Hasil untuk "Anthropology"

Zeng Hao, Gonzalez-Blanco Laura, Romero Enrique

Granular bentonite (GB), offering better pourability and workability than traditional powder bentonites, has been proposed as a candidate material for engineered barriers in deep geological repositories of radioactive waste. During service, involving complex hydro-mechanical (HM) stress paths, GB barriers are expected to seal technological gaps within the system. However, few studies have examined the HM behaviour of GB related to gap sealing. To address this, a technological gap was initially fabricated within the compacted GB samples used for HM testing. The gap enhanced the compressibility of the sample, promoting a hardening effect under high stress and thereby reducing the volumetric collapse during subsequent wetting. Under low stress, the gap accelerated the hydration swelling, while the final swelling strain depended on the sample’s initial global dry density. Similarly, gap sealing had little effect on the development of swelling pressure when the sample was wetted under constant volume. Furthermore, the water permeability after saturation at a comparable global void ratio was higher in the initially gapped sample than in the intact one. These findings are anticipated to support a long-term safety assessment of GB barriers.

Deren Li, Mi Wang, Haonan Guo et al.

China’s Earth Observation(EO) System has undergone significant development since the 1970s, as China has dedicated substantial efforts to advancing remote sensing technology. With fifty years of development, China has successfully narrowed the remote sensing technology gap with foreign countries through collaborative endeavors of the government and enterprises. At present, China has constructed a comprehensive EO system that has been proven indispensable for driving economic growth and facilitating sustainable development. This paper provides an overview of the development, missions, andapplications of China’s EO system, while also exploring future directions and technical trends of China’s EO system.

Li-Xin Guo, Meng-Long Hsieh, Olga Gorodetskaya et al.

Abstract The Yellow River Plain (YRP), being regarded as the cradle of Chinese civilization, is traditionally thought to be the locale of the Great Flood, a hazardous flood (or floods) tamed by Yu who started China’s first “dynasty”, Xia, in ~ 2000 BC. However, by integrating published archaeological data, we propose that the Great Flood in fact impacted the Jianghan Plain (JHP) along the middle course of the Yangtze River. The arguments include: (1) around the era of the Great Flood, the most civilized and populated society in East Asia, named the Jianghan society, was located around the JHP (at that time, the habitation on the YRP remained limited); (2) the Jianghan society lived on river resources (shipping and rice growing) and was thus subject to flood risks (but not for the people inhabiting the YRP); (3) the people in the Jianghan society were experienced in dredging moats/ditches for shipping and irrigation; (4) unlike the floods on the YRP that were characterized by dynamic sedimentation and channel avulsion, those on the JHP typically occurred with slow-moving water manageable to ancient people; (5) the JHP has been associated with lake/wetland systems serving as detention basins during floods. Here, the recorded method for controlling the Great Flood, dredging channels to divert flood water to a “sea”, was feasible. Known speleothem paleo-rainfall data from multiple sites show that the climate of the JHP had been wet since the middle Holocene (earlier than the era of the Great Flood) and significantly turned dry after ~ 1850 BC (~ 150 years later than the Great Flood). Thus, the uniqueness of the Great Flood was likely to reflect an increase in land use on the JHP with the expansion of the Jianghan society, and the success in taming this flood was mainly due to the efforts of the society, not by luck.

Poleshchuk Olga

The goal of the paper is to develop a regression model under the initial Z-information based on an alternative method to the least squares method, and free from the assumptions regarding probability distributions of initial data. Formalization of input and output information is carried out on the basis of Z-numbers and linguistic variables, followed by the construction of a multidimensional quintile regression model with fuzzy coefficients. The optimization function is defined as the sum of the loss functions for the differences between the weighted output fuzzy numbers and the weighted model fuzzy numbers. To determine the parameters of the unknown regression coefficients, a linear programming problem is solved to find the minimum of the optimization function. The developed Z-regression is free from the shortcomings of existing models and provides new opportunities for solving tasks in problem areas with the active participation of experts, taking into account the reliability of information received from them.

Vitória Ribeiro Gomes Maria, Figueiredo Ferreira Giulia, Ferreira de Araújo Daniele et al.

In peripheral countries, the lack of adequate urban planning associated with natural dynamics intensifies the existing vulnerabilities of the environment, causing physical and material losses. Therefore, this research aims to discuss the potential use of Environmental Protection Areas as a tool to drive urban growth with a low-impact development, helping to mitigate urban floods and bringing nature into the city landscape. The municipality of Maricá, located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is taken as a case study. The method proposed to drive the regional environmental planning and management can be described as a three-stage method coupled with the adapted SWOT Matrix, following: the diagnosis, the prognosis, and the action plan. This process points to the definition of a Hydrological Interest Area that would allow not only the restoration of local vegetation and a better interaction of the population with the watercourses, but also the recovery of areas that have been gradually impacted by the urban expansion. The method presented in this research allows its application in different urban contexts, once it has the objective of recognizing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to allow the elaboration of sustainable actions and guidelines.

U. Nanni, U. Nanni, D. Scherler et al.

<p>Accurate measurements of ice flow are essential to predict future changes in glaciers and ice caps. Glacier displacement can in principle be measured on the large scale by cross-correlation of satellite images. At weekly to monthly scales, the expected displacement is often of the same order as the noise for the commonly used satellite images, complicating the retrieval of accurate glacier velocity. Assessments of velocity changes on short timescales and over complex areas such as mountain ranges are therefore still lacking but are essential to better understand how glacier dynamics are driven by internal and external factors. In this study, we take advantage of the wide availability and redundancy of satellite imagery over the western Pamirs to retrieve glacier velocity changes over 10 d intervals for 7 years and for a wide range of glacier geometry and dynamics. Our results reveal strong seasonal trends. In spring/summer, we observe velocity increases of up to 300 % compared to a slow winter period. These accelerations clearly migrate upglacier throughout the melt season, which we link to changes in subglacial hydrology efficiency. In autumn, we observe glacier accelerations that have rarely been observed before. These episodes are primarily confined to the upper ablation zone with a clear downglacier migration. We suggest that they result from glacier instabilities caused by sudden subglacial pressurization in response to (1) supraglacial pond drainage and/or (2) gradual closure of the hydrological system. Our 10 d resolved measurements allow us to characterize the short-term response of glaciers to changing meteorological and climatic conditions.</p>

Ting Lei, Chenxi Jin, Chen Qi

The growing demand for air transportation has led to increased air traffic and airline operations at airports worldwide, while hazardous weather conditions have a considerable impact on the efficiency and safety of air traffic. The long-term and high-resolution state-of-art fifth-generation reanalysis of the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) (ERA5) and ERA5-land provide us a perspective on the climatological characteristics of hazardous weather conditions affecting Chinese airports. These hazardous weather conditions include low-level wind shear (LLWS), limited visibility (LIMV), thunderstorms (TSTMs), and snowfall (SNOW). The LLWS is frequent in winter but rare in summer. At the airports in the north of eastern China, managers should take more precautions about LLWS from February to March and October to November. LIMV is major hazardous weather in the south of eastern China that should be carefully monitored in winter, especially from December to January. In northwestern China, LIMV is rare, especially at Yinchuan and Lanzhou airports. TSTMs frequently occur in South China and Southwest China, especially in Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, and eastern Tibet. The corresponding active period is summer. SNOW frequently occurs over the Tibet Plateau and parts of Xinjiang province. SNOW is generally active in early winter (December–January) at Urumchi airport but at Lhasa airport in late winter (February–March). There is no SNOW throughout the year in the south of eastern China. The observations also verify such characteristics of the annual cycles of the four hazardous weather conditions. The trend analysis does not express many warnings on hazardous weather conditions except the SNOW. The SNOW at Lhasa airport shows an increasing trend. Considering the frequent SNOW in Lhasa, more attention should be put to monitoring this weather here.

Liu Jiaxi, Chang Zhanqiang, Zheng Haoxin

Tropospheric delay is one of the important factors affecting GNSS positioning accuracy, and there are different ways to deal with the multiple measurement situations. In short baseline measurements, the difference method is commonly used to eliminate tropospheric errors. However, it cannot be used in long baseline measurements or complex weather since it still has great influences on precision measurement after difference calculation. Therefore, modelling method is usually used to reduce tropospheric delay. As it is well known, there are three types of commonly used tropospheric delay correction models, which are suitable for different situations. When any model is used to solve the tropospheric delay in a large scale, there is always an error between the model value and the actual one. In order to investigate the applicability of the three models in different atmospheric conditions, we actually used the measured meteorological data provided by IGS (International GNSS Service) stations as a reference, and then calculated the ZTD (Zenith Tropospheric Delay) with the different models, including Hopfield model, Saastamoinen model and Black model. The calculation results indicate that Saastamoinen model is the most robust and practical model.

Caroline Rozenholc-Escobar

To contribute to the debates on the implications, actors and geopolitical levers of tourism, this article particularly examines religious tourism. For this reason, it is based on the first results of a research in urban geography on the role of the religious tourism industry in the realignment of the Israeli-Palestinian space and as a geopolitical lever for the positioning of Israel and of the Palestinian Territories on the international scene. It responds to this by looking at the places that contribute to producing this form of tourism; and the physical flows and symbolic movements of which these places are the objectives. On this territory where the touristic attraction continues despite the continuous violence, three types of sites have been identified: pilgrimage sites, alternative sites, and religious theme parks. This article will show how these sites, which will be collected under the term “places of mobility”, are linked and how they produce what we will refer to as “mobility of places”.

Lavrenteva Elena, Brovkina Aleksandra

The paper discusses the features of taxation of foreign income of individuals. The main object of the study is the income of seafarers working on ships under a foreign flag, the peculiarities of the calculation and taxation of their wages. The statistical data on the level of wages and the structure of expenses of the families of seafarers are given. The methodological approaches to assessing the indirect contribution of seafarers working for foreign shipowners to the revenue side of the state budget through the purchase of goods, works and services on the territory of the Russian Federation have been substantiated. The proposed algorithm includes four stages. The first stage is the determination of the number of seafarers working on foreign ships. The second stage is the determination of the salaries of seafarers working on ships under a foreign flag. The third stage is the substantiation of the expenses of seafarers on the territory of the Russian Federation. The fourth stage is an assessment of the contribution of seafarers to budget revenues through indirect tax revenues from the goods, works and services they purchase. The paper highlights the main global trends in the issues of state regulation of foreign income of seafarers.

Jonas Henschel, Maximilian Mense, Patrick Harte et al.

The lithium-ion battery is the most powerful energy storage technology for portable and mobile devices. The enormous demand for lithium-ion batteries is accompanied by an incomplete recycling loop for used lithium-ion batteries and excessive mining of Li and transition metals. The hyperaccumulation of plants represents a low-cost and green technology to reduce environmental pollution of landfills and disused mining regions with low environmental regulations. To examine the capabilities of these approaches, the hyperaccumulation selectivity of Alyssum murale for metals in electrode materials (Ni, Co, Mn, and Li) was evaluated. Plants were cultivated in a conservatory for 46 days whilst soils were contaminated stepwise with dissolved transition metal species via the irrigation water. Up to 3 wt% of the metals was quantified in the dry matter of different plant tissues (leaf, stem, root) by means of inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy after 46 days of exposition time. The lateral distribution was monitored by means of micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, revealing different storage behaviors for low and high metal contamination, as well as varying sequestration mechanisms for the four investigated metals. The proof-of-concept regarding the phytoextraction of metals from LiNi_0.33Co_0.33Mn_0.33O₂ cathode particles in the soil was demonstrated.

João Vitor Mendes de Jesus, Anderson Costa dos Santos, Júlio Cezar Mendes et al.

O Banco Davis pertence à Cadeia Vitória-Trindade (CVT) que está situada na porção offshore da região sudeste do Brasil, no Atlântico Sul. Neste trabalho foram feitas análises petrográficas e químicas de rocha e minerais, difratometria de raios X (DRX) e comparação de dados com a literatura. O Banco Davis é caracterizado litologicamente por um basanito, holocristalino, composta essencialmente por microfenocristais de clinopiroxênio e plagioclásio, por vezes apresentando aspecto glomeroporfírítico, uma matriz microlítica com plagioclásio e foides, além de opacos. O enriquecimento em elementos incompatíveis (La/SmN ~ 4,1) e (La/YbN ~ 21,7) superior aos outros montes e bancos da CVT, aliado a análise mineralógica modal (nefelina ± leucita), o alto teor de K2 O (2,9 wt.%), o conteúdo baixo de MgO (4,0 wt.%) e as anomalias negativas de K e Ba em diagrama multielementar, sugerem, a partir de diagramas petrogenéticos comparativos, uma evolução a partir de um melt isobárico gerado a ±2,6 GPa de um lherzolito fértil contendo anfibólio fortemente fracionado em olivina e clinopiroxênio, principalmente.

Joseph Hibbeln, Steven Gregory, Yasmin Iles-Caven et al.

There is a public perception that relatively low doses of mercury found in seafood are harmful to the fetal brain but little consistent evidence to support this. In earlier publications we have shown no adverse associations between maternal total blood mercury levels and child behaviour, early development or cognitive function as measured by IQ. However, for IQ the lack of adverse association was conditional upon the mother being a fish eater.In this paper we analyse further data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), this time examining whether prenatal exposure to total mercury is associated with the child's scholastic abilities in reading, spelling, phoneme awareness, mathematics and science; the number of participants with prenatal mercury and relevant test results varied from 1500 to 2200. Multiple regression was used to assess relationships between prenatal total blood mercury concentrations and 16 different test results, after taking account of a variety of potential confounders; in parallel, logistic regression was used to determine associations with the risk of the child being in the lowest 15% of each score. Analyses were repeated stratifying for fish consumption and sex of the child.There was no evidence of harm associated with the level of total mercury, provided the mother ate fish during pregnancy. This was particularly true for tests of mathematics and science. We conclude that women should be confident that eating fish in pregnancy is beneficial for their unborn child. Keywords: ALSPAC, Prenatal mercury, Prenatal fish consumption, Reading, Mathematics, Science

Maria Eduarda Parizan Checa, Andrea Cristina Coelho Scisleski

Este artigo problematiza a interdição à cidadania da juventude LGBT a partir tanto da atual tramitação do PL (Projeto de Lei) “Escola sem Partido” na Câmara Municipal de Campo Grande – MS quanto das reverberações dos discursos que o permeiam em nível nacional. O PL tem como determinação a proibição da abordagem de temas como gênero e sexualidade nas escolas, com a justificativa de que tais temas marcariam uma postura “partidária” da escola, enquanto a mesma deveria ser politicamente neutra, deixando a abordagem de tais questões exclusivamente no âmbito familiar. Um dos questionamentos que o presente trabalho suscita é “Em um cenário em que a juventude LGBT é majoritariamente violentada por familiares e conhecidos (GRUPO GAY DA BAHIA, 2017), a escola, enquanto espaço de produção de cidadania, não deveria ser a esses jovens um espaço de proteção?” e mais: “Ao silenciar os temas que poderiam dar voz às eventuais violências sofridas por esses jovens, a escola não seria, ela mesma, um espaço violador?”. Ao pensar, juntamente com Foucault (1999), o processo de produção de discursos em meio às relações de saber-poder que atravessam o atual cenário pós-golpe em que vivemos, entendemos que a proposta do PL de neutralidade do espaço escolar é defensora de uma escola que toma partido pela (re)produção da invisibilização da juventude LGBT a partir da proibição discursiva da mesma no espaço escolar. Em outras palavras, a obrigação do silêncio das questões de gênero e sexualidade na escola institui uma política não apenas de legitimação da violência sofrida por essa população, como também compõe parte de um cenário de desmonte de Políticas Públicas implicadas na visibilidade de populações marginalizadas, visando, sobretudo, formas capilares de extermínio das mesmas.

Touriya Fili-Tullon

L. Dai, L. Dai, T. Che et al.

Snow cover on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) plays a significant role in the global climate system and is an important water resource for rivers in the high-elevation region of Asia. At present, passive microwave (PMW) remote sensing data are the only efficient way to monitor temporal and spatial variations in snow depth at large scale. However, existing snow depth products show the largest uncertainties across the QTP. In this study, MODIS fractional snow cover product, point, line and intense sampling data are synthesized to evaluate the accuracy of snow cover and snow depth derived from PMW remote sensing data and to analyze the possible causes of uncertainties. The results show that the accuracy of snow cover extents varies spatially and depends on the fraction of snow cover. Based on the assumption that grids with MODIS snow cover fraction &gt; 10 % are regarded as snow cover, the overall accuracy in snow cover is 66.7 %, overestimation error is 56.1 %, underestimation error is 21.1 %, commission error is 27.6 % and omission error is 47.4 %. The commission and overestimation errors of snow cover primarily occur in the northwest and southeast areas with low ground temperature. Omission error primarily occurs in cold desert areas with shallow snow, and underestimation error mainly occurs in glacier and lake areas. With the increase of snow cover fraction, the overestimation error decreases and the omission error increases. A comparison between snow depths measured in field experiments, measured at meteorological stations and estimated across the QTP shows that agreement between observation and retrieval improves with an increasing number of observation points in a PMW grid. The misclassification and errors between observed and retrieved snow depth are associated with the relatively coarse resolution of PMW remote sensing, ground temperature, snow characteristics and topography. To accurately understand the variation in snow depth across the QTP, new algorithms should be developed to retrieve snow depth with higher spatial resolution and should consider the variation in brightness temperatures at different frequencies emitted from ground with changing ground features.

M. C. Inhorn, P. Brown

G. Maddox, S. Feierman

R. Paine, James W. Fernández

M. Bloch