Fazendo referência à uma produção bibliográfica arqueológica, histórica e antropológica sobre histórias e oralidades indígenas, pretendo reforçar, neste texto, a importância das histórias indígenas na práxis arqueológica. Ao mesmo tempo, quero defender a necessidade de uma arqueologia do colonialismo, do presente e do mundo contemporâneo, na Amazônia. Abordarei essas questões a partir de minha experiência de pesquisa colaborativa com o povo Asurini do Xingu.
Archaeology, Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology
This article presents the results of an online survey that explores the views of Estonian heritage professionals and hobbyists on the current state of metal detecting, which has become a popular activity. The hobby is fairly well regulated by law, and both the state and the hobbyists have clear obligations. We asked how local archaeologists and metal detectorists perceive the status quo, what they find positive and negative, and what they would like to see changed. While the majority of the professional archaeologists could point to several positive aspects (e.g. new information, finds), they were clearly concerned about the impact of metal detecting and the capacity of the National Heritage Board to manage the current system. Hobbyists appreciated direct communication with the state, feedback and mandatory training, but were frustrated by the slow pace of feedback, burdensome legislation and mediocre digital solutions. The Estonian archaeological community is small and accustomed to the role of experts. Metal detecting is more of an individual hobby, still in its early stages of development. Similar to several other studies, we believe that better cooperation would help both these stakeholders to perceive archaeology as a common resource that can be used in different ways, but with a shared sense of responsibility.
Objective. Find out how the authors-compilers of the Kyiv Chronicle of the first quarter of the 17th century perceive “enemies” and by what means they materialize their vision of the “hostile”. Methodology. The study uses critical, comparative-historical methods, a historical-anthropological approach, and hermeneutic analysis. Scientific novelty. The research explores two perspectives on the perception of the “enemy” from the viewpoint of two authors of the Kyiv Chronicle of the first quarter of the 17th century: a clergyman and a nobleman. The source base, used by the authors-compilers of the Kyiv Chronicle, has been clarified. A new interpretation of some dates contained in the text of the monument has been proposed. Conclusions. The Kyiv Chronicle of the first quarter of the 17th century is a valuable source for studying the worldview of early modern individuals, particularly the issue of theirperception of the “enemy” and the “hostile”. The review of the chronicle block compiled by Kyrylo Ivanovych, the churchwarden of Uspenska Church in Kyiv, shows that beneath the chronicler’s apparent indifference to external events and focus on Kyiv’s internal life and ecclesiastical matters lies a significant interest in key events of prolonged confrontations with the Moscowites and Tatars. Kyrylo Ivanovych consciously selected information from his sources about specific events of the Lithuanian-Moscowites wars and clashes with the Tatars. The chronicler delineated the beginnings of the struggle with the Moscowites and Tatars and marked the end of the war with the Moscowites. Moscowites and Turks are unequivocal enemies for Kyrylo. Under certain circumstances, Poles also fall into the category of “enemy”. The author of the final part of the chronicle, an unnamed Orthodox nobleman, unlike his predecessor, used various means - mystification, “information warfare” tools, and poetic forms - to create a series of vivid “hostile” images - Moscowites, Tatars, and Ottoman Turks.
The sculpted decoration on the chancel slabs of the church of Santa Maria Assunta in Aquileia depicts a harmonious universe that channels matter in the process of transformation, like the spiritualization of the caro through the sacraments. The various elements that make up this universe are linked together to emphasize the coherence of Creation. In this constructed space, the boundaries between plant, mineral, animal and ornamental dissolve and merge, as does the distinction between known and imaginary animals. On one of the chancel slabs, two creatures are depicted with characteristics of terrestrial, celestial and aquatic animal species. They drink from the Fountain-Tree of Life, making a link between here below and hereafter and bringing hope of salvation. Facing each other, they oppose each other to obstruct the passage of the faithful, reinforcing the separating function of the chancel, marking the frontier between the nave and the choir, between the laity and the clerics. Presented on a vertical support facing the faithful, these composite beings help to bring man closer to God, inviting him to be one with Christ through communion, to give himself, body and soul, to the Church. Based on order, diversity and moderation, this rhythmic pictorial universe invites us to go beyond the limits of the visible, the sensible, the material, to move away from the opposition of similarity/dissimilarity and to advance towards the invisible, the intelligible and the immaterial.
The issue of presenting the achievements of domestic pedagogical science in dissertations defended in Ukraine during the years of independence is considered. The importance of dissertation research for the development of pedagogical science and practice is noted. The results of scientific research presented in dissertation papers largely characterize the development of pedagogical science in general, as well as certain stages of innovative trends in science. It is emphasized that bibliometrics plays an important role in evaluating the effectiveness of scientific activity — a scientific direction of research based on methods of quantitative analysis of bibliographic characteristics of documents that provide a basis for their qualitative assessment. The specialty 13.00.01 "General pedagogy and the history of pedagogy" is characterized as the basic for all pedagogical fields: the theoretical positions obtained in the studies of the specialty 13.00.01 are aimed at all education workers, and the results of these studies have the greatest impact on development of the pedagogic theory. The state of dissertation research in the field of pedagogical science conducted in Ukraine during the years of independence (1991—2021) is analyzed. The results of the bibliometric analysis of dissertations defended in Ukraine on the specialty 13.00.01 "General pedagogy and history of pedagogy" are presented, made in the process of creating a scientific auxiliary bibliographic index "Dissertations on Education (1991—2021)". Theses for obtaining the scientific degree of doctor and candidate of sciences in the above-mentioned specialty are researched and analyzed. Quantitative and chronological monitoring of dissertations was carried out according to various indicators: the dynamics of defense by year, the number of candidate and doctoral dissertations, dissertation topics, etc. It was concluded that the use of methods of bibliometric analysis of dissertations is expedient and promising for researching the state of pedagogical science and determining trends in its development.
This article is devoted to the history of emergence and development of the chemistry laboratory at the Moscow Museum of Applied Knowledge (Polytechnic Museum), one of the oldest laboratories in Moscow and the first of the Museum’s laboratories. Its creation was predetermined by the following important factors: rapid development of natural science in the second half of the 19th century, introduction of obligatory laboratory practice in the natural science curriculum at higher education institutions, and the fact that the Museum founders believed that laboratories had to be in place at the Museum as one of the ways of delivering its educational goals and promoting dissemination of technology knowledge. The Polytechnic Museum’s chemistry laboratory was modelled after the laboratories of Western European museums. The decisive role in the organization of the laboratory belonged to I. P. Arkhipov, chemical engineer, member of the Museum Organization Committee and director of the Museum’s technology department. In the years that followed, the renowned chemists V. V. Markovnikov and I. A. Kablukov were extensively involved in the work of the laboratory. Initially the laboratory played an auxiliary role and was only used to prepare demonstration experiments; later on, the scope of its functions broadened. In the course of the time, the laboratory became increasingly involved in the Museum’s overall work, one of the main lines of which was the acquisition of museum items. After the Polytechnic Museum moved to its own building, the chemistry laboratory was organized and equipped like the most advanced European laboratories. With necessary instruments and equipment in place, it could provide space and necessary conditions for the experimental and research work to those interested. By the early 20th century the works at the chemistry laboratory were mostly associated with the Museum’s instructional and educational activities as well as with the formation of its collections. Research was conducted at the laboratory only sporadically. The Museum’s chemistry laboratory also acted as a resource and methodology center for educational work, where new demonstration experiments in chemistry were developed and the methodologies for conducting these experiments were honed.
Os estudos do léxico, isto é, das palavras que compõem uma língua, permitem-nos compreender o sistema de vida e as práticas culturais dos falantes. Nesse sentido, a Onomástica se relaciona com os estudos lexicais, visto que, ao estudar os nomes próprios – nomes de pessoas, de lugares, de produtos comerciais –, criados pelos seres humanos, é possível identificar motivações de ordem cultural. Dito isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar, com as contribuições da Onionímia, o processo de nomeação de três cachaças produzidas na região de Salinas, Minas Gerais: Puluzinha, Primadela e Caladinha. Para isso, ancorar-nos-emos nas pesquisas acerca do léxico e da onomástica, como Guérios (1973) e Neumeier (2008).
Auxiliary sciences of history, Philology. Linguistics
Background: Miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) procedures for urolithiasis have gained increased popularity in recent years. To decrease the complications of conventional PCNL by reduced tract size led to the development of Mini PCNL, which makes the use of 15-18F sheaths in place of 24-30F of conventional PCNL. It has developed rapidly and become a popular technique of renal stone management with reduced morbidity and excellent outcome. Authors report our experience with Mini PCNL for the treatment of renal stone.Methods: In between his August 2015 and January 2018, sixty patients with the diagnosis of unilateral single medium size (8-20mm) renal stone were identified. Patient’s demographical, clinical, diagnostic and procedural data were recorded. All patients were evaluated by history taking, physical examination and laboratory investigations. Radiological evaluation was done with X ray kidney, ureter and bladder region (KUB) and also with renal ultrasonography followed by computed tomography (CT). All patients underwent Mini PCNL using 12F nephroscope and 16.5/17.5F sheath. Holmium: YAG laser was used for stone fragmentation. No nephrostomy tube was used routinely. Treatment outcome was assessed in terms of operative time, haemoglobin drop, hospital stay and stone free rate.Results: Complete stone fragmentation was achieved in 41 out of 60 patients using Mini PCNL, so initial stone free rate was 68.3%. After 4 weeks of surgery total 53 patients were stone free (88.3%), 5 patients required some auxiliary procedure for complete clearance of stone and other 2 were managed conservatively. The mean operative time was 48.28 min, mean haemoglobin drop was 0.74gm/l and mean postoperative hospital stay was 54.22 hours. After 12 weeks postoperatively all patients were stone free. There were no significant postoperative complications, and all had good quality of life.Conclusion: Mini PCNL technique appears to be safe and effective alternative to conventional PCNL for moderate size renal calculi. It is usually related to less blood loss and shorter hospital stay than the standard method. It can achieve good stone-free rates with minimal complications and low morbidity. Mini PCNL can also be considered as a good alternative to retrograde intrarenal surgery and shockwave lithotripsy in selected cases. However, further high quality studies with larger sample size are required in future.
Il testo discute i risultati del progetto CHERIE negli scenari post-pandemia.
The text discusses the results of the CHERIE project in post-pandemic scenarios.
Italian language in the linguistic landscapes of Southern Austria: some remarks
Italian is widely used in the linguistic landscape of Klagenfurt am Wörthersee and Graz, though there
isn’t a significant presence of Italians. Italian is used not only in the domains of fashion and gastronomy,
but also in a wider range of domains, including some subcultures. Besides a wide range of Italian lexical items, one can also find morphological and syntactical patterns. This can be seen as a proof of widespread active and passive Italian language skills in the local population. However, its use in commercial signing has in most cases only a symbolic function, while semantic information is given in German.
In the history of relations between the Argentinean government and the Holy See, two ideas are permanently intertwined: signing the Concordat and defending national patronage. The changes that occurred in the 1960s indicated that exercising the right of patronage, based on the principles outlined in the Constitution, was impossible, and the peaceful establishment of the principles of bilateral relations could only be indicated through an international agreement. The Concordat signed by Argentina in 1966 removed the national patronage, but the changes to the content of the Constitution were introduced only in 1994. The aim of the study is to show the concordat agreement concluded in 1966 by Argentina with the Holy See as an example of an international agreement. The main focus is the presentation of concordat standards for the institution of patronage. Due to the subject and purpose of the study, the work uses methods typical of social sciences in the legal science discipline. The dogmatic-legal method is the basis for consideration of the Concordat as a source of Argentine law, and as an auxiliary method, the historical-legal method was used to show the historical background of the presented issue.
Both biology and mathematics have existed as well-established branches of science for hundreds of years, and both, maybe not in a well-defined way, have been with the humankind for a couple of thousands of years. Though any civilisation developed some mathematical concepts, possibly the Greeks were the first who studied mathematics for its own sake, as a collection of abstract objects and relations between them. It is quite remarkable that most of such abstract objects and relations, created by human mind, have turned out to be a good reflection of natural phenomena and processes. This has resulted in several centuries of the successful interplay between mathematics, physics and engineering where, on the one hand, the need to precisely describe the physical world pushed the frontiers of mathematics as a necessary tool for the task and, on the other, mathematical theories gave rise to discoveries in the physical and engineering sciences. On the other hand, for most of its history, biology was being developed using a colloquial, everyday language to describe its observations and formulate its laws, with mathematics present at best in an auxiliary capacity. However, over the last few centuries, five revolutions, namely, the microscope, the Linnaean classification, the theory of evolution, genetics and the discovery of the DNA structure, have brought biology closer to the quantitative sciences and technology and have changed the way we think about the living matter. Many scientists predict or see already in progress, the sixth revolution, which Ian Stewart1 calls the mathematical revolution and which should be similar to what happened in physics. There, the ability of mathematics to create relatively faithful images of real-world phenomena has been behind the successes of physics where mostly, instead of talking about real objects, we talk about their mathematical models. In principle, we should be able to do the same in biology the problem, however, is that biology is incredibly complex. The fundamental difficulty is the lack of fundamental principles in the field, such as the Newton laws in physics. The problems are further compounded by the diversity and specialisation, the interplay of levels and scales, the difficulties of experimentation due to the emergent behaviour coming from interactions of various levels of organisation that disallows studying the system through its isolated parts and the problems of feedback control. Despite these difficulties, mathematical biology has been growing at a fast rate, confirming the prediction about the incoming mathematical revolution in biology. The first and the oldest role of mathematics is providing a unified language for biological processes, complementing in this way experimental biology that directly deals with the collection and analysis of data. However, our ambitions go further. Mathematical biology not only should be the language of biology but, drawing on all fields of pure and applied mathematics as well as statistics and computer science, it should develop specific analytical tools tailor-made for the applications in natural sciences, facilitating thus a better understanding of biological phenomena and improving the predictive powers of theories based on observations and experiments. Conversely, mathematical biology should draw the inspiration from life sciences and use biological phenomena as the driving force to push the frontiers of mathematics. It is a subject of current debate whether such an interplay between mathematics and biology is possible. However, though mathematical thinking and mathematics were used in biology before, the scale of mutual interactions has enormously grown in the last couple of decades to the extent that in some disciplines the research has been determined by
Recently, many studies have reported on image synthesis based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN). However, the use of GAN does not provide much attention on the signal classification problem. In the context of using wireless signals to classify illegal Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), this paper explores the feasibility of using GAN to improve the training datasets and obtain a better classification model, thereby improving the accuracy of classification. First, we use the generative model of GAN to generate a large datasets, which does not need manual annotation. At the same time, the discriminative model of GAN is improved to classify the types of signals based on the loss function of the discriminative model. Finally, this model can be used to the outdoor environment and obtain a real-time illegal UAVs signal classification system. Our experiments confirmed that the improvements on the Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Networks (AC-GANs) by limited datasets achieve excellent results. The recognition rate can reach more than 95% in the indoor environment, and this method is also applicable in the outdoor environment. Moreover, based on the theory of Wasserstein GANs (WGAN) and AC-GANs, a more robust Auxiliary Classifier Wasserstein GANs (AC-WGANs) model is obtained, which is suitable for multi-class UAVs. Through the combination of AC-WGANs and Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) B210 software defined radio (SDR) platform, a real-time UAVs signal classification system is also implemented.
This paper is on international scholarly discussion on the Bronze Age of Russia from 1908 until 1939, and in particular on the related role of the internationally renowned Finnish archaeologist Aarne Michaël Tallgren (1885–1945). How did a social network of researchers produce new interpretations and what were the key factors that distinguished the participants in the discussion? Was it a continuous process or a series of sudden changes? How did different ideological backgrounds influence the interpretations? In Western Europe, Tallgren’s most important interlocutors were Gero von Merhart, V Gordon Childe and Ellis H Minns, and in Russia V A Gorodcov and A A Spicyn. The paper is mainly based on correspondence between Tallgren and his colleagues.