In this paper, a W band (75–110 GHz) phase shifter based on the liquid crystal of continuous tunability and the three-electrode bias network of excellent electrical manipulation is designed. Taking Rexolite 1422 as the transmission dielectric, in which slots are dug and filled with liquid crystal. The voltage is regulated by the electrode bias network, and then the liquid crystal dielectric constant is changed to realize phase shift. The measured results show that the phase shift of the liquid crystal dielectric phase shifter can be up to 440° through the electrical control of the bias electrode network, which surpasses many designed phase shifters. In the whole W band, the insert loss is about 3 dB and the return loss is almost over 10 dB, emerging excellent matching.
Multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) technology can not only provide huge data rates but also overcome the severe propagation attenuation effect, especially in millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands by utilizing beamforming. The nonreciprocal beam is a novel transmission pattern, which indicates that transceivers adopt asymmetrical beamwidths. Such a special pattern can achieve fast beam alignment and alleviate equipment costs. Thorough knowledge of the corresponding wireless channel is pivotal to the system design and optimization, which remains to be investigated. In this paper, we first propose a 3-dimensional (3-D) channel model based on ray-tracing, which is capable of reflection simulation. Based on this model, the ray-based beamforming mechanism is illustrated. The angular distribution is pivotal to beam channel modeling and characterization since transceiver beams filter rays in the angular domain. Then, we conduct an omnidirectional antenna-based channel simulation in an urban macro-cell scenario via the ray-tracing platform. On this basis, we focus on the distribution of the quasiangles, i.e., angles between departure/arrival reflected rays and the line-of-sight (LoS) path. We find that gamma distribution is a better option to fit the quasiarrival angular distribution than the von Mises distribution. Furthermore, to characterize the relationship between quasiangles of departure (AoD) and quasiangles of arrival (AoA), the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is adopted and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm is used to estimate the unknown parameters of GMM. Our findings provide useful insights to beam channel modeling, which should take the joint angular distribution into consideration.
Hoang Dang Cuong, Minh Thuy Le, Trong Toan Do
et al.
A broadband and multipolarized fully reconfigurable unit cell is designed and fabricated in this paper. The unit cell uses 4 diodes to create a phase shifter with single-bit control. It exhibits an excellent bandwidth of 40% for both dual linear and circular polarizations in the X and Ku bands using the structure of 4 patches, a proper PIN diode placement, and a DC bias. The reflection coefficients of the cross polarizations are less than –50 dB, ensuring high isolation between the two polarizations. The experiment results show an agreement with the simulation results.
A sparse recovery method for robust transmit-receive angle imaging in a bistatic MIMO radar is proposed to deal with the effect of array gain-phase errors. The impact of multiplicative array gain-phase errors is changed to be additive through model reformulation, and transmit-receive angle imaging is formulated to a sparse total least square signal problem. Then, an iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the optimization problem. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method can achieve a significant performance gain in the case that the number of snapshots is small. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A multiobjective approach based on the third evolution step of generalized differential evolution (GDE3) algorithm is proposed for optimizing the time-modulated array (TMA) in this paper. Different from the single-objective optimization, which optimizes a weighted sum of the peak sidelobe level (PSLL) and the peak sideband level (PSBL) of the array, the multiobjective algorithm treats the PSLL and the PSBL as two distinct objectives that are to be optimized simultaneously. Furthermore, not only one outstanding optimization result can be acquired but also a set of solutions known as Pareto front is obtained by using the GDE3 algorithm, which will guide the design of time-modulated array more effectively. Users can choose one appropriate outcome which has a suitable tradeoff between the PSLL and the PSBL. This approach is illustrated through a time-modulated concentric circular ring array (CCRA). The optimal parameters and the corresponding radiation patterns are presented at last. Experimental results reveal that the multiobjective optimization can be an effective approach for the TMA synthesis problems.
Rafael A. Penchel, Sandro R. Zang, José R. Bergmann
et al.
This work discusses an alternative geometrical optics (GO) technique to synthesize omnidirectional dual-reflector antennas with uniform aperture phase distribution together with an arbitrary main-beam direction for the antenna radiation pattern. Sub- and main reflectors are bodies of revolution generated by shaped curves defined by local conic sections consecutively concatenated. The shaping formulation is derived for configurations like ADC (axis-displaced Cassegrain) and ADE (axis-displaced ellipse) omnidirectional antennas. As case studies, two configurations fed by a TEM coaxial horn are designed and analyzed by a hybrid technique based on mode matching and method of moments in order to validate the GO shaping procedure.
Les cartes d'occupation du sol produites à des résolutions spatiales et temporelles élevées constituent actuellement une ressource très importante pour beaucoup d'organismes privés ou publics. Le développement de méthodes de cartographie automatique, fiables et robustes basées sur la classification d'images satellites constitue ainsi un enjeu majeur. Dans ce cadre, l'imagerie radar apporte l'avantage de fournir des images de jour comme de nuit, et quelles que soient les conditions météorologiques. Plus récemment, l'exploitation des informations de rétrodiffusion fournies par les images SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) polarimétriques a permis d'étendre les possibilités apportées par l'imagerie radar. Dans cette étude, une carte d'occupation du sol a été produite sur une partie de la plaine d'Alsace et du massif vosgien à partir (1) de 76 paramètres polarimétriques extraits d'une image ALOS PALSAR en polarisation quadruple et (2) d'une méthode de classification orientée-objet. Plusieurs algorithmes de classification ont été testés et l'algorithme du plus proche voisin est ressorti comme donnant les meilleurs résultats. La méthode mise en place à l'avantage d'être semi-automatique et facilement reproductible. Neuf classes d'occupation du sol ont été cartographiées avec un taux de bon classement de 69%. Plus précisément, trois d'entre elles ont été très correctement détectées : la forêt, l'urbain et l'eau. D'autres classes ont été confondues du fait de la similarité de leur signature polarimétrique : les zones de vignobles, les prairies et les zones de cultures. Enfin, trois classes non visibles sur les données a priori et les images optiques de référence ont pu être identifiées sur l'image polarisée. Ces premiers résultats sont prometteurs pour la cartographie de l'occupation des sols à partir d'images SAR polarimétriques.
Instruments and machines, Applied optics. Photonics
We propose a wide bandwidth antenna with a circular polarization for universal Ultra High Frequency (UHF) radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader applications. To achieve a wide 3 dB axial ratio (AR) bandwidth, three T-shaped microstrip lines are inserted into the ground plane. The measured impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 480 MHz and extends from 660 to 1080 MHz, and the 3 dB AR bandwidth is 350 MHz and extends from 800 to 1155 MHz. The radiation pattern is a bidirectional pattern with a maximum antenna gain of 3.67 dBi. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 114 × 114 × 0.8 mm3.
This paper provides practical 60 GHz link budget estimation results with IEEE 802.11ad standard-defined parameters and 60 GHz specific attenuation factors. In addition, the parameters from currently developing modular antenna arrays (MAAs) are adopted for estimating the actual link budgets of our 60 GHz integrated MAA platforms. Based on the practical link budget analysis results, we can estimate fundamental limits in terms of achievable data rates over 60 GHz millimeter-wave wireless links.
Sparse matrix reconstruction has a wide application such as DOA estimation and STAP. However, its performance is usually restricted by the grid mismatch problem. In this paper, we revise the sparse matrix reconstruction model and propose the joint sparse matrix reconstruction model based on one-order Taylor expansion. And it can overcome the grid mismatch problem. Then, we put forward the Joint-2D-SL0 algorithm which can solve the joint sparse matrix reconstruction problem efficiently. Compared with the Kronecker compressive sensing method, our proposed method has a higher computational efficiency and acceptable reconstruction accuracy. Finally, simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed method.
Knowing source number correctly is the precondition for most spatial spectrum estimation methods; however, many snapshots are needed when we determine number of wideband signals. Therefore, a new method based on Bootstrap resampling is proposed in this paper. First, signals are divided into some nonoverlapping subbands; apply coherent signal methods (CSM) to focus them on the single frequency. Then, fuse the eigenvalues with the corresponding eigenvectors of the focused covariance matrix. Subsequently, use Bootstrap to construct the new resampling matrix. Finally, the number of wideband signals can be calculated with obtained vector sequences according to clustering technique. The method has a high probability of success under low signal to noise ratio (SNR) and small number of snapshots.
This paper presents the design of a dual-band bidirectional ring antenna fed by a superellipse surface probe for 2.4/5 GHz WLAN applications. The Method of Moments (MoM) with RWG basis function was utilized in the study and design processes. A prototype antenna was fabricated successfully with the advantages of simple and low-cost structure. The measured impedance bandwidth of 810 MHz (2.10–2.91 GHz) and 2.39 GHz (3.57–5.96 GHz) is achieved for the first and second band, respectively. The peak gains are also feasible, 4.67 dBi at 2.45 GHz and 7.83 dBi at 5.5 GHz, with bidirectional radiation patterns for both bands. From the experimental field tests, the proposed antenna was suitable for most applications in long and narrow communication sites in 2.4/5 GHz bands as desired. Also, the measured and calculated results were in good agreement.
A 3D scalar electromagnetic imaging of dielectric objects buried under a rough surface is presented. The problem has been treated as a 3D scalar problem for computational simplicity as a first step to the 3D vector problem. The complexity of the background in which the object is buried is simplified by obtaining Green’s function of its background, which consists of two homogeneous half-spaces, and a rough interface between them, by using Buried Object Approach (BOA). Green’s function of the two-part space with planar interface is obtained to be used in the process. Reconstruction of the location, shape, and constitutive parameters of the objects is achieved by Contrast Source Inversion (CSI) method with conjugate gradient. The scattered field data that is used in the inverse problem is obtained via both Method of Moments (MoM) and Comsol Multiphysics pressure acoustics model.
We consider the problem of tracking the direction of arrivals (DOA) of multiple moving targets in monostatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. A low-complexity DOA tracking algorithm in monostatic MIMO radar is proposed. The proposed algorithm obtains DOA estimation via the difference between previous and current covariance matrix of the reduced-dimension transformation signal, and it reduces the computational complexity and realizes automatic association in DOA tracking. Error analysis and Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of DOA tracking are derived in the paper. The proposed algorithm not only can be regarded as an extension of array-signal-processing DOA tracking algorithm in (Zhang et al. (2008)), but also is an improved version of the DOA tracking algorithm in (Zhang et al. (2008)). Furthermore, the proposed algorithm has better DOA tracking performance than the DOA tracking algorithm in (Zhang et al. (2008)). The simulation results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. Our work provides the technical support for the practical application of MIMO radar.
Jonathan Lisein, Stéphanie Bonnet, Philippe Lejeune
et al.
Les petits drones civils développés à des fins de cartographie rapide offrent, à une échelle locale, de nombreuses opportunités pour le suivit d'écosystèmes forestiers. Nous utilisons dans cette recherche des images acquises avec un avion sans pilote à voilure fixe afin de modéliser la surface de la canopée de peuplements feuillus. Une chaine de traitements photogrammétriques est mise en place aux moyens des outils de la suite open source {\tt MICMAC}. Nous comparons différentes stratégies de corrélation automatique d'images afin de déterminer le paramétrage qui permet au mieux de reconstruire les détails de la canopées. Bien que le modèle de surface photogrammétrique ne permette pas d'appréhender les petites dépressions et élévations des houppiers, nos résultats montrent que l'utilisation conjointe d'images drone et d'un modèle numérique de terrain LiDAR permet de mesurer la hauteur dominante des peuplements feuillus. Ces résultats confirment la faisabilité de modéliser l'évolution de la hauteurs des peuplements forestiers depuis une série temporelle d'images drone.
Instruments and machines, Applied optics. Photonics
This paper considers the problem of suppressing the repeat-intensive false targets produced by a deception electronic attack (EA) system equipped with a Digital Radio Frequency Memory (DRFM) device. Different from a conventional repeat jammer, this type of jamming intensively retransmits the intercepted signal stored in a DRFM to the victim radar in a very short time-delay interval relative to a radar pulse wide. A multipeak matched-filtering output is then produced other than the merely expected true target. An electronic protection (EP) algorithm based on the space time block code (STBC) is proposed to suppress the adverse effects of this jammer. By transmitting a pulse sequence generated from the STBC in succession and the following cancellation process applied upon the received signal, this algorithm performs successfully in a single antenna system provided that the target models are nonfluctuating or slow fluctuating and the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is comparatively high. The performance in white and correlated Gaussian disturbance is evaluated by means of Monte Carlo simulations.