A discussion of the state's “right to exclude” requires that we have at our disposal unambiguous understandings of what constitutes the state, who constitute its subjects/citizens, and who constitute aliens.1 This, however, is not the case. In fact, the reverse is more true: particular notions of the state, of subjects/citizens, and of aliens are the outcome of (among other things) practices of migration regulation. This essay interrogates two understandings of the state that characterize much scholarship on migration, including legal scholarship. First, the assumption of the salience of state borders, of citizens/subjects, and of aliens understood in national terms; second, the assumption—often condensed in invocations of the Westphalian state—that the authority to control migration across these putative borders is a longstanding and non-contentious element of state sovereignty. In such approaches, the state is simply there. It matters little what prefix—national, colonial, imperial, modern, and so forth—we affix to it. Such views are premised on the notion that the practices of governance and the institutions of the state have a fidelity to, can be deduced from, and simply reflect a set of principles. In my view, rather than understand the state as merely translating a set of principles into practice, we are better served by focusing on practices to examine how they interpret and remake principles in particular historical conjunctures.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Il contributo indaga il tema della regolazione dei mercati digitali, con particolare riferimento alla recente ondata regolatoria europea che ha riguardato le grandi piattaforme. Sono approfonditi i modelli teorici di riferimento: la prospettiva della deregulation, quella della autoregolazione e, infine, quella della coregolazione. Si conclude per un modello di regolazione pubblico-privata, nel quale il circolo regolatorio sia aperto, tramite la fissazione di princìpi generali, e chiuso, tramite un efficace sistema di enforcement, dal soggetto pubblico, ma integrato dal contributo tecnico dei nuovi protagonisti del mercato digitale. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑠. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓-𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜-𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐-𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛, 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑, 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚, 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠.
Finance, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Sustainable development must be supported by strong and well-organized institutions. Institutions that control the rationality of use and the degree of depletion of resources constitute the necessary framework for achieving sustainability. Some countries have adequate institutional frameworks that enable the effective implementation of sustainable development goals, while other countries direct their activities towards its establishment. An important factor in the implementation of the European Green Deal, which can be defined as a set of political initiatives of the European Commission with a comprehensive goal of climate neutrality as well as a catalyst for an inclusive and just transition, is the institution’s legal competence. In this sense, the paper will analyse institutional support for sustainable development. The subject of research are international organizations operating in the environmental protection sector.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Criminal law and procedure
Implementarea principiului nediscriminării în Republica Moldova reprezintă un proces complex și continuu, orientat către asigurarea egalității de șanse și tratament pentru toți cetățenii, indiferent de caracteristicile lor personale. Acest principiu este fundamental în contextul promovării drepturilor omului și consolidării unei societăți democratice și incluzive. Republica Moldova, ca stat semnatar al unor tratate internaționale privind drepturile omului, este obligată să implementeze și să respecte prevederile acestora în ceea ce privește combaterea discriminării. În acest sens, au fost adoptate și promulgate diverse legi și politici menite să prevină și să combată discriminarea în diferite domenii, cum ar fi cel al muncii, al educației sau al accesului la serviciile publice. Una dintre inițiativele majore în acest sens a fost crearea unui organism specializat în combaterea discriminării, care să monitorizeze respectarea principiului nediscriminării și să ofere sprijin victimelor discriminării. De asemenea, au fost întreprinse eforturi pentru sensibilizarea opiniei publice cu privire la importanța respectării diversității și promovarea unei culturi a egalității.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
The article reveals the reasons for the lack of coordination functions and horizontal links in the
apparatus of public authorities in the Republic of Moldova. The object of the research is a complex of legal and non-legal relations, multiparty, which arise in the initial stages of the formation of unstable organizational structures, linear-functional, of the central public administration bodies. The aim of this paper is to develop methods for streamlining the relationships and structures of the functional matrix at all levels of governance and self-government. Ways to weaken the multiparty factor are proposed by
developing self-regulatory organizations of entrepreneurs and delegating them to state functions. The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the lack of flexible links and coordination structures between the governing bodies, in the conditions of constant conflicts between party leaders, can lead to problems that call into question the very existence of the state. The author also argues that concrete measures need to be taken in order to combat imperfect legal rules in the form of tightening control over departmental regulation and establishing a permanent review of legislation. Based on the author’s experience in using
the various questionnaires and surveys in his monographs, it is proposed, in drafting each new bill, to conduct a content analysis of current regulatory acts in the relevant field or industry and, from a scientific point of view, reach a final decision on whether such a regulatory act can be adopted. It is proposed to formulate at the state level and include in the legislation the various strategic objectives of promoting cooperation in the field of scientific and technological progress and small business.
Private international law. Conflict of laws, Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law
Los estudios relacionados con la equidad de género en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales son de trascendental importancia a escala global. En tal sentido, el presente estudio ofrece una valoración sobre la protección jurídica del derecho de la trabajadora a la maternidad en las formas de gestión de la economía cubana, teniendo en cuenta el Principio constitucional de igualdad y no discriminación que debe regir para todas las mujeres con independencia de su vínculo laboral. Para ello, con el empleo de los métodos histórico-jurídico, jurídico-doctrinal y el de comparación jurídica, se sistematizan los referentes doctrinales, históricos y jurídicos del derecho a la maternidad, y se analiza desde la perspectiva de la equidad su estado actual en los regímenes especiales de seguridad social, correspondientes. Studies related to gender equality in the field of labor relations are of transcendental importance on a global scale. In this sense, this study offers an assessment of the legal protection of the worker's right to motherhood in the forms of management of the Cuban economy, taking into account the constitutional principle of equality and non-discrimination that must govern for all women. Regardless of your employment relationship. For this, with the use of the historical-legal, legal-doctrinal and legal comparison methods, the doctrinal, historical and legal references of the right to maternity are systematized, and its current status in the Corresponding special social security regimes. Available from: https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1184
As the World Bank Inspection Panel has pertinently observed, energy activities can bring significant benefits, including bolstering economic development and, ultimately, standards of living, but they can also have ‘adverse effects on the livelihood and environment of communities living in the production areas and near the pipelines’ with social and political conflict rooted in the ‘inequitable social relations that underlie the production and distribution of profits’ and ‘adverse impact on … fragile ecosystem[s]’. (West African Gas Pipeline Project, 2008). More recently, the increasing vogue for privatization of essential services such as energy—and increasing use of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs)—has been linked with the systematic elimination of human rights protections and further marginalization of the interests of low-income earners and those living in poverty (Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, 2018). The Sustainable Development Goals reflect a potentially uneasy compromise between conceptions of the state as provider—and guarantor of social and economic justice—and ‘mere private sector facilitator’. The purpose of this chapter is to assess the extent to which (and what) notions of energy justice permeate attempts internationally to achieve ‘ecologically sustainable development’ of energy resources.
These things also require their material forms, their easily recognizable visible symbols, their homes. . . . [With the Peace Palace,] international justice between nations has moved into a splendid home. The proud building is standing now, visible, and tangible: Temple, symbol and workplace. At least the spirit of peace is no longer homeless.
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
This paper attends to differing praxes of futurity circulating in Colombia, both in dominant and subaltern forms. It first considers temporality as an apparatus of governmentality, <em>raison d’état</em>, and settler colonial logics of violence deployed in the service of late liberalism, capitalist endeavor, and the so-called “peace dividend.” In contrast, it elaborates two distinct rights claims that counter official state claims on the future: the principle of the right to a distinct vision of the future in Colombia’s black Pacific social movement; and the legal claim of the right of future generations in a historic 2018 lawsuit brought against the government by several youth from diverse regions across the country. These claims pose what I name as a “chrono-logics” otherwise – temporal alterities that refuse the logics of settler colonial temporality and insist on an ecology of relations that pursue the survival and flourishing of diverse lifeworlds and futures.<br /><br /> Este artículo se ocupa de diferentes praxis de futuridad que circulan en Colombia, tanto en formas dominantes como subalternas. En primer lugar, toma en consideración la temporalidad como un aparato de la gubernamentalidad, la razón de Estado, y las lógicas de violencia del colonialismo que se despliegan al servicio del liberalismo tardío, el empeño capitalista y el así denominado “dividendo de la paz”. Elaboramos dos reivindicaciones de derechos que contradicen las proclamas estatales oficiales sobre el futuro: el principio del derecho a una visión distinta del futuro en el movimiento social negro pacífico de Colombia; y la pretensión jurídica del derecho de las generaciones venideras en una demanda judicial histórica de 2018 que interpusieron jóvenes de diversas regiones del país contra el gobierno. Estas reivindicaciones plantean lo que denomino una “crono-logía” de otra manera – alteridades temporales que rechazan la lógica de la temporalidad colonialista y que insisten en una ecología de relaciones que persiguen la supervivencia y el florecimiento de diversos mundos y futuros.<br /><strong><br /> Available from: </strong><a href="https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1051" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1051</a>
INTRODUCTION. In modern legal science the problem of the effect and implementation of international law in national legal systems is one of the most popular areas of research. This article is devoted to the consideration and critical analysis of doctrinal assessments of the application by courts of general jurisdiction of the Scandinavian countries of the international legal norms , as well as their possible approaches to resolving conflicts between the norms of international and national law.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The method of comparative law has been used in present essay as a special logical mechanism that permits us to construct a system of rules relating to conflict of laws. Especially these rules are the tertium comparationis in a case of conflict between international and domestic law in municipal courts, as it is going through the formula of induction (analogy): if A is B, and B is C, so A is C.RESEARCH RESULTS. Traditionally international law suggests two ways of solving the problem in a case of the conflict of laws: monistic and dualistic doctrines. But these doctrines are not realizable in a pure form because of their inner contradiction. The main cause of this contradiction is the impossi bility to join interests of the subjects of international law with each other. Taking the doctrine of Interessenjurisprudenz as a ground of our further reasoning we have found the third point, we were searching for: just – the mechanism of elaborating the special remedies by which the conflict of interpretations has to be solved. The main remedy is the overcoming (in a logical sense) the law of excluded the third in the form of analogy. So, we can formulate a construction of the rules relating to conflict of laws in international public law by the analogy with the international private law. The nature of these rules is coincided with the such norms as _esuetu iuris cive necessitates and general principles of law. Especially that permits us to avoid the conflict of interpretation of the two legal orders, that can be caused by the “double standards” and “soft power” doctrines.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The above mentioned analysis permits us to formulate some general principles to established the system of rules relating to conflict of laws. The main cause of them will be following logical premise: the conflict of laws is based on the conflict of interests. That can be evidently by the interpretation rules in a conflict. Interpretation has the aim to harmonized conflicting orders on the ground of the general principles of law relating to municipal and international law. Conflict of laws can be solved through the general principles of law, especially in the case of fundamental contradiction. Conflict of laws can be formulated by the analogy. Conflict of laws can’t be interpreted in teleological way.
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the history and nature of international law. Rather than regulating the behaviour of individuals in their relations with one another, international law is usually portrayed as a legal framework to govern the relations between ‘States’, the organized political entities which are the primary subjects of international law. ‘Public international law’ is to be distinguished from ‘private international law’, which describes the principles that determine the applicability of a certain law or set of laws to situations involving individuals with a foreign or transboundary element. Indeed, private international law regulates the conflicts between rules of different domestic legal orders, while public international law concerns relations between States. Today, public international law has exceeded its foundations as the law of inter-State relations and operates as an integral part of the daily lives of individuals.
Il contributo riproduce la relazione introduttiva al seminario su «Risoluzione Stragiudiziale delle Controversie in ambito bancario e finanziario» (Siena, 12 aprile 2019). Preso atto della specificità che la figura del “consumatore” assume in campo finanziario in termini di ampiezza e varietà e della copiosità delle regole settoriali poste a tutela del medesimo, viene sottolineata la problematicità della loro applicazione concreta e posta in forma interlocutoria la questione della effettività ed efficacia del modello di enforcement a tal fine adottato dal legislatore europeo. / 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑜𝑛 “𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑧𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑧𝑖𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜” (𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑎, 𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙 12, 2019). 𝐴𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 “𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑟” 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑖𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒.
Finance, Private international law. Conflict of laws
The unification of the conflict-of-law rules in matters of matrimonial property regimes at EU level seeks to mitigate differences in substantive law in particular legal systems. The aim of this contribution is to analyse the doctrine of overriding mandatory provisions and consider the applicability of the public policy exception, which limit the application of the law otherwise applicable determined in compliance with the unified conflict-of-law rules. The question author addresses in this paper is whether these institutes of the general part of private international law provide for sufficient safeguards to protect the fundamental values and public interests of the forum law in matters of matrimonial property regimes.
Constitutional courts in Latin America have used judicial review to enhance the relevance of international law in recent years. Some scholars even speak of a growing “constitutionalization of international law” in the region. But these domestic courts can also act as gatekeepers that blunt or entirely deflect the domestic impact of international law. This essay explores three recent episodes in which constitutional courts joined or led efforts to escape treaty obligations: the Venezuelan Supreme Court's judgment urging the Chávez Administration to denounce the American Convention of Human Rights on constitutional grounds, which Chavez then did in 2012 (a court-inspired treaty exit); the Colombian executive's 2013 petition to have Colombia's acceptance of the International Court of Justice's (ICJ's) jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá declared unconstitutional (a court-legitimated treaty exit); and the Dominican Republic (DR) Constitutional Tribunal's 2014 judgment holding that the DR's acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) had been unconstitutional (a court-led treaty exit).
Comparative law. International uniform law, Private international law. Conflict of laws
Existing a foreign interest in a case of bankruptcy – such as different nationalities of debtors and creditors or existing goods in the other country or having an agency in the second country - provides a doubt on what is the applicable law? This doubt can be separated to tow branches: what is the applicable procedure law and what is thesubstantive applicable law and what is bankruptcy and insolvency? This research is concerned about the second branch. But in Iranian Codes and jurisdictions there is not any conflict regulars with regard to this situation. In some treaties and foreign doctrines have been provided some usable results. For this legal shortage, we need to provide a doctrine which is in harmony with the other Iranian conflict regulars to be accepted by our legal system.
Bryant Park is New York City's only 100% privately funded and managed 'public' park, making it an oft looked-to model of public-private partnerships. This paper examines the everyday workings of the park using ethnographic and archival data, and criminological and urban theory. These details help us understand how Bryant produces a theme-park-like social order in its built environment, landscaping, management, and programming of the park. I suggest that social control functions through five governing principles: visibility, classification, predictability, vulnerability, and empowerment. Everything is neatly classified, from people to activities to trash. Vulnerable design elements like flowers are chosen to suggest the park is cared for. Park-goers are meant to feel not controlled, but in-control; safe, comfortable, and empowered.
This elaborate manipulation of semiotics and space serves to produce surplus value for multiple corporate interests involved in and around the park. I argue that the park operates as a site of production of revenue for these corporate interests. I explain how the park is created and marketed as a product itself, which park-goers have an unwitting share in producing. Thus New York’s elite-business community benefits from this nominally public park.
Bryant Park es el único parque “público” de la ciudad de Nueva York de financiación y gestión 100% privada, lo que lo convierte a menudo en un ejemplo de partenariados público-privados. Este artículo analiza el funcionamiento cotidiano del parque, utilizando datos etnográficos y de archivo, así como teoría criminológica y urbana. Estos detalles nos ayudan a comprender cómo Bryant produce un orden social dentro del parque en el entorno creado, paisajismo, gestión y programación del parque. Se sugiere que el control social funciona a través de cinco principios de gobierno: visibilidad, clasificación, predicción, vulnerabilidad y empoderamiento. Todo está cuidadosamente clasificado, tanto las personas como las actividades o los cubos de basura. Se eligen elementos de diseño vulnerables, como flores, para sugerir que se cuida el parque. Se pretende que los visitantes del parque no se sientan controlados, pero bajo control; seguros, cómodos y con poder.
Esta elaborada manipulación de semiótica y espacio sirve para producir un valor añadido para numerosos intereses corporativos que están involucrados en el parque. Se defiende que el parque funciona como un lugar de producción de ingresos para esos intereses empresariales. Se explica de qué forma se crea y comercializa el parque como un producto en sí mismo, en el que los visitantes del parque participan de forma involuntaria. De esta forma, la comunidad de negocios de élite de Nueva York se beneficia de este parque “público”, únicamente en su nombre.
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