Hasil untuk "Ural-Altaic languages"

Y. Gunes, T. Cesur, E. Çamur et al.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To assess the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in detecting and correcting MRI artifacts compared to radiologists using text-based and visual questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional observational study included three phases. Phase 1 involved six LLMs (ChatGPT o1-preview, ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4V, Google Gemini 1.5 Pro, Claude 3.5 Sonnet, Claude 3 Opus) and five radiologists (two residents, two junior radiologists, one senior radiologist) answering 42 text-based questions on MRI artifacts. In Phase 2, the same radiologists and five multimodal LLMs evaluated 100 MRI images, each containing a single artifact. Phase 3 reassessed the identical tasks 1.5 months later to evaluate temporal consistency. Responses were graded using 4-point Likert scales for "Management Score" (text-based) and "Correction Score" (visual). McNemar's test compared response accuracy, and the Wilcoxon test assessed score differences. RESULTS LLMs outperformed radiologists in text-based tasks, with ChatGPT o1-preview scoring the highest (3.71±0.60 in Round 1; 3.76±0.84 in Round 2) (p<0.05). In visual tasks, radiologists performed significantly better, with the Senior Radiologist achieving 92% and 94% accuracy in Rounds 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.05). The top-performing LLM (ChatGPT-4o) achieved only 20% and 18% accuracy. Correction Scores mirrored this difference, with radiologists consistently scoring higher than LLMs (p<0.05). CONCLUSION LLMs excel in text-based tasks but have notable limitations in visual artifact interpretation, making them unsuitable for independent diagnostics. They are promising as educational tools or adjuncts in "human-in-the-loop" systems, with multimodal AI improvements necessary to bridge these gaps.

Peeter Tinits

A data-intensive view on the emerging Estonian written language community, 1800-1940: National bibliography, data enrichment, and public schools The Estonian National Bibliography aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all printed works published in Estonia, by Estonians, or about Estonians. Bibliographic data science has suggested that national bibliographies can be used to study cultural history using the tools of digital humanities. In this article, I explore the historical details surrounding the emergence of the Estonian written language community, with a focus on the mid- to late 19th century. I introduce the Estonian National Bibliography as a data source and trace the emergence of the Estonian written language community within its records. Specifically, I look at changes in the status of the Estonian language within its language area, the backgrounds of the contributors to book publishing, and the possible influence of public schools. I enrich these analyses by incorporating other biographical, demographic, geographic, and historical datasets. Over time, books published in the Estonian language area began to rely more on Estonian, building on an earlier German-language tradition. Despite the early importance of multilingual contributors, the main contributors soon began working mostly in Estonian. From the early 19th century through the National Awakening, the average age of new contributors decreased by around 10 years, reflecting the steady influx of younger educated people. The analysis of the contributors’ birth backgrounds reveals that dialectal diversity among community members gradually increased, with some local variation. For a few decades around the time of the National Awakening, being born in the Governorate of Livonia doubled one’s chances of joining the written language community. This can be partly explained by differences in educational policy that led the Governorate of Estonia to fall behind in expanding its public school network. This article demonstrates how national bibliographic data can be used to study cultural history. Combining it with other data sources enables researchers to address questions from different disciplines – for example, assessing the impact of historical education policies or investigating shifts in dialectal diversity within a language community.

Lembit Vaba

obadus and plinder Quite a blow According to Julius Mägiste, obadus ’metal loop’ is a Russian loanword; cf. Russian óбод ’hoop, ring; arched fastening’ and dialectal обóдь ’ring, hook, clasp, bow’. The article notes that the meaning ’blow, hit’ developed in the semantic field of obadus within the Estonian linguistic context, where many fastening devices have acquired a secondary sense ’blow, hit’. Examples include haak ’hook, part of a latch or fastening’ ⇒ ’a boxing hook delivered from below or the side with a bent arm’; kiil ’iron or wooden wedge used for joining or sealing objects or their parts’ ⇒ ’blow, hit’; kõrvakiil ’a slap, a hit to the ear with the hand’; põõn ’a cross-board used to join and reinforce wooden items’ ⇒ ’blow, hit’. In a bind The article argues that the colloquial plinder ’difficult situation, bind, predicament, deprivation’ is a loan from the German dialect word Splinter ’(wood) splinter, sliver’, whose more widespread Standard German form is Splitter (without the nasal in the stem). From plinder, the shortened, irregular dialectal form plinn is likely to have developed. The semantics of lack or deprivation are reflected in the German adjectives splitternack, resp. splinternackt, splinternackend, etc. ’naked, bare(-wood)’, literally ’splinter-bare’. Baltic German also attests the adjective splinterkahl ’completely bare, stripped bare’. In Estonian, plinder has not been recorded with the meaning ’wood splinter, sliver, etc.’, which invites a consideration of expressions in which unpleasant situations someone may get into (or find themselves in) are described using imagery involving an ork ’spike’, (puu)pind ’ (wood) splinter’, or (puu)pulgad ’(wooden) sticks’.

Valérie Berthé, Herman Goulet-Ouellet, Dominique Perrin

We study density of rational languages under shift invariant probability measures on spaces of two-sided infinite words, which generalizes the classical notion of density studied in formal languages and automata theory. The density for a language is defined as the limit in average (if it exists) of the probability that a word of a given length belongs to the language. We establish the existence of densities for all rational languages under all shift invariant measures. We also give explicit formulas under certain conditions, in particular when the language is aperiodic. Our approach combines tools and ideas from semigroup theory and ergodic theory.

Gumru

The Nogais are a Turkic people who have experienced the largest number of exiles and genocides in history. Therefore, their language, cultural heritage, history and ethnography have not been widely studied. The frequent change of writing graphics led to serious errors in transliteration and translation. Learning the Nogai language does not necessarily mean a correct understanding of oral texts written in this language. If we consider that these texts are closely connected with history or were spoken during historical events, expressing the concerns of the people, then these linguistic events represent a serious problem that can alienate a nation from its roots. Thus, we discussed here the general language problems that arise when translating texts from Nogai, as well as the laws of the Nogai language and mutual words with the Azerbaijani language. At the end, we tried to give general information about the language by providing some Nogai words with their translation in the form of a dictionary.

Benoît Valiron

This thesis (Habilitation à diriger des recherches) presents some of my research contributions since my Ph.D defense in 2008. I have had the chance to participate in the development of quantum programming languages since their early developments: the presentation aims to present my point of view on the evolution of the subject, my contributions, and the current research trends in the community. The target audience is a graduate student interested in pointers to the field of quantum programming languages.

Moa Johansson

I. Vepreva, T. Itskovich, O. Mikhailova

The social changes of the modern era influence young people’s value preferences. This paper presents the results of a comprehensive linguo-cognitive and sociopsychological experimental study by a team of linguists from Ural Federal University, which aims to determine students’ value coordinates. In the first stage, based on the original procedure for revealing the key concepts of Russian mentality, the authors constructed a list of 59 nationwide core values and presented them to 633 first-year students at Ural Federal University. As a result of further content interpretation of the material, the researchers discovered that the generation of young people born in post-Soviet Russia is becoming a bearer of new values. The lack of interest in political institutions, the formation of self-mentalism, and micro-solidarity within the narrow circle of family and close people – these value preferences outlined a core of eight basic concepts, having an abstract nature, which required concretisation. At the next stage, the authors presented a questionnaire including a detailed semantic structure of nuclear concepts to first-year students (650 respondents) to determine the nuclear and peripheral conceptual meanings in students’ language consciousness. The cluster analysis of the material demonstrated that the top level of the dendrogram is occupied by the concept of the well-being of loved ones. The paper reveals the complex semantics of the “well-being” concept and shows the axiological dynamics in comprehending the axiologeme. According to historical and Church Slavonic lexicographic sources, the “well-being” linguistic unit has implicitly combined the values of the material, physical, ideal, and spiritual since the eleventh century. Twentieth-century dictionaries confirm the presence of two zones in the semantics of the concept, i. e. the inseparable unity of the spiritual and the material. Students express their choice in favour of the spiritual side of well-being. The article shows that on the upper levels of the dendrogram, there are four basic values in a complex: the concepts of family, self-realisation, faith, and happiness. Also, the authors confirm the status of the self-realisation value sense for young people at the student level, which is directly related to the family and its well-being. As for the cognitive attributes of the faith concept, the students preferred the selfrealisation value sense, which suggests that the respondents have faith in their abilities and capabilities, positive self-esteem, and trust in themselves. Values related to material well-being are on the periphery of the linguistic consciousness of Ural youth, which does not fit in the general picture of the observed pragmatic attitude of young people to modern reality. It has been suggested that the current picture of the hierarchy of value attributes is declarative: young people who have recently left school have a clear idea of the necessary norms of social behaviour established in Russian society, and they put spiritual values over material ones.

Atsumoto Ohashi, Ryuichiro Higashinaka

Recently, post-processing networks (PPNs), which modify the outputs of arbitrary modules including non-differentiable ones in task-oriented dialogue systems, have been proposed. PPNs have successfully improved the dialogue performance by post-processing nat-ural language understanding (NLU), dialogue state tracking (DST), and dialogue policy (Policy) modules with a classification-based approach. However, they cannot be applied to natural language generation (NLG) modules because the post-processing of utterances output by NLG modules requires a generative approach. In this study, we propose a new post-processing component for NLG, generative post-processing networks (GenPPNs). For optimizing GenPPNs via reinforcement learning, the reward function incorporates dialogue act contribution, a new measure to evaluate the contribution of GenPPN-generated utterances with regard to task completion in dialogue. Through simulation and human evaluation experiments based on the MultiWOZ dataset, we confirmed that GenPPNs improve the task completion performance of task-oriented dialogue systems 1 .

ÜMİT KARUL

Political, economic and cultural relations between the Turkic States, which gained their independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and the Republic of Turkey have accelerated since the 1990s. Literature and language studies were also affected by these developments. Writers, poets and academics have started to translate various works between Turkic dialects. The beginning and increase of translations from Turkey Turkish to other Turkic dialects and from these dialects to Turkey Turkish has necessitated scientific research on this subject. Because various problems and difficulties arose in trasnlation between dialects. For this reason, linguistic studies in this field aim to identify these problems and produce solutions. In this study, it was tried to determine the inter-dialect/intra-linguistic translation problems in Mehmet Emin Yurdakul's poems, which were translated from Turkey Turkish to Uzbek Turkic by Tahir Kahhar, and an analysis was made using the descriptive statistics method. In this intralingual diachronic transfer, the statistical consistency between the source text and the target text constitutes the basis of the study. In order to detect these consistencies, translation strategies were used to determine the reduction, expansion and modulation operations at the word level in the examined translation and their statistics were tried to be obtained.

Kirsi Günther, Outi Oja

"How is agency produced through image and word in the multimodal ”The Rules of Supervised Exchange” comic contract?" Social service documents, such as ”The rules of supervised exchange”, can be difficult to understand because of the language and terms used in them. One way to make these documents more accessible is transforming them into comic contracts. Using a comic-style format, can help clients better understand the document and the associated agency of the worker and the client. Additionally, it can make communication by public authorities more accessible. Transforming social service documents involves visualization, i.e., including different types of visual elements in the document. Typically, comic contracts include characters and their interaction is visually displayed. Thus, comic contracts are multimodal texts that combine images and words in different ways. Examining comic contracts in social services is important for both clients and workers. Documents should be understandable and clear so that clients know what services are described in the documents, what are the clients’ rights, responsibilities, and obligations, and what is expected of them as actors.

Funda Toprak

In Armin Vámbéry's Cágataische Sprachstudien published in 1867, there are 112 nakıls under the name of Uzbek Turkic Nakıls. The word nakıl is a concept that has the equivalents of makal/metel/nakıl in Turkic dialects and is used for proverbs. Proverbs are one of the most important cultural carriers of a nation, they contain the simplest, most concise use of language and are also reflectors of the culture they belong to. Proverbs can include the reactions of human psychology to various situations, behavioral patterns, show the value judgments that people should have in the formation of their place in society, and express the corrupt and faulty aspects of society in a critical style. In these respects, it is not possible to speak of a single definition or classification for proverbs. Vámbéry also did not make a classification, he numbered the proverbs (nakıls) he collected in his work and indicated the situations for which they were said with a sentence. In this study, the nakyls collected by him were transferred from Arabic to Latin letters, their meanings were given, and the situations for which they were said were specified. In addition, whether nakıls are alive in Contemporary Uzbek Turkic or not is analyzed from the related studies. The existence of nakıls in Turkish has also been traced, and thus, it has been tried to evaluate the basis of cultural unity and language commonality through nakıls. Although it was determined that the majority of naqils live in Uzbek Turkish, only 43 naqils that are not witnessed in the sources compiled byVámbéry.

Liina Lindström, Lydia Risberg, Helen Plado et al.

Tiiu Kreegipuu

"Party control over Soviet Estonian literary life in the 1960s on the example of the Writers’ Union." During the Soviet era, literature was one of the main tools of communist propaganda. Consequently, writers were assigned a crucial educating, guiding and influencing role within the ideological project. As “engineers of the human soul” they were expected to not only communicate the ideological message, but also to construct and disseminate the Soviet worldview and help bring up “Soviet people.” One example of ideological guidance and direction in literary life is the interaction between the Communist Party and the Writers’ Union of the Estonian SSR. This interaction mostly consisted in Party guidelines, control and other forms of direction exercised by the Party through its officials and agencies at various levels, above all the primary Party organization of the Writers’ Union. The styles and forms of management developed and changed alongside the general political and social developments. By the 1960s, the time of stern management through Party decisions and rigid enforcement of the socialist-realist canon was over in literary life. The documents of the primary Party organization of the Writers’ Union cover a variety of topics – they discuss the administrative side of the primary organization, issues pertaining to individual writers, problems with publishing and censorship, creative questions, as well as the scope and essence of the social responsibilities assigned to writers. As is typical of the Khrushchev Thaw, the discussions were often quite informal and critical in tone, but the main ideological line and framework through which Soviet ideologists saw writers and literary life remained unchanged. From the point of view of the authorities, writers were still expected to be at the forefront of social change. From the writers’ perspective, however, there was much more space and opportunity within this framework to expand their modes of expression without coming directly into conflict with the authorities.

Josef Rukavicka

Let $c>1$ be a real constant. We say that a language $L$ is $c$-\emph{constantly growing} if for every word $u\in L$ there is a word $v\in L$ with $\vert u\vert<\vert v\vert\leq c+\vert u\vert$. We say that a language $L$ is $c$-\emph{geometrically growing} if for every word $u\in L$ there is a word $v\in L$ with $\vert u\vert<\vert v\vert\leq c\vert u\vert$. Given a language $L$, we say that $L$ is $REG$-\emph{dissectible} if there is a regular language $R$ such that $\vert L\setminus R\vert=\infty$ and $\vert L\cap R\vert=\infty$. In 2013, it was shown that every $c$-constantly growing language $L$ is $REG$-dissectible. In 2023, the following open question has been presented: "Is the family of geometrically growing languages $REG$-dissectible?" We construct a $c$-geometrically growing language $L$ that is not $REG$-dissectible. Hence we answer negatively to the open question.

G. He, Mengge Wang, Xing Zou et al.

North China and South Siberia, populated by Altaic‐ and Sino‐Tibetan‐speaking populations, possess extensive ethnolinguistic diversity and serve as the crossroads for the initial peopling of America and western–eastern transcontinental communication. However, the population genetic structure and admixture history of northern East Asians remain poorly understood due to a lack of genome‐wide data, especially for Mongolic‐speaking people in China. We genotyped genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms for 510 individuals from 38 Mongolic, Tungusic, and Sinitic‐speaking populations. We first explored the shared alleles and haplotypes within the studied groups. We then merged with 3508 published modern and ancient Eurasian individuals to reconstruct the deep evolutionary and natural selection history of northern East Asians. We identified genetic substructures within Altaic‐speaking populations: Western Turkic people harbored more western Eurasian‐related ancestry; Northern Mongolic people in Siberia and eastern Tungusic people in Amur River Basin (ARB) possessed a majority of Neolithic ARB related ancestry; Southern Mongolic people in China possessed apparent genetic influence from Neolithic Yellow River Basin (YRB) farmers. Additionally, we found the differentiated admixture history between western and eastern Mongolians and geographically close Northeast Hans: the former received a genetic impact from western Eurasians, and the latter retained the primary Neolithic YRB and ARB ancestry. Moreover, we demonstrated that Kalmyk people from the northern Caucasus Mountains possessed a strong genetic affinity with Neolithic Mongolian Plateau (MP) people, supporting the hypothesis of their eastern Eurasian origin and long‐distance migration history. We also illuminated that historical pastoral empires in the MP contributed considerably to the gene pool of northern Mongolic people but rarely to the southern ones. We finally found natural selection signatures in Mongolians associated with alcohol metabolism. Our results demonstrated that the Neolithic ancestral sources from the MP or ARB played an important role in spreading Altaic populations and languages. The observed multisources of genetic diversity contributed significantly to the extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in northern East Asia.

Chenlei Zhou

This paper examines the comitative and instrumental case markers in the Chinese dialects and Altaic languages spoken in the Gansu-Qinghai Linguistic Area (GQLA) and finds a noteworthy phenomenon: one of the frequently used comitative-instrumental markers originated from the numeral ‘two’, a rare source for comitatives. The numeral ‘two’ is grammaticalized under the process of {‘two’ (appositive) > coordinator > comitative > instrumental}. This paper argues that the marker ‘two’ in Chinese dialects did not have an Altaic origin and was then borrowed for Chinese, as Dwyer (1992) suggested. The fact that the comitative-instrumental markers in both Altaic (especially Mongolic) languages and Chinese dialects come from the numeral ‘two’ with comitative-instrumental syncretism reflects a regional innovation in GQLA.

Tülay Akbaba

Turkish language that belongs to the Ural-Altaic linguistic family and the Russian language that belongs to Indo-European linguistic family differ greatly in terms of their grammatical construction, syntax, and phonetic systems. One of these differences is the grammatical gender (gender agreement) category of nouns. While the nouns have gender category morphologically in Russian, this is not the case in Turkish. Gender category in Russian appears as a significant grammatical issue that affect adjectives, numbers, pronouns, past tenses of the verbs and formation of participles. Although the Russian is a very systematic language with a great number of rules, it also contains various exceptions. Thus, Turkish students who learn Russian as the foreign language experience great difficulties. In this study, basic principles on teaching the gender categories of the nouns in a short time considering the course hours of the students at Gastronomy Department of Tourism and Hotel Management School of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, who takes Russian as a compulsory second foreign language course. Within this framework, the students are introduced a detailed table of gender categories. To that effect, gender category has been analyzed in morphologically. All rules are supported with examples to get to know masculine, feminine and neutral nouns. Afterwards, gender categories of the nouns are further emphasized with possessive pronouns and qualifying adjectives. The difficulties experienced by the students, the mistakes made, solution offers and types of exercises are dealt with.

D. Ganieva

This research aims at studying syncretic properties of participles, and exploring their polyfunctional realization. It is a comparative study of participles in Uzbek and English languages, that belong to different language families, the Altaic and the Indo-European correspondingly, and perhaps, therefore, the studied units in Uzbek are contextually oriented, and in English, they are inherently oriented. The research employs a qualitative method using comparative and componential analyses. The samples in the study are taken from written sources. The findings of the research proves that participles, as being non-finite forms of the verb and therefore considered syncretic units, perform various functions depending on the context they occur. This polyfunctional realization is characteristic to the both languages, although, several functions of participles in the one language are different from participles in the other language.

Ene Alas, Kristel Kriisa

The current article reports on action research within an exploratory case study discussing the process of designing an online training program for English as a Foreign Language National Examination examiners and raters in Estonia, the first of its kind to be used in the context explored. The process is guided by Collins’ Cognitive Apprenticeship Model and elements of the TPACK framework by Koehler et al. to determine the dimensions of the program, discuss its implementation and the trainees’ response to it. The analysis of the process revealed clear stages in its evolution as well as its cyclical nature. The implementation of the resultant online program, consisting of video-based trainer input and interactive interview management and student performance assessment tasks, displayed notable training benefits – clear trainee satisfaction with the training quality and an increase in learner autonomy. *** Riigieksami eksamineerijate veebipõhise koolitusprogrammi koostamisprotsess rakendamine ja järeldused Artiklis kirjeldatakse kvalitatiivse uurimusena juhtumiuuringu vormis läbiviidud tegevusuuringut, milles analüüsitakse inglise keele riigieksami intervjueerijate ja hindajatate koolitamiseks loodud veebipõhise koolituse arendamist ja rakendamist Eestis. Tegemist on uuritud kontekstis esimese omataolise veebipõhise koolitusega. Koolituse raamistiku ja sisu väljatöötamisel, selle rakendamisel ja osaliste tagasiside kogumisel toetuti Collins’i Cognitive Apprenticeship mudelile ning Koehleri jt TPACK raamistiku elementidele. Protsessi analüüs tõi välja selles selgesti eristatavad etapid ning protsessi tsüklilise iseloomu. Tekkinud veebi põhine koolitus programm, mille sisu moodustasid videotel põhinev koolitussisend ning interaktiivsed eksamiintervjuu juhtimist ja õpilaste keeleoskuse hindamist puudutavad ülesanded, oli ühelt poolt märkimisväärselt edukas – ilmnes osavõtjate rahulolu koolituse kvaliteediga ja õppijate autonoomsuse hea tase – kuid osalejatelt saadud tagasiside osutas ka mitmesugustele võimalustele koolitusprogrammi edasiseks täiendamiseks.