Hasil untuk "Competition"

T. Ho, H. Stoll

J. Barney

Ioannis Nasios

Machine learning competitions (MLCs) play a pivotal role in advancing artificial intelligence (AI) by fostering innovation, skill development, and practical problem-solving. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of major competition platforms such as Kaggle and Zindi, examining their workflows, evaluation methodologies, and reward structures. It further assesses competition quality, participant expertise, and global reach, with particular attention to demographic trends among top-performing competitors. By exploring the motivations of competition hosts, this paper underscores the significant role of MLCs in shaping AI development, promoting collaboration, and driving impactful technological progress. Furthermore, by combining literature synthesis with platform-level data analysis and practitioner insights a comprehensive understanding of the MLC ecosystem is provided. Moreover, the paper demonstrates that MLCs function at the intersection of academic research and industrial application, fostering the exchange of knowledge, data, and practical methodologies across domains. Their strong ties to open-source communities further promote collaboration, reproducibility, and continuous innovation within the broader ML ecosystem. By shaping research priorities, informing industry standards, and enabling large-scale crowdsourced problem-solving, these competitions play a key role in the ongoing evolution of AI. The study provides insights relevant to researchers, practitioners, and competition organizers, and includes an examination of the future trajectory and sustained influence of MLCs on AI development.

G. Parker

David Hummels, James A. Levinsohn

Rr. Rachmalia Nadia Rizqina, Hery Pudjoprastyono, Nanik Hariyana

The Indonesian cosmetic industry has begun to develop from year to year. However, the development of the cosmetic industry in Indonesia is also followed by internal and external challenges. The existence of competition with foreign markets, especially China, has made the cosmetic industry in Indonesia begin to be affected. If it is not immediately addressed, the Indonesian cosmetic industry can be defeated by the foreign cosmetic industry. This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of social media marketing variables, price perception, and product quality on purchasing decisions for Citra body scrub products in the city of Surabaya. Samples were taken using purposive sampling technique with a total of 112 respondents. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires. The scale used in the questionnaire is a Likert scale of 1-5. The results of the questionnaire answers were analyzed using SmartPLS software. This study tests the hypothesis using the Structural Equation Model (SEM) technique with the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis method. The results of this study indicate that social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Price perception has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Product quality has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions.

Olesia Totska, Maksym Prosvirnikov

In ensuring the free movement of goods between Ukraine and its external partners, in particular the EU, the sphere of international freight road transportations of Ukraine plays an important role. Problem statement. SWOT analysis can be used to study its external and internal environment. Unresolved aspects. A SWOT analysis matrix of the sphere of international freight road transportations of Ukraine has been constructed. Purpose of the article. The purpose of the article is to identify the strengths and weaknesses, as well as opportunities and threats of the sphere of international freight road transportations of Ukraine. Main material. A number of important advantages have been identified: convenient geographical location of the state; extensive network of highways; experienced carriers; competitive cost of services; access to European markets. A number of weaknesses have been identified: unsatisfactory condition of a significant part of the infrastructure; shortage of qualified drivers; difficulties with processing documents and obtaining permits for international transportations; technical condition of the fleet; low level of digitalization; corruption. The following opportunities have been identified: expanding cooperation with the EU; investments in modernization; growing demand for transportations; integration with new markets in Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East; introduction of innovations. Certain threats have been identified: military operations on the territory of the state; increased competition from carriers from neighboring countries; lack of sufficient funding to comply with EU environmental standards; economic instability; restrictions on border crossing. Conclusions. For the further development of the international freight road transportations sector in Ukraine, it is advisable to apply the “Mini-Maxi” strategy, which is aimed at minimizing internal weaknesses based on the use of external opportunities.

Tianchang Ma, Yuyang Bai, Haomeng Shi et al.

Owing to the differences in crystallographic orientations among individual grains, dislocation structures in polycrystals are inherently inhomogeneous from grain to grain. Since intergranular incompatibility is inevitable during plastic deformation, it may consequently lead to unpredictable plastic strain localization, which in turn facilitates the initiation of fatigue crack. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanisms underlying inhomogeneous deformation in polycrystals, this study systematically examines the fatigue-induced dislocation structures in polycrystalline SUS316L stainless steel. We then directly compare them with those in copper single crystals to clarify the dependence of the dislocation structures on crystallographic orientation. SEM characterization demonstrates that high plastic strain near grain boundaries promotes the formation of secondary cell bands (CBs) overlapping the primary CBs, which is attributable to the simultaneous activation of multiple-slip systems under high plastic strain amplitudes. In addition to strain localization, competition among candidate secondary slip systems strongly governs the dislocation structures. Notably, a new type of deformation band (DB) on the (010) plane is identified in a non-coplanar double-slip-oriented grain, a feature not observed in single crystals, indicating that polycrystals accommodate plastic strain through distinct mechanisms. Detailed dislocation structure analysis provides theoretical guidance for mitigating fatigue crack initiation through the manipulation of dislocations.

L. Isbell

Massimo Motta

S. Borenstein, N. Rose

We study dispersion in the prices an airline charges to different passengers on the same route. This variation in fares is substantial: the expected absolute difference in fares between two passengers on a route is 36 percent of the airline's average ticket price. The pattern of observed price dispersion cannot easily be explained by cost differences alone. Dispersion increases on routes with more competition or lower flight density, consistent with discrimination based on customers' willingness to switch to alternative airlines or flights. We argue that the data support models of price discrimination in monopolistically competitive markets.

Bas Lodewijks, Neeladri Maitra

We study competition between two growth models with long-range correlations on the torus $\mathbb T_n^d$ of size $n$ in dimension $d$. We append the edge set of the torus $\mathbb T_n^d$ by including all non-nearest-neighbour edges, and from two source vertices $v^\ominus$ and $v^\oplus$ in $\mathbb T_n^d$ two infection processes $\ominus$ and $\oplus$ start spreading to other vertices. Each susceptible vertex can be infected by at most one infection type and when infected stays infected forever (i.e.\ competing SI models). A vertex $v$ infected with type $\square\in\{\ominus,\oplus\}$ infects a susceptible vertex $u$ at rate $λ_\square \|u-v\|^{-α_\square}$, where $λ_{\ominus}=λ_\ominus(n),λ_\oplus=λ_\oplus(n)>0$ and $α_\ominus=α_\ominus(n),α_\oplus=α_\oplus(n)\in[0,d)$ are allowed to depend on $n$. We study coexistence, the event that both infections reach an asymptotically positive proportion of the graph as $n$ tends to infinity, and identify precisely when coexistence occurs. In the case of absence of coexistence, we outline several phase transitions in the size of the infection that reaches a negligible proportion of the vertices, which depends on the ratio of the sum of infection rates across all vertices of type $\ominus$ and $\oplus$. The work extends known results for the case $α_\ominus(n)=α_\oplus(n)\equiv 0$ and $λ_\ominus(n)\equiv 1, λ_\oplus(n)\equiv λ>0$, and includes general and novel results that cannot be observed when the model parameters are fixed and independent of $n$. The main technical contribution is a coupling of the competition process with branching random walks, where we are able to use the coupling even when coupling error between the competition process and the branching random walks is of the same order of magnitude as the size of the coupled processes.

Juan E. Tapia, Naser Damer, Christoph Busch et al.

This paper summarises the Competition on Presentation Attack Detection on ID Cards (PAD-IDCard) held at the 2024 International Joint Conference on Biometrics (IJCB2024). The competition attracted a total of ten registered teams, both from academia and industry. In the end, the participating teams submitted five valid submissions, with eight models to be evaluated by the organisers. The competition presented an independent assessment of current state-of-the-art algorithms. Today, no independent evaluation on cross-dataset is available; therefore, this work determined the state-of-the-art on ID cards. To reach this goal, a sequestered test set and baseline algorithms were used to evaluate and compare all the proposals. The sequestered test dataset contains ID cards from four different countries. In summary, a team that chose to be "Anonymous" reached the best average ranking results of 74.80%, followed very closely by the "IDVC" team with 77.65%.

Zaizheng Li, Susanna Terracini

We analyze the bifurcation phenomenon for the following two-component competition system: \begin{equation*} \begin{cases} -Δu_1=μu_1(1-u_1)-βαu_1u_2,& \text{in}\ B_1\subset \mathbb{R}^N, -Δu_2=σu_2(1-u_2)-βγu_1u_2,& \text{in}\ B_1\subset \mathbb{R}^N, \frac{\partial u_1}{\partial n}= \frac{\partial u_2}{\partial n} =0,&\text{on}\ \partial B_1, \end{cases} \end{equation*} where $N\ge 2$, $α>γ>0$, $σ\geμ>0$ and $β>\fracσγ$. More precisely, treating $β$ as the bifurcation parameter, we initially perform a local bifurcation analysis around the positive constant solutions, obtaining precise information of where bifurcation could occur, and determine the direction of bifurcation. As a byproduct, the instability of the constant solution is provided. Furthermore, we extend our exploration to the global bifurcation analysis. Lastly, under the condition $σ=μ$, we demonstrate the limiting configuration on each bifurcation branch as the competition rate $β\rightarrow+\infty$.

TOMA SORIN-GEORGE

After the end of the Second World War, two opposing economic systems began to dominate the world economy: Western capitalism and Eastern communism. They were not only in an economic competition but also in a political, social and military competition. This bipolarity lasted until the Fall of the Berlin Wall when the liberal capitalism finally triumphed. On the one hand, the last decades were characterized by the rapid expansion of the economic globalization all over the world and the preservation of the long domination of the American economic superpower. On the other hand, the emergence and development of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) organization constitute an attempt to counterbalance the global institutions dominated by the Western countries. The paper aims to present and briefly analyse the gradual change of the world economic order in the beginning of the 21st century. To attain the goal of the paper, the author utilized a qualitative research method. To attain the goal of the paper, the author utilized a qualitative research method. The results of the study show that the old economic order that has governed the world economy since 1944 has been significantly deteriorated, especially in the last decades. This is why a new and more equitable economic order which should promote multilateralism is needed at the global scale.

Alyx M. Job, Kelly S. Doran, Brady L. Spencer

ABSTRACT Group B Streptococcus (GBS) asymptomatically colonizes the vagina but can opportunistically ascend to the uterus and be transmitted vertically during pregnancy, resulting in neonatal pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis. GBS is a leading etiologic agent of neonatal infection and understanding the mechanisms by which GBS persists within the polymicrobial female genital mucosa has the potential to mitigate subsequent transmission and disease. Type VIIb secretion systems (T7SSb) are encoded by Bacillota and often mediate interbacterial competition using LXG toxins that contain conserved N-termini important for secretion and variable C-terminal toxin domains that confer diverse biochemical activities. Our recent work characterized a role for the GBS T7SSb in vaginal colonization and ascending infection but the mechanisms by which the T7SSb promotes GBS persistence in this polymicrobial niche remain unknown. Herein, we investigate the GBS T7SS in interbacterial competition and GBS niche establishment in the female genital tract. We demonstrate GBS T7SS-dependent inhibition of mucosal pathobiont Enterococcus faecalis both in vitro using predator-prey assays and in vivo in the murine genital tract and found that a GBS LXG protein encoded within the T7SS locus (herein named group B streptococcal LXG Toxin A) contributes to these phenotypes. We identify BltA as a T7SS substrate that is toxic to E. coli and S. aureus upon induction of intracellular expression along with associated chaperones. Finally, we show that BltA and its chaperones contribute to GBS vaginal colonization. Altogether, these data reveal a role for a novel T7b-secreted toxin in GBS mucosal persistence and competition.IMPORTANCECompetition between neighboring, non-kin bacteria is essential for microbial niche establishment in mucosal environments. Gram-positive bacteria encoding T7SSb have been shown to engage in competition through the export of LXG-motif-containing toxins, but these have not been characterized in group B Streptococcus (GBS), an opportunistic colonizer of the polymicrobial female genital tract. Here, we show a role for GBS T7SS in competition with mucosal pathobiont Enterococcus faecalis, both in vitro and in vivo. We further find that a GBS LXG protein contributing to this antagonism is exported by the T7SS and is intracellularly toxic to other bacteria; therefore, we have named this protein group B streptococcal LXG Toxin A (BltA). Finally, we show that BltA and its associated chaperones promote persistence within female genital tract tissues, in vivo. These data reveal previously unrecognized mechanisms by which GBS may compete with other mucosal opportunistic pathogens to persist within the female genital tract.

J. Edwards, M. Keen

Xiangkang Yin, Yew-Kwang Ng

Muthia Auralia, Jangkung Handoyo Mulyo, Any Suryantini

Tea producers need to understand consumer perceptions of product attributes and consumer attitudes to face tough competition The large selection of products marks the lifestyle of the people in Banyumas Regency consuming tea every day. The research objective was to analyze the effect of scent, taste, brew color, brand, and price on consumer attitudes. The research locations were selected using purposive method, namely Sokaraja District and South Purwokerto Regency because they have the largest population and housing development in Banyumas Regency. The data collection through interviews with 175 tea consumer respondents was selected by convenience sampling, namely consumers who consumed black tea in packs of original tea bags and/or jasmine tea and made purchasing decisions within the household. The analytical method uses structural equation modelling to analyze the factors that influence consumer attitudes. Mostly, tea consumers are women with an average age of 43 years, are married with an undergraduate level of education, and have a household income above IDR 1,970,000. The results showed that floral scent, astringent taste, reddish brown brew color, brand popularity, and affordability price could explain consumer-perceived product attributes, and consumers' evaluation of various product choices could explain consumer attitudes. Consumer perception of taste and brand positively influences consumers. Tea producers should pay attention to consumers' perceived astringent taste of brewed tea and brand popularity because the consumer considers tea's two indicators important attributes. Keywords: consumer perceptions, tea scent, tea taste, tea brew colour, consumer attitudes

E. L. Yeyati, A. Micco

In recent years, Latin American banking sectors have experienced an accelerated process of concentration and foreign penetration that has prompted diverse views regarding its implications for the competitive behavior of banks and for the financial stability of the system as a whole. Exploiting a rich bank-level balance sheet database for eight Latin American countries, we examine the evolution of concentration and foreign penetration indicators and their impact on competition and risk. We find that, while concentration did not reduce competition in the industry, foreign penetration appears to have led to less competitive banking sectors. Moreover, we find banking sector fragility to be positively related to competition and, through this channel, negatively related to foreign participation, despite the fact that foreign banks in the region are associated with higher insolvency risk due to higher leverage ratios and more volatile returns.