Hasil untuk "Women. Feminism"

Ah-Reum Lee, Jacqueline M. Torres, Jinkook Lee

Higher education has expanded worldwide, with women outpacing men in many regions. While educational attainment is consistently linked to better physical health, its mental health effects - particularly for women - remain underexplored, and causal evidence is limited. We estimate the impact of college completion on depression among middle-aged women in South Korea, leveraging the 1993 higher education reform, which raised women's college attainment by 45 percentage points (pp) over the following decade. We use two nationally representative datasets to triangulate evidence, including the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2007-2021) for physician-diagnosed depression, and the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families (KLoWF, 2007-2022) to validate findings using self-reports of depressive symptoms. We implement two-stage least squares (2SLS) with a birth-cohort instrument based on exposure to the reform (within 3 years of the cutoff in KNHANES and within 1 to 3 years in KLoWF). In KNHANES, college completion lowers physician-diagnosed depression by 2.4 pp, attenuating to 1.6 pp after adjusting for income, employment, and physical health. In KLoWF, college completion improves self-reported mental health. The weekly depressive-symptoms composite declines by 17.4 pp, attenuating to 16.4 pp after covariate adjustment. Placebo tests on unaffected cohorts yield null results. This study contributes to the growing quasi-experimental literature on education and mental health with convergent evidence across clinical diagnoses and self-reported depressive symptoms in South Korea. By focusing on college education in a non-Western setting, it extends the external validity of existing findings and highlights educational policy as a potential lever to reduce the burden of midlife depression among women.

Hedalid Tolentino Arellano

Este artículo analiza las diferencias sexogenéricas en la formación educativa y la inserción laboral de las y los artistas escénicos en México, con base en datos estadísticos de la anuies (2022-2023) y la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo enoe, 2023. Los resultados evidencian una marcada segregación horizontal en la matrícula de licenciaturas y posgrado de artes escénicas y música; la danza está altamente feminizada (74.1%), el teatro presenta mayoría femenina (64.3%) y la música permanece fuertemente masculinizada, ya que sólo 33.8% son mujeres. Esta segmentación se acentúa conforme se avanza en el nivel educativo, disminuyendo la presencia femenina en posgrados, especialmente en música. En el ámbito laboral, las mujeres enfrentan mayores exigencias para acceder a espacios en la ejecución artística, por ejemplo, deben ser más jóvenes, contar con niveles educativos superiores y no estar unidas maritalmente. Además, su presencia en el sector es menor (19.3%) y con condiciones laborales más precarias, caracterizadas por alta informalidad, bajos niveles de contratación formal y menor número de horas trabajadas. A pesar de ello, obtienen en promedio mayores ingresos que los hombres, atribuible a su inserción en áreas de formación artística institucionalizadas. El estudio concluye que la desigualdad de género en las artes escénicas no sólo se reproduce desde la formación profesional, sino que se profundiza en el mercado laboral, reforzando estereotipos y limitando el acceso equitativo a oportunidades para las mujeres.

Diego de Maria André, José Raimundo Carvalho

According to WHO (2013), in general 30% of all women worldwide who have been in a relationship have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by their intimate partner. However, only a small percentage of intimate partner violence (IPV) victims report it to the police. This phenomenon of under-reporting is known as ``dark figure''. This paper aims to investigate the factors associated with the reporting decision of IPV victims to the police in Brazil using the third wave of the ``Pesquisa de Condições Socioeconômicas e Violência Doméstica e Familiar contra a Mulher ($PCSVDF^{Mulher}$)''. Using a bivariate probit regression model with sample selection, we found that older white women, those who do not tolerate domestic violence, and women who have experienced physical violence are more likely to report IPV to the police. In contrast, married women, those with partners who abuse alcohol and those who witnessed or knew that their mothers had experienced IPV, are less likely to report it to law enforcement.

Chiara Zappalà, Luca Gallo, Jan Bachmann et al.

Recent research has challenged the widespread belief that gender inequities in academia would disappear simply by increasing the number of women. More complex causes might be at play, embodied in the networked structure of scientific collaborations. Here, we aim to understand the structural inequality between male and female scholars in the dissemination of scientific knowledge. We use a large-scale dataset of academic publications from the American Physical Society (APS) to build a time-varying network of collaborations from 1970 to 2020. We model knowledge dissemination as a contagion process in which scientists become informed based on the propagation of knowledge through their collaborators. We quantify the fairness of the system in terms of how women acquire and diffuse knowledge compared to men. Our results indicate that knowledge acquisition and diffusion are slower for women than expected. We find that the main determinant of women's disadvantage is the gap in the cumulative number of collaborators, highlighting how time creates structural disadvantages that contribute to marginalize women in physics. Our work sheds light on how the dynamics of scientific collaborations shape gender disparities in knowledge dissemination and calls for a deeper understanding on how to intervene to improve fairness and diversity in the scientific community.

Nora Bearth

This paper investigates the mental health penalty for women after childbirth in Switzerland. Leveraging insurance data, we employ a staggered difference-in-difference research design. The findings reveal a substantial mental health penalty for women following the birth of their first child. Approximately four years after childbirth, there is a one percentage point (p.p.) increase in antidepressant prescriptions, representing a 50% increase compared to pre-birth levels. This increase rises to 1.7 p.p. (a 75% increase) six years postpartum. The mental health penalty is likely not only a direct consequence of giving birth but also a consequence of the changed life circumstances and time constraints that accompany it, as the penalty is rising over time and is higher for women who are employed.

Meagan Sundstrom, N. G. Holmes

Gaining recognition as a physics person by peers is an important contributor to undergraduate students' physics identity and their success in physics courses. Previous research has separately demonstrated that women perceive less recognition from peers than men in their physics courses (perceived recognition) and that women receive fewer nominations from their peers as strong in their physics course than men (received recognition). The relationship between perceived and received peer recognition for men and women, however, is not well understood. Here we test three plausible models for this relationship. We conduct a large-scale, quantitative study of over 1,700 students enrolled in introductory physics courses at eight institutions in the United States. We directly compare student gender, perceived recognition, and received recognition, controlling for other student demographics and course-level variability. Results show with high precision that, for students receiving the same amount of recognition, and having the same race or ethnicity, academic year, and major, women report significantly lower perceived recognition than men. These findings offer important implications for testable instructional interventions.

Teffo Phomolo Nicrocia, Owolawi Pius Adewale, Pholo Moanda Diana

The adoption of digital transformation was not expressed in building an African face shape classifier. In this paper, an approach is presented that uses k-means to classify African women images. African women rely on beauty standards recommendations, personal preference, or the newest trends in hairstyles to decide on the appropriate hairstyle for them. In this paper, an approach is presented that uses K-means clustering to classify African women's images. In order to identify potential facial clusters, Haarcascade is used for feature-based training, and K-means clustering is applied for image classification.

Sayma Sultana, Asif Kamal Turzo, Amiangshu Bosu

Context: Contemporary software development organizations lack diversity and the ratios of women in Free and open-source software (FOSS) communities are even lower than the industry average. Although the results of recent studies hint the existence of biases against women, it is unclear to what extent such biases influence the outcomes of various software development tasks. Aim: We aim to identify whether the outcomes of or participation in code reviews (or pull requests) are influenced by the gender of a developer.. Approach: With this goal, this study includes a total 1010 FOSS projects. We developed six regression models for each of the 14 dataset (i.e., 10 Gerrit based and four Github) to identify if code acceptance, review intervals, and code review participation differ based on the gender and gender neutral profile of a developer. Key findings: Our results find significant gender biases during code acceptance among 13 out of the 14 datasets, with seven seven favoring men and the remaining six favoring women. We also found significant differences between men and women in terms of code review intervals, with women encountering longer delays in three cases and the opposite in seven. Our results indicate reviewer selection as one of the most gender biased aspects among most of the projects, with women having significantly lower code review participation among 11 out of the 14 cases. Since most of the review assignments are based on invitations, this result suggests possible affinity biases among the developers. Conclusion: Though gender bias exists among many projects, direction and amplitude of bias varies based on project size, community and culture. Similar bias mitigation strategies may not work across all communities, as characteristics of biases and their underlying causes differ.

Hao Peng, Misha Teplitskiy, Daniel M. Romero et al.

Self-promotion in science is ubiquitous but may not be exercised equally by men and women. Research on self-promotion in other domains suggests that, due to bias in self-assessment and adverse reactions to non-gender-conforming behaviors (``pushback''), women tend to self-promote less often than men. We test whether this pattern extends to scholars by examining self-promotion over six years using 23M Tweets about 2.8M research papers by 3.5M authors. Overall, women are about 28% less likely than men to self-promote their papers even after accounting for important confounds, and this gap has grown over time. Moreover, differential adoption of Twitter does not explain the gender gap, which is large even in relatively gender-balanced broad research areas, where bias in self-assessment and pushback are expected to be smaller. Further, the gap increases with higher performance and status, being most pronounced for productive women from top-ranked institutions who publish in high-impact journals. Critically, we find differential returns with respect to gender: while self-promotion is associated with increased tweets of papers, the increase is smaller for women than for men. Our findings suggest that self-promotion varies meaningfully by gender and help explain gender differences in the visibility of scientific ideas.

Ceyda ACAR

Han Dongcheng, Kong Fanbo, Wang Zixun

How does women's obedience to traditional gender roles affect their labour outcomes? To investigate on this question, we employ discontinuity tests and fixed effect regressions with time lag to measure how married women in China diminish their labour outcomes so as to maintain the bread-winning status of their husbands. In the first half of this research, our discontinuity test exhibits a missing mass of married women who just out-earn their husbands, which is interpreted as an evidence showing that these females diminish their earnings under the influence of gender norms. In the second half, we use fixed effect regressions with time lag to assess the change of a female's future labour outcomes if she currently earns more than her husband. Our results suggest that women's future labour participation decisions (whether they still join the workforce) are unaffected, but their yearly incomes and weekly working hours will be reduced in the future. Lastly, heterogeneous studies are conducted, showing that low-income and less educated married women are more susceptible to the influence of gender norms.

Derrick G. E., Chen P-Y., van Leeuwen T. et al.

Gender differences in research productivity are well documented, and have been mostly explained by access parental leave and child-related responsibilities. Those explanations are based on the assumption that women take on the majority of childcare responsibilities, and take the same level of leave at the birth of a child. Changing social dynamics around parenting has seen fathers increasingly take an active role in parenting. This demands a more nuanced approach to understanding how parenting affects both men and women. Using a global survey of 11,226 academic parents, this study investigates the effect of parental engagement (Lead, Dual (shared), and Satellite parenting), and partner type, on measures of research productivity and impact for men and for women. It also analyzes the effect of different levels of parental leave on academic productivity. Results show that the parenting penalty for men and women is a function of the level of engagement in parenting activities. Men who serve in lead roles suffer similar penalties, but women are more likely to serve in lead parenting roles and to be more engaged across time and tasks. Taking a period of parental leave is associated with higher levels of productivity, however the productivity advantage is lost for the US-sample at 6 months, and at 12-months for the non-US sample. These results suggest that parental engagement is a more powerful variable to explain gender differences in academic productivity than the mere existence of children, and that policies should that factor into account.

Aurélie Breidenbach, Caroline Mahlow, Andreas Schreiber

Gender diversity in the tech sector is - not yet? - sufficient to create a balanced ratio of men and women. For many women, access to computer science is hampered by socialization-related, social, cultural and structural obstacles. The so-called implicit gender bias has a great influence in this respect. The lack of contact in areas of computer science makes it difficult to develop or expand potential interests. Female role models as well as more transparency of the job description should help women to promote their - possible - interest in the job description. However, gender diversity can also be promoted and fostered through adapted measures by leaders.

Abhishek Gupta, Alexandrine Royer, Connor Wright et al.

The 3rd edition of the Montreal AI Ethics Institute's The State of AI Ethics captures the most relevant developments in AI Ethics since October 2020. It aims to help anyone, from machine learning experts to human rights activists and policymakers, quickly digest and understand the field's ever-changing developments. Through research and article summaries, as well as expert commentary, this report distills the research and reporting surrounding various domains related to the ethics of AI, including: algorithmic injustice, discrimination, ethical AI, labor impacts, misinformation, privacy, risk and security, social media, and more. In addition, The State of AI Ethics includes exclusive content written by world-class AI Ethics experts from universities, research institutes, consulting firms, and governments. Unique to this report is "The Abuse and Misogynoir Playbook," written by Dr. Katlyn Tuner (Research Scientist, Space Enabled Research Group, MIT), Dr. Danielle Wood (Assistant Professor, Program in Media Arts and Sciences; Assistant Professor, Aeronautics and Astronautics; Lead, Space Enabled Research Group, MIT) and Dr. Catherine D'Ignazio (Assistant Professor, Urban Science and Planning; Director, Data + Feminism Lab, MIT). The piece (and accompanying infographic), is a deep-dive into the historical and systematic silencing, erasure, and revision of Black women's contributions to knowledge and scholarship in the United Stations, and globally. Exposing and countering this Playbook has become increasingly important following the firing of AI Ethics expert Dr. Timnit Gebru (and several of her supporters) at Google. This report should be used not only as a point of reference and insight on the latest thinking in the field of AI Ethics, but should also be used as a tool for introspection as we aim to foster a more nuanced conversation regarding the impacts of AI on the world.

Eduardo Torres Alonso

Reseña de: Ramírez Hernández, Gloria. Los derechos político-electorales de las mujeres en México ante la CEDAW. México: Tribunal Electoral del Poder Judicial de la Federación, 2020.

Sarah Tebeka, Yann Le Strat, Alix De Premorel Higgons et al.

Background: IGEDEPP (Interaction of Gene and Environment of Depression during PostPartum) is a prospective multicenter cohort study of 3,310 Caucasian women who gave birth between 2011 and 2016, with follow-up until one year postpartum. The aim of the current study is to describe the cohort and estimate the prevalence and cumulative incidence of early and late postpartum depression (PPD). Methods: Socio-demographic data, personal and family psychiatric history, as well as stressful life events during childhood and pregnancy were evaluated at baseline. Early and late PPD were assessed at 8 weeks and 1 year postpartum respectively, using DSM-5 criteria. Results: The prevalence of early PPD was 8.3% (95%CI 7.3-9.3), and late PPD 12.9% (95%CI 11.5-14.2), resulting in an 8-week cumulative incidence of 8.5% (95%CI 7.4-9.6) and a one-year cumulative incidence of PPD of 18.1% (95%CI: 17.1-19.2). Nearly half of the cohort (N=1571, 47.5%) had a history of at least one psychiatric or addictive disorder, primarily depressive disorder (35%). Almost 300 women in the cohort (9.0%) reported childhood trauma. During pregnancy, 47.7% women experienced a stressful event, 30.2% in the first 8 weeks and 43.9% between 8 weeks and one year postpartum. Nearly one in five women reported at least one stressful postpartum event at 8 weeks. Conclusion: Incident depressive episodes affected nearly one in five women during the first year postpartum. Most women had stressful perinatal events. Further IGEDEPP studies will aim to disentangle the impact of childhood and pregnancy-related stressful events on postpartum mental disorders.

Gecia Bravo-Hermsdorff, Valkyrie Felso, Emily Ray et al.

One can point to a variety of historical milestones for gender equality in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), however, practical effects are incremental and ongoing. It is important to quantify gender differences in subdomains of scientific work in order to detect potential biases and monitor progress. In this work, we study the relevance of gender in scientific collaboration patterns in the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (INFORMS), a professional society with sixteen peer-reviewed journals. Using their publication data from 1952 to 2016, we constructed a large temporal bipartite network between authors and publications, and augmented the author nodes with gender labels. We characterized differences in several basic statistics of this network over time, highlighting how they have changed with respect to relevant historical events. We find a steady increase in participation by women (e.g., fraction of authorships by women and of new women authors) starting around 1980. However, women still comprise less than 25% of the INFORMS society and an even smaller fraction of authors with many publications. Moreover, we describe a methodology for quantifying the structural role of an authorship with respect to the overall connectivity of the network, using it to measure subtle differences between authorships by women and by men. Specifically, as measures of structural importance of an authorship, we use effective resistance and contraction importance, two measures related to diffusion throughout a network. As a null model, we propose a degree-preserving temporal and geometric network model with emergent communities. Our results suggest the presence of systematic differences between the collaboration patterns of men and women that cannot be explained by only local statistics.

Vítor Albiero, Krishnapriya K. S., Kushal Vangara et al.

We present a comprehensive analysis of how and why face recognition accuracy differs between men and women. We show that accuracy is lower for women due to the combination of (1) the impostor distribution for women having a skew toward higher similarity scores, and (2) the genuine distribution for women having a skew toward lower similarity scores. We show that this phenomenon of the impostor and genuine distributions for women shifting closer towards each other is general across datasets of African-American, Caucasian, and Asian faces. We show that the distribution of facial expressions may differ between male/female, but that the accuracy difference persists for image subsets rated confidently as neutral expression. The accuracy difference also persists for image subsets rated as close to zero pitch angle. Even when removing images with forehead partially occluded by hair/hat, the same impostor/genuine accuracy difference persists. We show that the female genuine distribution improves when only female images without facial cosmetics are used, but that the female impostor distribution also degrades at the same time. Lastly, we show that the accuracy difference persists even if a state-of-the-art deep learning method is trained from scratch using training data explicitly balanced between male and female images and subjects.

Khadije Safiri, Pouyan Ehyaei, Aida Markazi

The present research attempts to understand and examine how actors interpret the concept of social exclusion with a constructivist approach. The qualitative method of grounded theory has been used to analyze the issue. 30 female householders visiting the Welfare Organization of Mashhad were interviewed semi-structurally. This paper is due study the women’s perception about social exclusion, how do they encounter with and what are their strategies to cope with this phenomenon. Through conducting the analyses, 8 main categories including self-imposed exclusion, cultural habitus, femininity of poverty, reproduction of gender stereotypes, and mistrust in consistent institutional and familial support, were extracted from the concepts, and finally, a core category called capability failure was introduced. Findings indicate a gender-based discourse space that has dominated the relations and is a factor of intragroup and intergroup exclusion. Female householders are actually facing with challenges such as their gender, which provides the context for their social exclusion. Key words: social exclusion; female householders; gender

Sunaina Arya

The present paper argues that the conceptualisation of notions like ‘dalit’ or ‘intracaste’ or ‘multiple’ patriarchies results from a misunderstanding of the concept brahmanical patriarchy. The category ‘dalit patriarchy’ is gaining popularity in academic and political discourse of contemporary India. It is introduced by Gopal Guru in his seminal essay ‘Dalit Women Talk Differently’ only to challenge patriarchal practices within ‘lower’ caste groups. But mainstream feminists of India attempted to propagate and proliferate this vague concept. They argue that dalit men, as a part of their exploitation by ‘upper’ caste, also face taunts regarding their masculinity which results in their aggressive behaviour on dalit women; which has been called as ‘dalit patriarchy’. The paper argues that conceptualisation of such notions yields no advancement in our endeavours toward a gender-just society, rather it is misleading. Evaluating articulations in mainstream Indian feminism, we need to think through: what effect does this have on our feminist struggle? what is at stake? what possibly can be a resolution? Thus, by exposing flaws about ‘dalit patriarchy’—including a detailed discussion on the empirical, theoretical, and logical shortcomings—this paper seeks to initiate a theoretical rethinking of feminist as well as dalit scholarship, with employment of analytical, hermeneutical and critical methods.