Antes de emprender la rebelión que le llevó a alcanzar el trono del reino, localizamos el nombre de Witerico por vez primera en las VPE como uno de los protagonistas de la rebelión que encabezó Sunna para matar y deponer a Masona.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc.
We owe important testimonies about local nomads to monks and pilgrims visiting Sinai. The information about them can be found in the works of Nilus of Sinai, Nilus of Ancyra, Ammonius, Jerome, Anastasius Sinaita or John Moschos. The image of the nomads, both Arabs and Blemmyds is painted in rather dark colours. The Christian authors pointed to the fact that they did not have permanent residences, nor cultivated land, but lived on what they hunted or robbed. They devoted much attention to the attacks of the nomads on monasteries, hermits and pilgrims. They also reported the fate of the latter in captivity. They were shocked by Saracen beliefs, the cult of al-Uzza, identified with Aphrodite and bloody victims, especially human, although the latter has often been questioned by researchers. It seems that such practices may have happened, although rarely. Those Saracens who had adopted Christianity were presented in a different manner. They were allies of monks and hermits, defending them fromtheir pagan brothers. Even if their customs had not radically changed, for the Christian writers they were no longer barbarians. In the written sources, there is little information about collaboration between ascetics and nomadic communities, although we know from the archaeological sources that it took place, even in the form of trade exchange.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Con este estudio pretendemos poner de relieve la importancia que tuvo el profesor José Orlandis Rovira en el desarrollo de los estudios de la Antigüedad Tardía en general y del mundo visigodo en particular. Asimismo, también elaboramos una pequeña biografía centrándonos en su formación para entender los campos que estudio a lo largo de su extensa y bien aprovechada vida científica.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc.
Tras de la conquista romana, los indígenas se vieron obligados a abandonar sus asentamientos en la montañas y a vivir en los antiguos campamentos romanos porque se hallaban en lo llano
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc.
The article presents how three great Alexandrian writers (Clemens, Origen and Didymus the Blind) estimated possession of material wealth. The first of them in Quis dives salvetur? assures Alexandria’s rich Christians that they also can achieve salvation, although under certain circumstances. Clemens explains Jesus’ words to the rich young man: „Sell everything you have, and give to the poor” (Mk 10, 21) allegorically. This order means that the wealthy should remove from the heart attachment to material goods and extirpate all passions which are bound up with them. The author wonders rhetorically: Who will help the poor, if we all will be devoid of material goods? Clemens regards earthly riches as things which are in themselves indifferent (adiafora). Christians should use them in moderation and for God’s glory. Besides, they must look for the poor and help them. Origen, in his turn, first interprets literally the pericope of the rich young man (Mt 19, 16-26). Considering the question from the ascetic perspective, the great writer thinks that it’s impossible to reconcile riches with Christian perfection. Origen accepts also the allegorical interpretation, according to which „possessions” symbolize evil passions and deeds. However to him such explanation seems to be overdone. Besides, in his opinion, the man who didn’t give up his riches, will never be able to free himself from evil passions. Therefore, according to Origen, it’s hard for the wealthy to achieve salvation. That will be possible only thanks to God’s omnipotence. So Origen’s words could infuse worry and uncertainty into the rich. Didymus, the last teacher of the Alexandrian school, following the Stoics and Clemens, defines material goods as adiafora. He adds also that these aren’t goods in the proper sense. Moreover, the author admits that riches are a secondary gift of God. Obviously they are that, if one uses them as far as they are necessary. But the most important aspect is that Didymus emphasizes resolutely a positive potential of material wealth. By means of it one may help other people, including for example the support of the sage. Riches if used right – asserts the author following the Platonic and Aristotelian tradition – can contribute to moral virtue of their owner. This way material goods become an instrument through which one may merit eternal life. Surely with such rhetoric Didymus could impress the rich. We must admit that his stance was due to the historical context as well, since Christianity became in the IV century the official state religion. Its new condition certainly contributed to a more mature look at social and economic questions.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
That English literature is suffused with religion is news to no one; the English language is throughout history part of the structure of the Church or churches. But there is a way in which Church history and English literature have been missing each other for a good many years. This is in part because, until recently, religion in literature has been the preserve of relatively small groups of enthusiasts with partisan views. Their work has appeared unattractive or irrelevant to a largely secular mainstream that has been preoccupied with the ‘political’ (as opposed to the religious) in early modern literary studies (this is especially so with regard to the drama). But we now have an account of Church history that is more sophisticated and variegated, more attuned to confessional variety and its politics, local and national. This is crying out for engagement with literary studies in ways that literary scholars would find compelling, not least in offering many solutions to the kinds of questions they have come to ask. To some extent the dialogue has already begun, and indeed several exemplary studies are cited in what follows. Nonetheless, we are at the beginning of what may well be a long and extremely fruitful interdisciplinary encounter.
Sprawozdanie z ogólnopolskiego Sympozjum Patrystycznego, które odbyło się 2-23 września 1980 we Wrocławiu i było poświęcone osobie i Regule św. Benedykta.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
La cristologia degli scrittori latini del IV/V s. era dominata dalle correnti antiapollinaristiche. Agostino, attraverso Alipio, all'inizio era sotto l'influsso delle teorie di Apollinare.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects
Artykuł uwypukla nauczanie św. Gaudentego z Brescii odnośnie do boskości Ducha Świętego na podstawie egzegezy biblijnej Godów w Kanie Galilejskiej. Zważywszy, iż perykopa ta była chętnie wyjaśniana przez Ojców Kościoła, artykuł stara się także porównać egzegezę Biskupa Brescii z egzegezą innych Ojców czy pisarzy kościelnych, aby w ten sposób jeszcze wyraźniej ukazać wartość nauczania św. Gaudentego. Według Biskupa Brescii, gdy nadeszła pełnia czasów, Chrystus pojawił się na weselu w Kanie Galilejskiej, którą to Kanę św. Gaudenty nazywa possessio gentium, ziemią pogan. Wokół pana młodego znajdują się: Mojżesz, którego symbolizuje gospodarz weselny; Maryja, która streszcza i zawiera w sobie patriarchów, proroków i wszystkich sprawiedliwych Starego Testamentu; apostołowie, którym zostanie zlecone posłannictwo głoszenia Ewangelii i szafowania chrztu. W takim to właśnie otoczeniu Chrystus czyni z Kościoła zgromadzonego z narodów pogańskich swoją oblubienicę, udziełając mu za wstawiennictwem Maryi daru nowego wina, którym jest Duch Święty. W Chrystusie-Oblubieńcu znajdują swe wypełnienie oczekiwania sprawiedliwych Starego Testamentu, których figurą jest Maryja, która wstawia się, aby Oblubieniec udzielił spragnionym narodom pogańskim, których symbolem jest Kana - miasto pogan - daru zaślubin małżeńskich, którym jest Duch Święty. Rozkaz dany sługom, aby napełniłi kamienne stągwie wodą, symbolizuje powołanie apostołów do udzielania chrztu i do nauczania Dobrej Nowiny. Usuwając z nauczania św. Gaudentego niektóre składniki nieco może niekiedy przesadzonej egzegezy alegorycznej, nałeży stwierdzić, iż egzegezą ta jest szczególnie oryginalna i cenna z tego powodu, iż widzi w ewangelicznym Oblubieńcu postać, która jednoczy Stary i Nowy Testament i zapoczątkowuje okres zaślubin w dziejach świata i Kościoła, okres Ducha Świętego - jedyny i niepowtarzałny dies lucis.
Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc., Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects