Hasil untuk "Commercial geography. Economic geography"

Jason Hartline

A fundamental challenge for modern economics is to understand what happens when actors in an economy are replaced with algorithms. Like rationality has enabled understanding of outcomes of classical economic actors, no-regret can enable the understanding of outcomes of algorithmic actors. This review article covers the classical computer science literature on no-regret algorithms to provide a foundation for an overview of the latest economics research on no-regret algorithms, focusing on the emerging topics of manipulation, statistical inference, and algorithmic collusion.

Almaz Abebe, Shenglan Yuanb, Daniel Tesfay et al.

This paper enhances the classical Solow model of economic growth by integrating Lévy noise, a type of non-Gaussian stochastic perturbation, to capture the inherent uncertainties in economic systems. The extended model examines the impact of these random fluctuations on capital stock and output, revealing the role of jump-diffusion processes in long-term GDP fluctuations. Both continuous and discrete-time frameworks are analyzed to assess the implications for forecasting economic growth and understanding business cycles. The study compares deterministic and stochastic scenarios, providing insight into the stability of equilibrium points and the dynamics of economies subjected to random disturbances. Numerical simulations demonstrate how stochastic noise contributes to economic volatility, leading to abrupt shifts and bifurcations in growth trajectories. This research offers a comprehensive perspective on the influence of external shocks, presenting a more realistic depiction of economic development in uncertain environments.

Fletcher T. Chapin, Akshay K. Rao, Adhithyan Sakthivelu et al.

Electrification is contributing to substantial growth in U.S. commercial and industrial loads, but the cost and Scope 2 carbon emission implications of this load growth are opaque for both power consumers and utilities. This work describes a unique spatiotemporally resolved data set of U.S. electricity costs and emissions and applies time series approximation methods to quantify the alignment of electricity cost and emission incentives for large commercial and industrial consumers. We present a comprehensive spatiotemporal dataset of U.S. price-based demand response (i.e., tariff) and incentive-based demand response programs, enabling direct comparison to previously published marginal emission factor, average emission factor, and day-ahead market prices. We resolved the structural incompatibility and fragmentation of these datasets by developing time series approximations of discrete data and unifying geospatially heterogeneous datasets. Analysis of these datasets reveals significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity in cost and carbon emissions incentives for demand-side energy flexibility, underscoring the importance of site selection as a key factor influencing power costs and Scope 2 emissions. Analysis also reveals broad misalignment of economic and emissions incentives under existing electricity tariff structures, meaning tariffs are incentivizing consumption of more carbon-intensive electricity, and highlighting potential barriers to electrification delivering carbon savings.

Daniel Loebell, Mingmar Sherpa, Ram Datta Bhatta

The Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), started in 2004 by the United States Congress, focuses on development initiatives involving good governance, sustainable economic growth, and poverty reduction. Since its inception, it has invested over 13 billion US dollars in 30 countries. Nepal is a recent beneficiary, signing a compact valued at 500 million US dollars in 2017, ratified in 2022. The compact mainly invests in road infrastructure and electricity transmission, including construction of 315 kilometers of high-voltage transmission lines, three substations, and upgrading 100 kilometers of the East-West highway. By supporting commercialization of Nepals 40 gigawatt hydropower potential, the MCC aims to enhance Nepals structural economic prosperity. Beyond economics, the compact influences Nepals foreign policy by diversifying partnerships and reducing overdependence on neighbors China and India. The establishment of the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA)-Nepal fosters host-country ownership, mitigating geopolitical concerns. Building on International Relations scholar Shiping Tangs Institutional Foundations for Economic Development (IFED) framework, this paper shows how the MCC addresses Nepals infrastructure development capacity. Success stories from Ghana and other MCC countries highlight transformative progress toward prosperity, positioning Nepal to leverage both development and diplomatic opportunities. Drawing from multiple sources, this paper argues that the MCC compact provides Nepal with opportunities to overcome infrastructural barriers to growth.

Emre Akusta

This study analyzes the impacts of economic growth on ecosystem in Turkiye. The study uses annual data for the period 1995-2021 and the ARDL method. The study utilizes the Ecosystem Vitality Index, a sub-dimension of the Environmental Performance Index. In addition, seven models were constructed to assess in detail the impact of economic growth on different dimensions of the ecosystem. The results show that economic growth has a significant impact in all models analyzed. However, the direction of this impact differs across ecosystem components. Economic growth is found to have a positive impact on agriculture and water resources. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP increases the agriculture and water resources indices by 0.074-0.672%. In contrast, economic growth has a negative impact on biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality. In these models, a 1% increase in GDP reduces the indices of biodiversity and habitat, ecosystem services, fisheries, acid rain and total ecosystem vitality by 0.101-2.144%. The results suggest that the environmental costs of economic growth processes need to be considered. Environmentally friendly policies should be combined with sustainable development strategies to reduce the negative impacts of economic growth.

Sihem Jebari, Sana Bouguerra, Ali Chebil et al.

In the context of climate change, soil erosion constitutes a significant threat to land conservation, water security, and ecosystem functioning. The study area covers Douimis catchment located in the northern part of Tunisia. The main objectives targeted, as well as the approaches considered in this present paper are 1- to assess the impact of climate change on soil loss based on RUSLE/GIS methodology, 2- to set an adaptation plan based on a participatory approach, then 3- to study its economic viability using Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) methods. The results showed that the basin is subject to a significant soil loss of 18 t/ha/year in the current situation. The impact of climate change has increased the erosion risk by 30% in 2050. This risk has been reduced by about 40% when introducing water and soil conservation measures. The economic analysis displayed that the Douimis Basin development plan constitutes an interesting investment opportunity that deserves the attention of local and national authorities in the search for funding. This shows the usefulness of investing in landscape management to prevent the degradation of natural resources.

Salim Slimani, Said Souam

This article thoroughly examines the links between financialization and innovation activities of a sample of 312 publicly listed Chinese firms for the period 2000-2023, encompassing the crucial post-pandemic recovery phase. We utilize various panel models, including fixed effects, random effects, and dynamic estimations across different periods and financial contexts. According to our research, financialization has a negative impact on firms’ innovation rates. It harms financially constrained firms more strongly, and its impact increases over time, starting at -0.08 in the 2000-2010 period and reaching -0.22 in the 2016-2023 period. Our findings offer policy recommendations that could help mitigate the adverse effects of growing financialization on the innovation of Chinese firms.

Muhammad Hassan Bin Afzal

Economic hardships significantly affect public perception and voting intentions in general elections. The primary focus of my study is to capture the degree of influence that individual economic hardships have on their voting. I utilize the ANES 2024 Pilot Study1 Survey dataset and introduce a novel composite Inflation Behavior Index (IBR) that captures individuals' cumulative economic and cost of living experience. To that effect, the primary objectives of the current study are threefold: first, to develop a composite economic behavior index from available data and variables to capture the overall economic experience of U.S. individuals due to ongoing inflation; second, to examine how this economic behavior impacts political engagement and voting behavior utilizing appropriate and fitting mathematical models; and finally which specific personal experiences and perceptions about economy and cost of living likely to revoke party loyalty in upcoming U.S. presidential election. My study finds that increased personal economic struggles (pocketbook voting) due to inflation make it more likely for individuals to express an intention to vote against the Incumbent even if the Incumbent is from their self-identified political party. Conversely, having a negative perception of the national economy (sociotropic voting) is less likely to revoke party loyalty in the upcoming General election. In simpler terms, voters are more likely to vote along party lines even if they perceive their party (the Incumbent) is not handling the economy and cost of living well.

Soaad Hossain, James Rasalingam, Arhum Waheed et al.

With the growing interest in using AI and machine learning (ML) in medicine, there is an increasing number of literature covering the application and ethics of using AI and ML in areas of medicine such as clinical psychiatry. The problem is that there is little literature covering the economic aspects associated with using ML in clinical psychiatry. This study addresses this gap by specifically studying the economic implications of using ML in clinical psychiatry. In this paper, we evaluate the economic implications of using ML in clinical psychiatry through using three problem-oriented case studies, literature on economics, socioeconomic and medical AI, and two types of health economic evaluations. In addition, we provide details on fairness, legal, ethics and other considerations for ML in clinical psychiatry.

Kensuke Ito

This paper surveys products and studies on cryptoeconomics and tokenomics from an economic perspective, as these terms are still (i) ill-defined and (ii) disconnected from economic disciplines. We first suggest that they can be novel when integrated; we then conduct a literature review and case study following consensus-building for decentralization and token value for autonomy. Integration requires simultaneous consideration of strategic behavior, spamming, Sybil attacks, free-riding, marginal cost, marginal utility and stabilizers. This survey is the first systematization of knowledge on cryptoeconomics and tokenomics, aiming to bridge the contexts of economics and blockchain.

Fayzah Alshammari, Yunpeng Luo, Qi Alfred Chen

Indoor Delivery Robots (IDRs) play a vital role in the upcoming fourth industrial revolution, autonomously navigating and transporting items within indoor environments. In this work, we thus aim to conduct the first security analysis of the IDR systems considering both cyber- and physical-layer attack surface and domain-specific attack goals across security, safety, and privacy. As initial results, we formulated a general IDR system architecture from 40 commercial IDR models and then performed an initial cyber-physical attack entry point identification. We also performed an experimental analysis of a real commercial IDR robot-side software and identified several vulnerabilities. We then discuss future steps.

Chenyu Duan, Jiquan Zhang, Yanan Chen et al.

: Urban waterlogging will harm economic development and people’s life safety; however, the waterlogging risk zoning map provides the necessary decision support for the management of urban waterlogging, urban development and urban planning. This paper proposes an urban waterlogging risk assessment method that combines multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) with a geographic information system (GIS). The framework of urban waterlogging risk assessment includes four main elements: hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and emergency response and recovery capability. Therefore, we selected the urban area of Changchun City, Jilin Province as the study area. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a generally accepted MCDA method, it is used to calculate the weight and generate a result map of hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and emergency responses and recovery capability. Based to the principle of natural disaster risk formation, a total of 18 parameters, including spatial data and attribute data, were collected in this study. The model results are compared with the recorded waterlogging points, and the results show that the model is more reliable. The The study also analyzed the to urban waterlogging to the list of in the area. The high exposure areas of the city are mainly concentrated in the urban center; high population density is the main factor that exacerbates the impact of flooding in communities. Three indicators were taken to evaluate urban waterlogging susceptibility. The results show that the regions closer to urban centers are more susceptible, which led us to conclude that the proportion of vulnerable, commercial buildings, and residential buildings are the major factors contributing to urban waterlogging susceptibility. This study measured the disaster prevention and reduction capacity with three indicators. The closer the area was to the city center, the stronger the area’s ability to prevent and mitigate disaster. Because there are more rescue institutions and more capital investment here, the urban center also has a higher disaster prevention and reduction capacity.

Miguel Fajardo-Steinhäuser

The last decades have seen a resurgence of armed conflict globally, renewing the need for durable peace agreements. In this paper, I evaluate the economic effects of the peace agreement between the Colombian government and the largest guerrilla group in the country, the FARC, ending one of the lengthiest and most violent armed conflicts in recent history. Using a difference-in-difference strategy comparing municipalities that historically had FARC presence and those with presence of a similar, smaller guerrilla group, the ELN, before and after the start of a unilateral ceasefire by the FARC, I establish three sets of results. First, violence indicators significantly and sizeably decreased in historically FARC municipalities. Second, despite this substantial reduction in violence, I find precisely-estimated null effects across several economic indicators, suggesting no effect of the peace agreement on economic activity. In addition, I use a sharp discontinuity in eligibility to the government's flagship firm and job creation program for conflict-affected areas to evaluate the policy's impact, also finding precisely-estimated null effects on the same economic indicators. Third, I present evidence that suggests the reason why historically FARC municipalities could not reap the economic benefits from the reduction in violence is a lack of state capacity, caused both by their low initial levels of state capacity and the lack of state entry post-ceasefire. These results indicate that peace agreements require complementary investments in state capacity to yield an economic dividend.

Gennady Shkliarevsky

The subject of this study is inflation, a problem that has plagued America and the world over the last several decades. Despite a rich trove of scholarly studies and a wide range of tools developed to deal with inflation, we are nowhere near a solution of this problem. We are now in the middle of the inflation that threatens to become a stagflation or even a full recession; and we have no idea what to prevent this outcome. This investigation explores the real source of inflation. Tracing the problem of inflation to production, it finds that inflation is not a phenomenon intrinsic to economy; rather, it is a result of inefficiencies and waste in our economy. The investigation leads to a conclusion that the solution of the problem of inflation is in achieving full efficiency in production. Our economic production is a result of the evolution that is propelled by the process of creation. In order to end economic inefficiencies, we should model our economic practice on the process that preceded production and has led to its emergence. In addition, the study will outline ways in which our economic theory and practice must be changed to achieve full efficiency of our production. Finally, the study provides a critical overview of the current theories of inflation and remedies that are proposed to deal with it.

Anissa Hanafi, Wafa Koussani, Faten Khamassi et al.

In Tunisia, international cooperation projects in support of entrepreneurship boomed after the 2011 revolution. This paper analyses to what extent such projects have built the capacities of those involved in local entrepreneurial “ecosystems”. It analyses the main international cooperation projects supporting entrepreneurship in the Kebili and Medenine governorates (southern Tunisia) between 2011 and 2020. The activities of these projects were mapped and two workshops were conducted with actors of the local entrepreneurial ecosystems to discuss their implementation. Fourteen international cooperation projects were identified. These projects mostly focused on increasing the number of enterprises created, e.g., by supporting training, networking and sometimes funding. However, only one project provided support after creation of businesses, and few promoted a culture of entrepreneurship. Overall, these projects generally based their actions on the existing ecosystem of public actors in charge of supporting entrepreneurship. They made limited attempts to build the capacities of those actors, evaluate the functioning of local entrepreneurial ecosystems and coordinate among themselves.

Tiago S. Prado, J. Bauer

Abstract Disparities in broadband access and use reduce the economic and social benefits of digital technology. Consequently, many countries are searching for effective solutions to narrow digital divides. This paper proposes a framework that can help to design more effective policies for the expansion of broadband. Building on research on the drivers of broadband investment, the model assists in delineating geographic areas where commercial operators are unlikely to provide service without additional incentives. Furthermore, it helps to identify policy instruments that increase the attractiveness of an area to investors. Such knowledge facilitates the design, prioritization, and targeting of supply-side and demand-side policy measures. The article utilizes data from the fixed broadband market in Brazil to demonstrate the potential uses and benefits of the approach. The model is flexible and can be tailored to other countries. It can help improve existing broadband policies and inform new approaches.

M. Saha, M. Eckelman

Luis Delgado, Gérald Gurtner, Tatjana Bolić et al.

The development of trajectory-based operations and the rolling network operations plan in European air traffic management network implies a move towards more collaborative, strategic flight planning. This opens up the possibility for inclusion of additional information in the collaborative decision-making process. With that in mind, we define the indicator for the economic risk of network elements (e.g., sectors or airports) as the expected costs that the elements impose on airspace users due to Air Traffic Flow Management (ATFM) regulations. The definition of the indicator is based on the analysis of historical ATFM regulations data, that provides an indication of the risk of accruing delay. This risk of delay is translated into a monetary risk for the airspace users, creating the new metric of the economic risk of a given airspace element. We then use some machine learning techniques to find the parameters leading to this economic risk. The metric is accompanied by an indication of the accuracy of the delay cost prediction model. Lastly, the economic risk is transformed into a qualitative economic severity classification. The economic risks and consequently economic severity can be estimated for different temporal horizons and time periods providing an indicator which can be used by Air Navigation Service Providers to identify areas which might need the implementation of strategic measures (e.g., resectorisation or capacity provision change), and by Airspace Users to consider operation of routes which use specific airspace regions.

Timo Kats, Peter van der Putten, Jasper Schelling

How can we distinguish commercial from editorial content in news, or more specifically, differentiate between advertorials and regular news articles? An advertorial is a commercial message written and formatted as an article, making it harder for readers to recognize these as advertising, despite the use of disclaimers. In our research we aim to differentiate the two using a machine learning model, and a lexicon derived from it. This was accomplished by scraping 1.000 articles and 1.000 advertorials from four different Dutch news sources and classifying these based on textual features. With this setup our most successful machine learning model had an accuracy of just over $90\%$. To generate additional insights into differences between news and advertorial language, we also analyzed model coefficients and explored the corpus through co-occurrence networks and t-SNE graphs.

Barzin JafartashAmiri

In recent years, the framework of political settlement to understand the differences in the performance of institutions in different contexts has been considered by researchers and policy makers around the world. Contrary to conventional analysis, which limits the failure of institutions to the capability of the state or cultural factors, this framework holds that the distribution of power determines the effectiveness of an institution. The distribution of organizational power of stakeholders determines whether these groups support, resist, or distort a particular policy or institution based on their "interests" and "capabilities." Thus, by understanding the distribution of organizational power, one can understand the reasons for the not so successful performance of a policy or an institution in a particular political context. In this study, by examining the developments of Iran's political settlement, an attempt was made to examine the challenges of using industrial policy in the political and economic context of Iran. The macro-implications of the Iranian political settlement show that the short-term horizon and low executive capacity of the government, which is the result of a competitive patron-client political structure alongside influential companies, have greatly increased the risk of policy capturing. Setting precise, specific and conservative goals can increase the chances of industrial policy success to some extent. Supporting wholly privately owned enterprises with less political influence can also be another way to reduce the risk of protectionist policies to be captured. Finally, it should be noted that in the current political settlement of Iran, the capture of government supportive policies by SOEs and para government companies is likely to be very high, and therefore any supportive policy should be formulated according to this policy trap.