Bulutangkis merupakan cabang olahraga paling populer dan berprestasi di Indonesia yang secara konsisten menyumbangkan medali di kancah internasional serta menjadi sumber kebanggaan nasional. Prestasi ini tidak lepas dari peran klub-klub bulutangkis yang berfungsi sebagai garda terdepan dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan atlet sejak usia dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan upaya Diklat Bulutangkis Lembang Badminton Club (LBC) dalam meningkatkan prestasi atlet di Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian meliputi pelatih, pengurus diklat, dan beberapa atlet binaan LBC. Data dianalisis menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman melalui reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Validitas data diperkuat dengan triangulasi sumber dan teknik untuk memastikan keabsahan informasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa LBC menerapkan berbagai strategi pembinaan yang meliputi program latihan terstruktur dengan frekuensi 3-4 kali per minggu, pembinaan mental dan fisik yang komprehensif, pendampingan intensif oleh pelatih berkompeten dengan latar belakang akademik dan pengalaman sebagai atlet, serta penyediaan sarana dan prasarana yang memadai. Strategi pembinaan juga mencakup partisipasi aktif dalam kejuaraan di berbagai tingkat dan dukungan orang tua yang konsisten. Upaya-upaya tersebut terbukti efektif dalam mendukung peningkatan prestasi atlet, baik pada tingkat kejuaraan daerah maupun provinsi, dengan beberapa atlet berhasil meraih medali dan mengikuti seleksi tingkat nasional.
Introducción: El uso de estrategias didácticas en la Educación Física ha cobrado vigencia, especialmente en las últimas décadas, en un mundo en el que todo está regido por las tecnologías, y está de moda hacer deportes al reconocer la importancia que ofrece para la salud, tanto mental como general.
Objetivo: Elaborar una estrategia didáctica que contribuya a la formación de la habilidad auto-ejercitación del ejercicio físico, en los estudiantes de la carrera “Medicina Veterinaria”, de la Universidad Agraria de La Habana.
Métodos: Se utilizaron diferentes métodos y técnicas, como la encuesta, la entrevista, así como, el análisis de documentos, la observación a clase y la triangulación metodológica. La muestra estuvo conformada por 77 estudiantes y 15 profesores de Educación Física.
Resultados: La aplicación práctica de la estrategia didáctica, demuestra que, se contribuye a perfeccionar la enseñanza de la Educación Física de los estudiantes, con la utilización de las guías de estudio como herramienta didáctica.
Conclusiones: Se concluye que, la aplicación de la estrategia didáctica mostró evidencias en la formación de la habilidad auto-ejercitación del ejercicio físico, materializadas en el incremento de los niveles de la condición física en el 78,55% de los estudiantes./Introduction: The use of didactic strategies in physical education has gained validity, especially in the last decades, in a world where everything is ruled by technologies, and playing sports is fashionable by recognizing the importance it offers for both mental and general health.
Objective: To elaborate a didactic strategy that contributes to the development of the self-exercise skill for physical exercise in Veterinary Medicine students of the Agrarian University of Havana.
Methods: Different methods and techniques were used, such as the survey, the interview, as well as the analysis of documents, classroom observation and methodological triangulation. The sample consisted of 77 students and 15 physical education teachers.
Results: The practical application of the didactic strategy shows that it contributes to improve teaching physical education to students, with the use of study guides as a didactic tool.
Conclusion: It is concluded that the application of the didactic strategy showed evidences in the formation of the self-exercise skill for physical exercise, materialized in the increase of physical condition levels in 78.55% of the students.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the speed, agility, and explosive strength performance of elite basketball players over an 8-week plyometric training program. Fifteen elite male college basketball players in Taiwan (average age 22.16 ± 0.85 years old) were publicly recruited. All participants received 24 plyometric training courses three times per week for 8 weeks, and the courses were implemented pre- and post-test. The speed and agility test items were divided into a 20 m sprint and a T-shaped run. In the explosive strength test, a force plate was used to measure countermovement jump to understand the pre- and post-test differences in all the test indicators, including the rate of force development, time of the rate of force development, ground reaction forces for the moment of jumping, duration of passage, and jump height. It was found that, after the participants underwent the plyometric training program, the body mass index and body fat percentage were significantly reduced, the skeletal muscle mass was significantly increased, and the post-test scores for speed and agility improved significantly. All the participants exhibited a steeper gradient for the rate of force development (r = −0.816~−0.963) and a shorter time for the rate of force development (0.107~0.232 s). The ground reaction forces reached 1509.61~2387.11 Newtons. The duration of passage reached 0.643 s, and the jump height reached 0.624 m. The conclusion was that the plyometric training program can increase muscle volume in the lower limbs and legs, increase the rate of force development, and shorten the jumping time, thereby enhancing explosive strength.
Jonas Schmalzl, Annika Graf, Michael Kimmeyer
et al.
Abstract Background Avascular necrosis of the humeral head after proximal humeral fracture i.e. type 1 fracture sequelae (FS) according to the Boileau classification is a rare, often painful condition and treatment still remains a challenge. This study evaluates the treatment of FS type 1 with anatomic and reverse shoulder arthroplasty and a new subclassification is proposed. Methods This single-center, retrospective, comparative study, included all consecutive patients with a proximal humeral FS type 1 treated surgically in a four-year period. All patients were classified according to the proposed 3 different subtypes. Constant score (CS), Quick DASH score, subjective shoulder value (SSV) as well as revision and complication rate were analyzed. In the preoperative radiographs the acromio-humeral interval (AHI) and greater tuberosity resorption were examined. Results Of 27 with a FS type 1, 17 patients (63%) with a mean age of 64 ± 11 years were available for follow-up at 24 ± 10 months. 7 patients were treated with anatomic and 10 with reverse shoulder arthroplasty. CS improved significantly from 16 ± 7 points to 61 ± 19 points (p < 0.0001). At final follow-up the mean Quick DASH Score was 21 ± 21 and the mean SSV was 73 ± 21 points. The mean preoperative AHI was 9 ± 3 mm, however, 8 cases presented an AHI < 7 mm. 4 cases had complete greater tuberosity resorption. The complication and revision rate was 19%; implant survival was 88%. Conclusion By using the adequate surgical technique good clinical short-term results with a relatively low complication rate can be achieved in FS type 1. The Boileau classification should be extended for fracture sequelae type 1 and the general recommendation for treatment with hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty has to be relativized. Special attention should be paid to a decreased AHI and/or resorption of the greater tuberosity as indirect signs for dysfunction of the rotator cuff. To facilitate the choice of the adequate prosthetic treatment method the suggested subclassification system should be applied.
This study sought to challenge prevalent accounts of emotional eating by exploring the effects of situation-dependent emotions on consumers’ food craving. Four specific game situations in the context of spectator sports, each corresponding to the four types of emotional coping (outcome-desire conflict, avoidance, fulfillment, and pursuit), were identified as follows: decisive victories, decisive losses, close victories, and close losses. By employing laboratory-based virtual reality spectatorship, Study 1 tested the causal effects of happiness (fulfillment), anger (conflict), sadness (conflict), fear (avoidance), and hope (pursuit) on food craving. Study 2 further designed fans’ previous association between emotions and eating as a moderating mechanism in the context of online sport viewership. The results of the two experiments supported the three theoretical principles of eating behavior, including the “food as fuel” principle of anger, the hedonic eating principle of happiness, and the self-regulation principle of hope. However, the results rejected the escape awareness principle of sadness and fear. The study concludes with a discussion of context-dependent emotional positioning and intervention strategies for marketers and policy makers.
COVID-19 has impacted all areas of life, and youth sports is no exception. States and counties are publishing their own unique guidelines for permitting youth sports to return over designated phases, creating a patchwork of guidelines and dates for returning to practice and games. Governing bodies, sports facilities, and event operators are creating modifications and adaptations for participants and spectators to ensure a safe environment. The Sports Innovation Institute at IUPUI, a partnership between Indiana and Purdue universities in Indianapolis, and Grand Park Sports Campus (Westfield, Ind.) collaborated to better understand how COVID-related adaptations are perceived by parents, athletes, coaches, officials, and administrators. The results provide youth sports facilities and event operators with data on how specific adaptions are received by these stakeholders who are looking to return to youth sports in a timely, but safe manner. Twelve adaptations were identified from a review of documents prepared by states, governing bodies, trade associations, media reports, and feedback from industry and academic experts. The survey questions were designed using the Kano Model (pronounced “kah-no”), which was selected due to its ability to determine how people feel about proposed adaptions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Each adaption comprised three questions that assessed the respondents’ feelings toward the adaptation (functional question), their feelings if the adaptation did not exist (dysfunctional), and their assessment of how important it is for the adaptation to occur (importance). The Kano Model is interpreted based upon these three scores, and each adaptation can be placed into one of five categories on a scatterplot. The survey was distributed to 40 organizations that circulated the survey to their members. The survey reached a national audience that represents the landscape of youth sports. A total of 10,359 people from 45 states completed the entire survey, representing at least 13 different sports. Nearly 92% of respondents were parents, but with the option to select multiple roles, coaches (25%), administrators (10%), athletes (9%), and officials (3%) were also represented. Results indicated that venues and events should invest heavily and visibly in sanitization of the facility, playing areas, and equipment before, during, and after events. Venue operators and event managers can feel confident the recommendations provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) to sanitize playing areas and equipment after each use will be well-received and welcomed by users. Promotion and monitoring of social-distancing guidelines, limiting personal contact between players, limiting admission to those under age 65 with no CDC-indicated pre-existing conditions, and completing a health and contact-information questionnaire prior to entering are seen by users as must-be adaptations in order for players and spectators to feel comfortable returning to youth sports during the COVID-19 pandemic. This means their presence does not bring satisfaction, but their lack of presence brings significant dissatisfaction. Respondents felt indifferent toward changing arrival and departure routines, closing amenities, and minimizing the capacity and rearranging bench areas for athletes. The presence or absence of these adaptations do not make a real difference in users’ experiences. User sentiment regarding facemasks was mixed, with strong feelings about the use and non-use of facemasks. Finally, limiting entry to athletes and game personnel but excluding spectators was not well-received by survey respondents, especially parents. Youth sports venues and events should tread lightly when considering not allowing spectators into venues, and expect negative backlash from parents should such policies be adopted. Parents of recreational athletes viewed the adaptations in a more positive light and as a more necessary part of the youth sports experience than parents of travel athletes. A similar trend was found when comparing parents who are less willing to travel during the pandemic than those who do not expect their travel to be impacted. Travel sports parents demonstrated an increasing comfort level in traveling for competitions over the summer months, from 42% in May to 76% in August. The economic turmoil wrought by COVID-19 has touched nearly every component of American life. However, 59% of travel sports parents reported that the pandemic will not negatively impact their sports travel budget. Only 23% will experience a budget decrease greater than 25% related to youth sports travel.
Anne Cristine Fernandes Maia, Keli Fuckner Benevides, Iara Veloso Almeida
et al.
Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal e fatores associados em clientes de uma loja de suplementos alimentares. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi realizado entre os meses de agosto e setembro de 2018 com clientes de ambos os sexos de uma loja especializada em suplementos alimentares na cidade de Montes Claros, MG. O questionário contemplou questões descritivas e de múltipla escolha que abordavam os aspectos sociodemográficos, hábitos de vida, conhecimento sobre alimentação saudável, uso de suplementos alimentares, nível de atividade física e insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Resultados: Foram avaliados 61 indivíduos, com média de idade de 28,8±8,9 anos. 88,5% apresentaram ausência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal. Ao associar a insatisfação com a imagem com o perfil sociodemográfico e as características comportamentais, observou associação significativa com as variáveis escolaridade (p=0,045), conhecimento sobre alimentação saudável (p=0,027), atividade física praticada (p=0,041), número de vezes por semana que prática atividade física (p=0,030) e praticar mais de uma atividade física (0,022). Conclusão: Conclui-se que a prevalência de insatisfação corporal nessa população foi inferior ao relatado na literatura. Isso sugere que as pessoas estão cada vez mais preocupadas com a imagem corporal, sendo importante que os profissionais da nutrição estejam atentos a esse público e desenvolva planos de ação a fim de garantir os efeitos desejados preservando a saúde do indivíduo.
Gwendolyn Vuurberg, Lauren M. Wink, Leendert Blankevoort
et al.
Abstract Background Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common result of an ankle sprain. Even though early surgical treatment yields the best results, overall only professional athletes are eligible for acute surgical stabilization. Treating all patients with early surgical stabilization leads to a high amount of unnecessary invasive interventions, as not all patients progress to CAI. If patients at risk of developing CAI can be identified, treatment policies may be applied more effectively and efficiently. The purpose of this study is to develop a risk assessment model to identify patients at risk for CAI that should receive early surgical treatment. Methods In this observational prospective cohort, all patients aged sixteen years and older, reporting at the emergency department of one of the participating hospitals after sustaining a lateral ankle sprain, and filled out 1 out of 3 follow-up questionnaires and the 1 year follow-up are included. A lateral and anteroposterior radiograph is made. Patients are excluded if a fracture or other pathology is present. The included patients receive four questionnaires, including questions focusing on the sprain, treatment and complaints, the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool. A total of eleven radiographic variables are assessed for inter- and intra-observer reliability. Additionally, four factors extracted from the questionnaires, will be evaluated for correlation with CAI. Significantly correlating factors (e.a. risk factors) will be implemented in a risk assessment model. For the final model, based on sixteen variables with a minimum of 20 events per variable and a prevalence of 30–40% after an initial sprain, a sample size of 2370 patients is needed to perform both internal and external model validation. Discussion This study will develop the first large scale model for the risk at CAI after an ankle sprain combining radiographic and patient characteristics. With this risk assessment model, patients at risk for CAI may be identified and properly informed on the treatment options. Patients identified as being at risk, may receive more adequate follow-up and become eligible for early surgical stabilization. This prevents patients from experiencing unnecessary long-lasting complaints, increasing the success rate of conservative and surgical treatment. Trial registration Retrospectively registered: NCT02955485 [Registration date: 3–11-2016]. NTR6139 [Registration date: 3–1-2017].
Kristina Motiejūnaitė, Dalia Mickevičienė, Albertas Skurvydas
et al.
The aim of the study was to establish the differences in men and women’s performance of speed-accuracy movements with their left (LH) and right (RH) hands. The research participants were 24 healthy right-handed subjects: 12 males (aged 20.8 ± 1.1 years) and 12 females (aged 21.4 ± 1.0 years). The research was carried out in the Laboratory of Human Motor Control at the Lithuanian Academy of Physical Education (LAPE) applying the analyzer of dynamic parameters of human leg and arm movement (DPA-1; Patent No. 5251; 2005 08 25), which is used for the qualitative estimation of the dynamic parameters of one arm and leg target movement, two arms and legs coordinated and independent target movements, when the resistance power and target are coded with different programmable parameters. The task was performed with the right and then with the left hand (50 repetitions with each hand). The subjects had two tasks: a) to react as quickly as possible (simple task); b) to react as quickly as possible and to hit the target on a computer screen quickly and accurately (complicated task). We registered the maximal and mean movement speed, reaction time, movement trajectory and intraindividual variability of the right and the left hands. Conclusions. There was no significant difference in accuracy between female and male subjects, thought female subjects performed speed-accuracy task more slowly than men. Both males and females performed the speed-accuracy task with their right hand faster and more accurately than with their left hand. Performing movements with different hands the indices of reaction time did not differ significantly. Both males and females performed movements with their right and left hands with the same intraindividual variability.
Keywords: movement control, reaction time, speed-accuracy task, right and left hand, gender.
Dagnou Pessoa Moura, Diego Rafael Tonon, Denis Ferreira Nascimento
A flexibilidade é uma capacidade física importante para qualidade de vida da população, ajuda melhorar a postura além de reduzir riscos de lesões nas atividades diárias e esportiva. O treinamento de força aumenta o desempenho das atividades esportivas, além de melhorar a qualidade de vida, sendo fundamental para o público idoso manter sua vida útil por mais tempo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito agudo do treinamento de força sobre a flexibilidade em membros inferiores. Para tal, foram selecionados 10 indivíduos homens com idade de 22 ± 2 anos, altura 174 ±0,08 centímetros, massa corporal de 74,22 ± 12,81 e percentual de gordura de 13,18, ± 7,85, todos com experiência em treinamento de força pelo menos 6 meses. O grupo realizou o teste sentar e alcançar no banco de Wells, em seguida fez uma sessão de treinamento de força para membros inferiores a 60% de 1RM e o mesmo teste sentar e alcançar 1 minuto após o término da sessão de treinamento. Houve melhora nos valores no teste de flexibilidade pós sessão de treinamento quando comparado com o teste antes da sessão de treino (p=0,000345). Conclui-se que de forma aguda, a sessão de treinamento de força para membros inferiores influência de forma positiva sobre os valores de flexibilidade da musculatura do complexo muscular isquitibial.
ABSTRACT
Acute effect of strength training on flexibility of lower limbs
The flexibility is defined as quality of life, whether the magnitude of the available movement of a joint or group of joints then being limited by bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments and joint capsules responsible for voluntary execution of a maximum angular amplitude of movement it is considered an important factor related to health, as it helps her develop and improve posture, increase the quality and quantity of movements decreasing risk of injury when it is in some extent even in favors greater mobility in daily and sports activities. Strength training increases the performance of activities and improves the daily lives and helps preserve and improve this physical quality of the population and may counteract the weakness and muscle weakness and improve mobility and flexibility. The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of strength training on flexibility in the lower limbs. To this end, 10 individuals were selected men aged 21,67 ± 2,12, 177,78 height, ± 3,64, mass, 29,17, and ± 9,99% fat, 15,34, ± 3,69 with strength training experience at least 06 months. The group performed strength training for the lower limbs with 60% of 1RM. There was an improvement in values in the flexibility test after training session when compared to the test before the training session (p = 0.000345). It is concluded that acutely, strength training session for lower limbs influences positively the flexibility values of isquitibial muscle complex musculature.
Introduction and objectives. Among the determinants of physical fitness, the aerobic capacity, the muscular strength and the weight status are important biological markers of health status in childhood. There are scientific evidence of the relationship between physical fitness and self-concept in young adults. However, few studies have analyzed these relationships prior to adolescence stages. The main aim of this Dissertation was to examine the level of fitness in primary schoolchildren and to analyze its possible relationship with the self-concept profile in the Region of Murcia.
Methods. A total of 512 students (284 women) aged 8-11 years from the Region of Murcia participated in this cross-sectional and relational ex post facto study where physical fitness (Battery ALPHA-Fitness) was evaluated. Weight status (normal-weight, overweight and obesity) was categorized according to standard criteria. Self-concept was evaluated by the Self-Concept Scale for Children of Piers.
Results. Data analysis showed that: a) physical fitness is positively associated with self-concept; b) aerobic capacity and muscular strength are positively associated with self-concept; c) weight status was inversely associated with the self-concept; d) weight status is inversely related to overall fitness; e) males have a higher physical self-concept; f) males have a better level of overall fitness.
Conclusions. The results of this dissertation suggest that schoolchildren with a higher level of fitness (especially aerobic capacity and muscular strength) have a better global self-concept profile than their peers with a medium to low level. The schoolchildren with normal weight have a better overall self-concept than their peers with overweight and obesity. The schoolchildren with a BMI within healthy parameters show a better level of overall fitness (especially aerobic capacity). These findings highlight the need to promote the engagement and participation of students in physical and sports activities, which contribute to improving your overall physical fitness, given the positive relationship observed between the physical fitness and the different dimensions of self-concept as well as the global self-concept.
Las artes marciales pueden ser definidas como historia en movimiento. Pocas actividades deportivas de popularidad internacional movilizan corporalmente un repertorio simbólico y práctico de moralidad ética y sensualidad estética tan complejo y distintivo de un pueblo como las disciplinas marciales coreanas, en especial el taekwondo y el gumdo. Al igual que en otros deportes de combate, el gimnasio de artes marciales (dojang) es el lugar donde se producen y reproducen los valores y se apropian las habilidades, conocimientos y reconocimientos – títulos, certificados, etc. – que legitiman la entrega, corporal y social, de un individuo a un disciplina marcial. El presente artículo busca transmitir al lector las emociones que genera en un neófito la práctica de un arte marcial y las tensiones sociales y kinestésicas que se experimentan como resultado de esta acción en la moderna sociedad coreana. Asimismo, explora algunos factores históricos vinculados a su desarrollo y acelerada expansión en apenas medio siglo.
Wilhelmina Ekström,1 Bodil Samuelsson,2 Sari Ponzer,3 Tommy Cederholm,4,5 Karl-Göran Thorngren,6 Margareta Hedström7 1Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, 2Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, 3Department of Clinical Science and Education, Section of Orthopaedics, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, 4Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, 5Department of Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, 6Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Orthopaedics, Lund University, Lund, 7Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden Objectives: To evaluate potential sex differences and other factors associated with complications within 4 months after a hip fracture.Methods: A total of 1,915 patients ≥65 years (480 men) with hip fracture were consecutively included in a prospective multicenter cohort study. A review of medical records and patient interviews according to a study protocol based on the Standardized Audit of Hip Fractures in Europe (SAHFE, RIKSHÖFT) was performed. Sex differences in comorbidity according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists score and complications 4 months after a hip fracture were registered. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors related to complications.Results: Male sex was associated with worse general health according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification (P=0.005) and with more comorbidities (P<0.001). Male sex emerged as a risk factor for developing pneumonia (P<0.001), and additionally, 18% of the men suffered from cardiac complications compared with 13% of the females (P=0.018). Female sex was predisposed for urinary tract infections, 30% vs 23% in males (P=0.001). Mortality was higher in the male vs female group, both within 30 days (15% vs 10%, P=0.001) and at 4 months (24% vs 14%, P=0.001). Conditions associated with pneumonia were male sex, pulmonary disease, and cognitive impairment. Cardiac complications were associated with delayed surgery and cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.Conclusion: Before surgery, men with hip fracture already have a poorer health status and higher comorbidity rate than women, thus resulting in a twofold increased risk of pneumonia. Cognitive dysfunction and pulmonary disease contributed to pneumonia in men. Delayed surgery seems to increase the risk for cardiac complications. It is important to consider the sex perspective early on together with cardiopulmonary comorbidity and cognitive dysfunction to be able to counteract serious complications that may lead to death. Keywords: hip fracture, male sex, complications, associated factors
Purpose : The style of the fight is one of the important factors that affect the quality of the arts in boxing. Particularly important factor in the modern boxing are the mental processes that are involved in forecasting and analyzing the situation that arises in the ring and are associated with cognitive functions. Purpose - to examine the psychophysiological state and a special performance for skilled boxers with different styles of input match. Material : 22 highly qualification boxer aged 18-23 years were studies. The absolute and the relative strength of serial and single strikes were studied. Definition of special performance and power strokes performed on a special simulator. Recorded the absolute and relative strength of serial and single strikes. Results : The results show that the attacking style of the fight in boxing is accompanied by the presence of a high level of efficiency, reduction of fatigue, anxiety, and depending on the condition of vegetative functions. Showed a reduction in the growth of autonomy and heteronomy in the structure of psycho-physiological state of boxers with the attacking style of the fight, which indicates the presence of compromise and avoidance of external failures. Conclusions : Boxers with attacking style of fight characterized by high values of the left side impact forces and reduce the values of the right direct strike force, compared with boxers protective style of fight.