland’s energy mix were analysed and evaluated. The study used the method of research document analysis. Six attributes of sustainable energy management and the relations between them were considered. The main results are as follows: 1. natural gas as an energy carrier does not fulfil the requirements of sustainable energy management, 2. from the point of view of utilisation effects, the use of natural gas for power generation purposes is better than using other fossil fuels, 3. in RES and nuclear energy development conditions, using natural gas for power generation will decrease, which should bring positive results for sustainable energy management. The main conclusion is the energy transition is mainly driven by political factors. Therefore, the energy carriers’ sustainable management issue shall be approached comprehensively.
Anna Bernaciak, Wojciech Kisiała, Natalia Sołtysiak
et al.
Lignite is a raw material considered a strategic fuel in the Polish energy sector. One of the prognostic lignite deposits is located in the south-western Wielkopolska (Krobia, Miejska Górka and Poniec communes). However, the perspective of exploitation causes concern to the local community. In this context, the paper aimed to identify the attitudes towards lignite mining in this area. In the
research procedure aimed at statistical verification of factors differentiating these attitudes, a survey was conducted. The results of the study showed that the inhabitants of the analysed communes had indecisive attitudes, yet with a very clear tendency towards negative assessments of the subject issue. Farmers and rural residents were the most sceptical, while entrepreneurs, town dwellers and young people had the most conciliatory attitudes. Moreover, it has been proved that professional status, place of residence (town-village) and age can be considered as factors affecting these attitudes.
This paper is an attempt to find interdependencies between selected variables of sustainable development and forestation rate. The scope of paper included 16 Polish Voivodships in the period 2004-2016. The descriptive method supplemented by tools of descriptive statistics has been used (Pearson Correlation Coefficient). Research results indicated above all high interdependency between forestation rate and EU funds for EU programmes and projects in Podlaskie, Śląskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodships. Moreover, Voivodeships received support for afforestation in accordance with the arable land available for afforestation (land of lass V and VI). Voivodeships in which land of classes V and VI constituted about 20% of their area (Dolnośląskie, Lubuskie, Śląskie,
Warmińsko-Mazurskie, and Zachodniopomorskie) received significant financial resources from the European Union for afforestation.
The new regulation concerning the quality of drinking water offers a number of delegations on the waterworks inform users about the quality of tap water. The study analysis on the public risk health should be prepared. In the paper the analysis and assessment method of the population and property related to failure occurrence of collective water supply systems is presented. Four categories of factors having impact on the multiplicative risk: purity category or probability of danger occurrence, material damage, loss of population health and security were adopted. On this basis four-parametric risk matrix was developed. In the study also examples of application methods were presented. The method can provide a planning tool in crisis management at the local government level.
The aim of the study was to propose a method for the valuation of water use in agriculture. Authors proposed an indirect valuation method – the alternative cost of water abstraction based on the cost of water from public supply. It was found, that there are several problems with statistical data on water use in agriculture, e.g. it is mostly estimations and it actually covers water used in agriculture, forestry and fishing. Proposed valuation method was used to valuate water use in Polish agriculture.
It was calculated, that that cost equaled to almost PLN 4.5 billion in 2016, which means the cost per farm at the level over PLN 3.2 thousand.
Damian Łowicki, Piotr Lupa, Małgorzata Stępniewska
In the European Union countries, including Poland, work is being conducted on the implementation of the ecosystem services (ES) approach in policy and decision-making. This process is relatively advanced at the level of individual member states; however, it still constitutes a big challenge on the sub-national level. The determination of reasons for such a status quo and searching for solutions
were main subjects of one of the workshops at the ECOSERV 2016 symposium that was held in Poznań in 2016. 30 persons representing the most important Polish authorities and institutions dealing with environmental management participated in the workshop. The analysis performed made it possible to identify a set of conditions, which, according to the experts, are the most important for the development of the ES approach in the regional scale.
El rescate es el precio que se paga para liberar a una persona que ha caído en manos del enemigo como prisionera (captivus) y reducida a la esclavitud. La fijación y el pago de este precio son parte de un largo proceso —de redención— que involucra a diversos sujetos (tanto individuos como instituciones) que muchas veces tienen diferentes afiliaciones religiosas. Ransom está relacionado con el corso, un fenómeno militar, comercial y financiero que implica el intercambio continuo de hombres, mercancías y dinero. En comparación con las órdenes religiosas y las instituciones seculares y religiosas especializadas en rescates, es más difícil identificar y cuantificar las innumerables iniciativas privadas, informales o institucionalizadas, de parte de individuos o de un grupo, comenzando por las de los familiares de los cautivos. : todas aquellas categorías de redentores cuyas huellas hay que buscar en actividades banales —comprar, vender, realizar una actividad para lucrar, arriesgarse, planificar un negocio, aprovechar una oportunidad— y, por tanto, no aparecen en fuentes institucionales. Es un lugar común establecido pero insostenible suponer que los musulmanes no rescataron a sus compañeros creyentes que cayeron en manos cristianas, sino que se limitaron a intercambios ocasionales. En la medida en que el mundo musulmán no tenía organizaciones equivalentes a las de la Europa católica, las intensas relaciones comerciales de un grupo de comerciantes moros entre Palermo y Tunisi nos ayudan a comprender la omnipresencia de la actividad de rescate, la interconexión entre intercambios comerciales y redención, y los beneficios compartidos obtenidos por agentes comerciales de diferentes religiones. De manera más general, nos ayudan a reflexionar sobre el contacto entre sociedades vecinas o adyacentes, aunque frecuentemente estén en conflicto unas con otras.
Abstract In this paper, I provide a critical overview of research in economic geography on race and racialization. I begin with a discussion about the connections between geography and processes of racialization. I then move into an examination of the kinds of engagements economic geographers are undertaking in research examining racial difference and the racialized implications of economic policy and practice. Drawing from the insights of feminist economic geographers as well as critical race scholars, I argue that while economic geographers have long engaged in research that illustrates racially uneven economic outcomes, race remains under‐examined in economic geography. I conclude with a call for increased scholarship on race in economic geography, suggesting that economic geographers draw from research that interrogates the foundational nature of race and relational racialization to interrogate the mutually constitutive nature of ‘race’ and ‘economy’.