Hasil untuk "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"

Erfan Shakouri, Saeed Zare, Masomeh Azimzadeh et al.

Satellite imagery provides valuable data to address the growing demand for agricultural production. However, analyzing such vast amounts of data requires advanced artificial intelligence methods, such as deep learning. The primary challenge lies in the scarcity of labeled training data, as its preparation is both costly and time-consuming. To address this issue, this study integrates remote sensing data, deep neural networks, and transfer learning techniques to estimate the cultivated area of strategic crops in Iran. Given the diverse climates and topographies across Iran’s provinces, in addition to Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data, MODIS sensor and SRTM elevation data were also utilized. To compensate for data limitations, transfer learning was employed to enhance model performance in data-deficient regions (Kermanshah and Markazi). This approach resulted in an approximate 10% improvement in Cohen’s Kappa coefficient. Furthermore, the study investigated the minimum data required for fine-tuning the models. The results demonstrated that even with a reduction of over 60% in the target province's training data, transfer learning still achieved model performance comparable to scenarios where it was not applied.

Fayçal Fedouaki, Mouhsene Fri, Kaoutar Douaioui et al.

<i>Background</i>: This paper investigates hybrid quantum–classical optimization approaches for addressing core supply chain management (SCM) problems. A unified hybrid framework is implemented and evaluated across five representative domains: vehicle routing, scheduling, facility location, inventory optimization, and demand forecasting. <i>Methods</i>: The framework integrates quantum algorithms—namely the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), Quantum Annealing (QA), and the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)—with classical constraint-handling and local refinement procedures in an iterative workflow. Quantum solvers are employed for global solution exploration, while classical optimization ensures feasibility and convergence stability. <i>Results</i>: Experiments conducted on standardized synthetic benchmarks demonstrate that the proposed hybrid framework consistently outperforms classical-only and quantum-only baselines, achieving 12–18% reductions in operational costs and 20–35% faster convergence. In routing and fulfilment tasks, quantum-generated candidate solutions provide effective warm starts for classical refinement. Robustness analysis based on stochastic SCM simulations further indicates lower performance variance under uncertainty. <i>Conclusions</i>: These results demonstrate that hybrid quantum–classical optimization constitutes a practical and scalable strategy for near-term SCM decision-making under current Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) hardware constraints.

Shuvojit Das, Gazi Md. Mahbubul Alam Rajin, Md. Nazmul Hasan Sarker et al.

<i>Background</i>: Globally, in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, excess inventory results from the bullwhip effect. Earlier, barcode-based two-bin systems were limited by manual scanning; hence, a more responsive system is needed to align the inventory with real-time demand. Prior studies have predominantly concentrated on mitigating demand fluctuations and employed comparatively low-efficiency systems, hindering excess inventory (EI) reduction. <i>Methods</i>: This study proposes identifying research gaps, considering the distributor-manufacturer relationship, and developing an RFID-based modified two-bin system and mathematical model to reduce EI and control over manufacturers’ excessive cost. <i>Results</i>: This study tested through Python-based simulation using historical data from an FMCG manufacturer, and the proposed model achieved a reduction in 67% EI and 73% month-wise holding costs. Moreover, the integration of the Artificial Bee Colony algorithm optimizes rework rates within budget, including reworking shop-floor and holding costs, contributing to a monthly excessive cost reduction of 34–48%, alongside a corresponding 41–44% cumulative excessive cost reduction. <i>Conclusions</i>: Bringing significant implications on digitalized SCM, this study offers a practical and scalable solution for perishable FMCG items facing demand variability and budget constraints. Collectively, this novel perspective bridges research gaps and motivates future research for embedding trend-aligned parameters, enhancing the model’s performance through diverse SCM contexts like safety stock and backorder cost optimization.

Alyaa Mohammad Younes, Amr Eltawil, Islam Ali

<i>Background</i>: Urban rail transit ensures efficient mobility in densely populated metropolitan areas. This study focuses on the Cairo Metro Network and addresses the Rolling Stock Rotation Planning Problem (RSRPP), aiming to improve operational efficiency and service quality. <i>Methods</i>: A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is developed to integrate rolling stock rotation, deadhead routing, and maintenance scheduling. Two single-objective formulations are introduced to separately minimize denied passengers and the number of Electric Multiple Units (EMUs) used. To address scalability for larger instances, a Simulated Annealing (SA) metaheuristic is designed using a list-based solution representation and customized neighborhood operators that preserve feasibility. <i>Results</i>: Computational experiments based on real-world data validate the practical relevance of the model. The MILP achieves optimal solutions for small and medium-sized instances but becomes computationally infeasible for larger ones. In contrast, the SA algorithm consistently produces high-quality solutions with significantly reduced solve times. <i>Conclusions</i>: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to apply SA to the urban rail RSRPP while jointly integrating deadhead routing and maintenance scheduling. The proposed approach proves to be robust and scalable for large metro systems such as Cairo’s.

Chaabane Abdelali, Yachba Khadidja, Bellatreche Ladjel

This article explores how to improve operational performance in maritime ports by managing the flow of goods effectively. This study proposes an innovative approach based on Reinforcement Learning (RL), specifically the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) method, to address the restricted container relocation problem (RCRP). This method aims to determine an optimal sequence for container retrieval based on their respective priorities, in order to minimize the number of necessary relocations. By employing precise actions and a defined reward function, MCTS is guided towards the best possible solution. The efficiency and relevance of this method are demonstrated through various solved scenarios and compared to a literature-based approach using genetic algorithms. The results show that the MCTS approach is effective in addressing the complex challenges of goods flow management in maritime ports.

Raphael Lobato Collet Janny Teixeira, André Saddy

O presente artigo tratará do “como” realizar a regulação e regulamentação ético-jurídica da Inteligência Artificial (IA) no âmbito interno da Administração Pública. Em que pese os inúmeros benefícios e potencialidades proporcionadas pela adoção de IA, com ganhos em economicidade, eficiência, inovação, sustentabilidade e controle da atividade estatal, exsurgem, ao mesmo tempo, problemas e questionamentos ético-jurídicos, tais como riscos relacionados à ditadura algorítmica em prejuízo da privacidade e autodeterminação informacional; algoritmos opacos de IA (black box) e vieses algorítmicos, questões essas ainda não devidamente resolvidas ou tratadas pelo ordenamento jurídico vigente. Serão, assim, estudados os diferentes modelos regulatórios atualmente em discussão no Brasil e mundo, culminando com a defesa à autorregulação pública a ser levada a efeito pelos diferentes órgãos e entidades da Administração Pública, sem prejuízo da superveniência de uma heterorregulação ou de uma autorregulação regulada. Empreendeu-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica, recorrendo especialmente ao conteúdo constante no relatório elaborado pela comissão de juristas instituída pelo Senado para elaboração de um Projeto de Lei (PL) sobre IA.

Gisèle Mendy Bilek, Richard Calvi, Daniel Erhel et al.

<i>Background</i>: The role of individual supply chain actors in carbon emissions reduction (CER) is well-documented. However, it is critical to identify the conditions required to develop a systemic approach for encouraging these actors to share their visions and align their environmental strategy for CER. This study aims to identify the determinants (motivations, pressures, and incentives) and modalities (practices conducting greening transportation from shippers and logistics service providers (LSP) point of view) necessary for a better environmental alignment between actors for a CER initiative. <i>Methods</i>: We base our argument on a systemic literature review that points out 28 articles written in the period between 2010 and 2023 and fully aligned with the scope of our analysis. <i>Results</i>: The originality of our approach is that we focus on the interplay between shippers and LSPs to better understand the dynamics of green transportation practices. <i>Conclusions</i>: This paper invites researchers to adopt a dyadic approach to the phenomenon in order to better understand how the CER willingness is effectively diffused in the business interactions of shippers and LSP.

Jose Ignacio Herce Maza

El estudio del control de la potestad reglamentaria ante la dinámica de motorización legislativa que vivimos en nuestros días. Es de interés, actualidad y relevancia la reflexión sobre los instrumentos de control de una potestad discrecional, como es la normativa de la administración, de gran intensidad en la libre dinámica de los ciudadanos. Una de las técnicas de control de mayor operatividad contrasta el contenido de la norma con los imperativos de los principios generales del Derecho, que como ha señalado el Tribunal Supremo de España, son el oxígeno que respiran las normas jurídicas.

Bazaras Darius, Čižiūnienė Kristina, Vaičiūtė Kristina

The continuously changing market of companies offering logistics services has challenged logistics organizations to adapt to the needs of service users and providers. Faster information processing offers new ways of communication with suppliers and optimization of distribution systems. Increasing information flows have an increasing potential to affect the management, structure, functioning and development of enterprises. The development of technological infrastructure and information technology systems by organizations allows service participants to exchange information, adjust information flows and restore relevant information through the use of technology, which poses new challenges for resource management. The level of innovation of production processes, productivity and the quality of products directly depends on the transmission of information and technology. To successfully work in the existing market, organizations must not only purchase IT systems or technologies but also constantly upgrade system applications, improve technologies or acquire brand-new IT systems. The article analyses the peculiarities of the impact of the development of technological infrastructure and its use as an instrument for the development of logistics organizations and quality assurance of logistics services. The quality research carried out allowed identifying the problems relating to technological infrastructure in logistics organizations.

Rana Azab, Rana S. Mahmoud, Rahma Elbehery et al.

<i>Background</i>: Agro-food supply chains possess specific characteristics due to the diverse nature of products involved and contribute to all three pillars of sustainability, making the optimal design of a sustainable agro-food supply chain a complex problem. Therefore, efficient models incorporating the unique characteristics of such chains are essential for making optimal supply chain decisions and achieving economically and environmentally sustainable agro-food supply chains that contribute to global food security. <i>Methods:</i> This article presents a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programing model that integrates agricultural-related strategic decisions into the tactical design of an agro-food supply chain. The model considers transportation, inventory, processing, demand fulfilment, and waste disposal decisions. It also accounts for seasonality and perishability, ensuring a comprehensive approach to sustainability. The model aims to maximize the total generated profits across the supply chain while simultaneously minimizing CO₂ emissions as a measure of environmental impact. <i>Results:</i> By implementing the model on a sugar beet supply chain in the Netherlands, strategic crop rotation farm schedules for the crop rotation cycle and the optimum supply network decisions are obtained. Furthermore, different objectives are analyzed and the Pareto-efficient frontier is investigated to analyze the underlying trade-offs. Additionally, the model serves as a decision support tool for managers facilitating informed investment decisions in technologies that prolong product shelf life while maintaining profitability. <i>Conclusions:</i> The proposed multi-objective model offers a valuable framework for designing economically and environmentally sustainable agro-food supply chains. By aligning with sustainability goals and providing decision support, this research contributes to enhancing global food security and promoting sustainable resource utilization.

sajjad sattari, mohammad saadat, Sayed Hasan Mirtalaie et al.

Railway brake system is a very complex process with great effect on traffic safety. This complexity originates from some different events in types of mechanical, electrical, thermal, etc that occur by braking. Main effective factors on performance and brake system function are braking force, speed of the vehicles, braking/stopping distance, condition of railway, and environmental parameters. In this paper, a freight rail transportation system is modeled using universal mechanism (UM). The under analysis train includes two electric locomotives and 50 open wagons and the braking system is simulated in-service braking mode. First, the parameters of coupling force, braking force, brake cylinder pressure, braking distance, and speed (per initial speed of 30 m/s) are examined and evaluated, then the effect of friction coefficient (between wheel-pad) for different types of pads, maximum braking force, and maximum coupling force were evaluated. One of the results showed that application of two different materials, gray-iron, and composite, as a brake pad: (i) does not have a significant effect on the maximum coupling force, but (ii) the maximum braking force on the composite material in 1-2 wagons is about -120 kN and in 3-52 wagons is about -95 kN, while these values ​​in gray-iron are about -40 kN and -28 kN for 1-2 wagons and 3-52 wagons, respectively.

Beatriz F Campos Nóbrega

The economic performance of a country, in the era of a globalized economy and its value chains, is strongly affected by foreign investments. The regulation of this cross-border capital flow through international instruments negotiated and celebrated to facilitate, boost and protect foreign investments demonstrates the potential of these instruments in shaping a responsible and diligent insertion of foreign investments in the host country. In Brazil, the investment agreements have been, in the recent years, negotiated through the so-called Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements (CFIAs). So why not use this important mechanism to build a more efficient system? It urges that International Investment Law is brought into this debate, leading the way to incorporating socially responsible corporate conducts into the productive economic process by both States and investing economic agents. This study seeks, therefore, to evaluate Responsible Business Conduct in its interrelation with investment mechanisms that can, at once, attract and facilitate investment and also promote economic and social development. Key words: foreign investment; CFIAs; responsible business conduct; economic and social development.

Vanice Lírio do Valle

A narrativa comum é de que a Administração Pública está no curso da incorporação total de novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação (NTIC’s), mas a realidade das repartições públicas evidencia algo diferente. O distanciamento ainda existente entre Administração Pública e novas tecnologias pode levar a primeira à perda de sua capacidade de governar. A recusa ou demora na absorção de NTIC’s pode produzir um distanciamento entre Administração Pública e interessados, erodindo sua capacidade de comunicação. A ausência de NTIC’s também prejudica a agregação de dados, embaraçando um aprendizado potencial e melhorias nas políticas públicas que poderia decorrer de um big data desenhado e utilizado de maneira profissional. Este artigo propõe três axiomas que devem orientar a implementação de um agir administrativo fundado em NTIC’s; estes axiomas demonstrarão que uma mudança cultura significativa é necessária à otimização dos benefícios originários destas ferramentas. A ausência de uma visão clara quanto ao que seja necessário à implementação integral de NTIC’s pode conduzir a Administração a soluções tecnológicas inadequadas, transformando uma boa ferramenta em mau investimento de tempo e recursos públicos.

Banna Banik, Chandan Kumar Roy

Purpose – Exchange rate uncertainty leads to an indecisive environment for imports and exports that would condense international trade, foreign direct investment, trade earnings, trade volumes, economic growth and welfare. This study aims to examine, empirically, the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on bilateral trade performance, focusing on eight SAARC member economies using the popular modified gravity model of trade. Design/methodology/approach – The paper includes eight SAARC members – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka panel data set over the period 2005–2018. The authors consider both standardized value (standard deviation) and conditional variance model to determine volatility of exchange rate. Primarily, ordinary least squares, random effects and fixed effects estimation techniques are employed to investigate the impact of exchange rate volatility. Endogeneity and robustness of the findings have been tested using the simultaneity-adjusted model and dynamic panel data two-step system GMM estimation techniques. Findings – Empirical findings endorse the view that exchange rate volatility lowers trade flows in the SAARC regions. However, this adverse effect of exchange rate uncertainty on trade is pretty small. The negative correlation between exchange rate volatility and bilateral trade remains consistent and significant after controlling of simultaneous causality, autocorrelation, year effects, country-pair heterogeneity and endogeneity irrespective of panel data estimation techniques and different measures of volatility. Originality/value – The present paper is original work.

Sebastian Wójcik-Jackowski

Opracowanie ukazuje problemy związane z wydobywaniem kruszyw żwirowych, z racji pojawiających się wątpliwości, co do prawnej kwalifikacji tego rodzaju działalności na styku Prawa geologicznego i górniczego oraz Prawa wodnego. Zaprezentowano w nim oryginalne podejście w celu ich eliminacji, poprzez dokonanie próby klarownej linii podziału przy stosowaniu każdej z ustaw w omawianym zakresie, w zależności od stanu faktycznego z jakim mamy do czynienia. Prezentowane rozważania podążają przy tym w kierunku ustalenia, czy wydobywane w ramach szczególnego korzystania z wód kamienie, żwir, piasek oraz inne materiały stanowią złoże kopaliny, a jeśli nie, to jak powinny być one traktowane i jakie będą tego dalsze konsekwencje prawne z tego tytułu.

Iman Frestade, Parisa Hosseini Tehrani, Mahsa Fatehi et al.

This research is concerned with weighing the behavior of the front end energy absorption system of a locally manufactured locomotive in crash situations. The causes of the extensive damages to the energy absorption apparatus that includes the crash element and the buffer are studied. By choosing the proper damage model the conditions of the accident is simulated by using the ABAQUS engineering software. The amount of the absorbed energy during a crash is estimated. Improvement of the existing mechanism is also considered. A metal honeycomb energy absorber is proposed to increase the energy absorption capacity of the locomotive front end.

Butko Tetiana, Muzykin Mykhailo, Prokhorchenko Andrii et al.

The article proposes a method for determining the rational motion intensity of specific train traffic flows on railway transport corridors with account for balance of expenses on traction resources and cargo owners. A mathematical model based on stochastic optimization is developed, which allows to optimize, in the conditions of risks, the interval between trailing trains on the railway lines taking into account the limited resources of the traction rolling stock, the capacity of the stations and freight fronts at the cargo destination point. Solving this mathematical model allows to find a balance between the expenses for movement of train traffic flows from different railway lines to their terminal reference station and the expenses of a consignee, subject to the limitations of the technological logistics chain in cargo transportation. For the solution of this mathematical model, a Real-coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA) was used.

Raiyn Jamal

An autonomous vehicle (AV) is a vehicle that operates and performs tasks under its own power. Some features of autonomous vehicle are sensing the environment, collecting information and managing communication with other vehicles. Many autonomous vehicles in development use a combination of cameras, sensors, GPS, radar, LiDAR, and on-board computers. These technologies work together to map the vehicle’s position and its proximity to everything around it. Because of their reliance on these sorts of technologies, which are easily accessible to tampering, a autonomous vehicles are susceptible to cyber attacks if an attacker can discover a weakness in a certain type of vehicle or in a company’s electronic system. This lack of information security can lead to criminal and terrorist acts that eventually cost lives. This paper gives an overview of cyber attack scenarios relating to autonomous vehicles. The cyber security concept proposed here uses biometric data for message authentication and communication, and projects stored and new data based on iris recognition. Iris recognition system can provide other knowledge about drivers as well, such as how tired and sleepy they might be while driving, and they are designed to encrypt the vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-environment communication based on encryption security mechanisms.