Hasil untuk "Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)"

Rafael-Petruţ Gardoş

Recent advances in generative image models have enabled the creation of highly realistic political deepfakes, posing risks to information integrity, public trust, and democratic processes. While automated deepfake detectors are increasingly deployed in moderation and investigative pipelines, most existing systems provide only point predictions and fail to indicate when outputs are unreliable, being an operationally critical limitation in high-stakes political contexts. This work investigates conditional, uncertainty-aware political deepfake detection using stochastic convolutional neural networks within an empirical, decision-oriented reliability framework. Rather than treating uncertainty as a purely Bayesian construct, it is evaluated through observable criteria, including calibration quality, proper scoring rules, and its alignment with prediction errors under both global and confidence-conditioned analyses. A politically focused binary image dataset is constructed via deterministic metadata filtering from a large public real-synthetic corpus. Two pretrained CNN backbones (ResNet-18 and EfficientNet-B4) are fully fine-tuned for classification. Deterministic inference is compared with single-pass stochastic prediction, Monte Carlo dropout with multiple forward passes, temperature scaling, and ensemble-based uncertainty surrogates. Evaluation reports ROC-AUC, thresholded confusion matrices, calibration metrics, and generator-disjoint out-of-distribution performance. Results demonstrate that calibrated probabilistic outputs and uncertainty estimates enable risk-aware moderation policies. A systematic confidence-band analysis further clarifies when uncertainty provides operational value beyond predicted confidence, delineating both the benefits and limitations of uncertainty-aware deepfake detection in political settings.

Henri Sinurat

Administrasi pendidikan merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari sistem pendidikan. Hal ini disebabkan karena administrasi pendidikan berfungsi sebagai fondasi dalam dunia pendidikan. Sehingga dunia pendidikan akan berjalan secara efektif, efisien, dan terarah. Perkembangan dunia semakin dinamis. Hal ini diitandai dengan kemajuan teknologi informasi informasi dan komunikasi(TIK), globalisasi, serta perubahan kebutuhan peserta didik. Administrasi pendidikan tidak lagi dapat bersifat statis dan birokratis semata. Buku Inovasi dalam Administrasi Pendidikan karya Ade Suhendar hadir sebagai respons terhadap kebutuhan mendesak terhadap tantangan yang dihadapi oleh manajemen pendidikan. Inovasi dalam administrasi pendidikan tidak hanya penggunaan teknologi digital semata, tetapi juga mencakup pembaruan pola pikir, sistem kerja, struktur kelembagaan, dan strategi pengambilan keputusan. Penulis mengangkat isu-isu kontemporer dalam administrasi pendidikan dengan menekankan pentingnya fleksibilitas, kreativitas, dan keberanian untuk melakukan terobosan dalam tata kelola pendidikan. Hal ini sejalan dengan tuntutan zaman yang mengharuskan lembaga pendidikan untuk terus berkembang agar dapat menghasilkan lulusan yang relevan dengan kebutuhan masa depan. Dengan demikian, inovasi dalam administrasi pendidikan tidak hanya menjadi pilihan, tetapi telah menjadi keharusan dalam membangun sistem pendidikan yang transformatif dan berdaya saing tinggi.

Jiayi Zhang, Shu Yang, Junchao Wu et al.

Fine-tuning Large Language Models on a political topic will significantly manipulate their political stance on various issues and unintentionally affect their stance on unrelated topics. While previous studies have proposed this issue, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the internal representations of these stances and the mechanisms that lead to unintended cross-topic generalization. In this paper, we systematically explore the internal mechanisms underlying this phenomenon from a neuron-level perspective and how to mitigate the cross-topic generalization of political fine-tuning. Firstly, we propose Political Neuron Localization through Activation Contrasting (PNLAC) to identify two distinct types of political neurons: general political neurons, which govern stance across multiple political topics, and topic-specific neurons} that affect the model's political stance on individual topics. We find the existence of these political neuron types across four models and datasets through activation patching experiments. Leveraging these insights, we introduce InhibitFT, an inhibition-based fine-tuning method, effectively mitigating the cross-topic stance generalization. Experimental results demonstrate the robustness of identified neuron types across various models and datasets, and show that InhibitFT significantly reduces the cross-topic stance generalization by 20% on average, while preserving topic-specific performance. Moreover, we demonstrate that selectively inhibiting only 5% of neurons is sufficient to effectively mitigate the cross-topic stance generalization.

Desna Aromatica, Ria Ariany, Falina Alifya

Public services of activities aimed at meeting the service needs of every citizen. One effort to support the creation of quality public services is through digital-based innovation by making maximum use of developments in information technology. The West Pasaman Regency Population and Civil Registration Service initiated the PANDAWA innovation, which is a form of digital-based innovation as a form of application of the e-Government concept. The theory used by researchers is the Logic Model by Wholey. A logic model is a systematic model to describe the changes that occur, and describes the logical causal relationship (cause-effect). There are four components of this theory, namely evaluation of input, activities, output, and results. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. To collect data, researchers used three methods, namely interviews, documentation and observation. Research informants were selected using purposive sampling. The results research are that the evaluation of the PANDAWA program from the input components to the output components is quite good. However, in the input component, service facilities need to be added, clarifying the partnership system established with the parent village; In the activity component, it is necessary to increase socialization activities related to PANDAWA both directly and through mass media. So that the output of this program has increased and the entire West Pasaman community can experience the ease of PANDAWA services evenly and the realization of excellent service at the West Pasaman Regency Population and Civil Registration Service.

Nannan Huang, Haytham Fayek, Xiuzhen Zhang

Opinion summarisation aims to summarise the salient information and opinions presented in documents such as product reviews, discussion forums, and social media texts into short summaries that enable users to effectively understand the opinions therein. Generating biased summaries has the risk of potentially swaying public opinion. Previous studies focused on studying bias in opinion summarisation using extractive models, but limited research has paid attention to abstractive summarisation models. In this study, using political bias as a case study, we first establish a methodology to quantify bias in abstractive models, then trace it from the pre-trained models to the task of summarising social media opinions using different models and adaptation methods. We find that most models exhibit intrinsic bias. Using a social media text summarisation dataset and contrasting various adaptation methods, we find that tuning a smaller number of parameters is less biased compared to standard fine-tuning; however, the diversity of topics in training data used for fine-tuning is critical.

Anton Hilman, Asep Sumaryana, Ramadhan Pancasilawan

Collaborative Governance terms become a phenomenon in the private sector and the public sector. Collaborative Governance is conceptualized as public governance in decision-making processes and actions that involve actors from government and other sectors. Collaborative development Governance plays an important role in solving public problems, especially on economic and environmental issues. The method used in seeing the development of the concept Collaborative Governance is carried out using the bibliometric analysis method. This research provides knowledge and makes recommendations for journal readers and writers who can become references by adjusting the issues chosen. This research highlights the trend of research collaborative Governance is seen from the authors and journals that have written the most regarding collaborative concepts governance. The results of this study indicate the writing of articles about the concept collaborative Governance fluctuates every year. The biggest contributor to concept thinking collaborative governance seen from the highest number of citations namely Kirk Emerson a researcher from the University of Arizona. Collaborative governance as a concept from 2020 to 2023 has trending contextual issues related to Covid-19, air pollution, cities, environmental governance and urban development. The productivity of international journals is related to the concept collaborative governance namely the Journal of Public Research Administration.

Maria Wigati, Ceria Ciptanurani

Stunting reduction is one of Indonesia’s major projects. While one-size-fits-all regulations were no longer promoted, understanding the characteristics of each region imposed a strong policy foundation. Many studies had been conducted in rural areas, but the analysis of urban areas was scarce. A study was conducted in Yogyakarta City to understand the characteristics of stunting intervention, despite the high human development index, education level, and access to health facilities. This made it important to examine the characteristics of stunting reduction efforts, based on the analysis of the contents, contexts, processes, and actors involved, in Yogyakarta City, to help with its ambition for zero stunting. A desk review and focus group discussion were conducted involving four local government staff, consisting of the Regional Planning and Development Agency, Health Office, and Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, and Population Control and Family Planning, which were elaborated with literature following the policy triangle framework. A total of 13 open-access official documents and dashboards were obtained for analysis. Decrees from the local government showed a strong commitment to ending malnutrition. While most intervention packages were similar to those across Indonesia, targeted interventions for specific subjects were needed to support people who were unable to be covered by general services. Furthermore, Yogyakarta City has smaller open spaces than other districts in the province, a contradictory low nutrition awareness despite high school participation, and other factors were cross-linked with its culture in the community, implementer, to the authority levels. Stunting reduction programs were multisectoral, involving not only government offices but also non-government, mass media, community, private sectors, and academia. This study is expected to provide lessons learned for decision-makers, private sectors, academia, and public health practitioners to implement good collaboration in stunting reduction efforts.

Aisa O. Doleeva

Introduction. Oirat-language (Clear Script) sources have been cataloguized by A. G. Sazykin, V. L. Uspensky, N. S. Yakhontova, K. V. Orlova, D. N. Muzraeva, and others. The Mongolian Collection of the Gorky Scientific Library at St. Petersburg University is a most significant set of Clear Script books and manuscripts. Oirat manuscripts were delivered mainly from Kalmyk-inhabited steppes through the efforts of A. V. Popov, K. F. Golstunsky, A. M. Pozdneev, G. S. Lytkin who would repeatedly arrive in pursuit of scholarly research — to record folklore narratives and collect manuscripts. Goals. The article aims to introduce into scientific circulation a catalog of Oirat manuscripts compiled by G. S. Lytkin (1859–1860) and stored at the Gorky Scientific Library of St. Petersburg University, and attempts to trace correlations between the mentioned list and V. L. Uspensky’s catalogue of Mongolian manuscripts and woodcuts. Materials. The study deals with a total of nineteen Oirat-language sources supplemented with explanations and notes of the compiler. Results. The catalogue of G. S. Lytkin presents both canonical works, including ones translated by Ven. Zaya Pandita, and didactic, narrative, and ritual texts. The study reveals that V. L. Uspensky identifies no collection affiliation for some manuscripts included in G. S. Lytkin’s catalogue, while others are attributed by the former to collections of K. F. Golstunsky, A.V. Popov, A. M. Pozdneev, and Stepanov.

Orestis Papakyriakopoulos, Severin Engelmann, Amy Winecoff

A significant share of political discourse occurs online on social media platforms. Policymakers and researchers try to understand the role of social media design in shaping the quality of political discourse around the globe. In the past decades, scholarship on political discourse theory has produced distinct characteristics of different types of prominent political rhetoric such as deliberative, civic, or demagogic discourse. This study investigates the relationship between social media reaction mechanisms (i.e., upvotes, downvotes) and political rhetoric in user discussions by engaging in an in-depth conceptual analysis of political discourse theory. First, we analyze 155 million user comments in 55 political subforums on Reddit between 2010 and 2018 to explore whether users' style of political discussion aligns with the essential components of deliberative, civic, and demagogic discourse. Second, we perform a quantitative study that combines confirmatory factor analysis with difference in differences models to explore whether different reaction mechanism schemes (e.g., upvotes only, upvotes and downvotes, no reaction mechanisms) correspond with political user discussion that is more or less characteristic of deliberative, civic, or demagogic discourse. We produce three main takeaways. First, despite being "ideal constructs of political rhetoric," we find that political discourse theories describe political discussions on Reddit to a large extent. Second, we find that discussions in subforums with only upvotes, or both up- and downvotes are associated with user discourse that is more deliberate and civic. Third, social media discussions are most demagogic in subreddits with no reaction mechanisms at all. These findings offer valuable contributions for ongoing policy discussions on the relationship between social media interface design and respectful political discussion among users.

Hung T. Diep, Miron Kaufman, Sanda Kaufman

In this paper, using Monte Carlo simulations we show that the Blume-Capel model gives rise to the social depolarization. This model borrowed from statistical physics uses the continuous Ising spin varying from -1 to 1 passing by zero to express the political stance of an individual going from ultra-left (-1) to ultra-right (+1). The particularity of the Blume-Capel model is the existence of a $D$-term which favors the state of spin zero which is a neutral stance. We consider the political system of the USA where voters affiliate with two political groups: Democrats or Republicans, or are independent. Each group is composed of a large number of interacting members of the same stance. We represent the general political ambiance (or degree of social turmoil) with a temperature $T$ similar to thermal agitation in statistical physics. When three groups interact with each other, their stances can get closer or further from each other, depending on the nature of their inter-group interactions. We study the dynamics of such variations as functions of the value of the $D$-term of each group. We show that the polarization decreases with increasing $D$. We outline the important role of $T$ in these dynamics. These MC results are in excellent agreement with the mean-field treatment of the same model.

Gabriele Giovannini, Yuzhu Cui, Kazuhiro Hada et al.

We present here the East Asia to Italy Nearly Global VLBI (EATING VLBI) project. How this project started and the evolution of the international collaboration between Korean, Japanese, and Italian researchers to study compact sources with VLBI observations is reported. Problems related to the synchronization of the very different arrays and technical details of the telescopes involved are presented and discussed. The relatively high observation frequency (22 and 43 GHz) and the long baselines between Italy and East Asia produced high-resolution images. We present example images to demonstrate the typical performance of the EATING VLBI array. The results attracted international researchers and the collaboration is growing, now including Chinese and Russian stations. New in progress projects are discussed and future possibilities with a larger number of telescopes and a better frequency coverage are briefly discussed herein.

Arttu Malkamäki, Ted Hsuan Yun Chen, Antti Gronow et al.

Coalitions are central to politics, including government formation, international relations, and public policy. Coalitions emerge when actors engage one another across multiple relational contexts, but existing literature often approaches coalitions in singular contexts. We introduce complex coalitions, a theoretical-methodological framework that emphasises the relevance of multiple contexts and cross-context dependencies in coalition politics. We also implement tools to statistically infer such coalition structures using multilayer networks. To demonstrate the usefulness of our approach, we compare coalitions among Finnish organisations engaging in climate politics across three con-texts: resource coordination, legacy media discourse, and social media communication. We show that considering coalitions as complex and accounting for cross-context dependencies improves the empirical validity of coalition studies. In our case study, the three contexts represent complementary, but not congruent, channels for enacting coalitions. In conclusion, we argue that the complex coalitions approach is useful for advancing understanding of coalitions in different political realms.

B. Ngcamu, E. Mantzaris

Synopsis Xenophobia is a salient issue in South Africa. Prominent episodes of violence targeting migrants and refugees have received enormous attention from scholars, researchers, policymakers, government officials, and media agencies. Focusing on a prominent episode of anti-immigrant violence in the Durban area of the KwaZulu-Natal province, Addressing Xenophobia in South Africa identifies the hidden, less addressed dimensions and catalysts of this violence. Bethuel Sibongiseni Ngcamu and Evangelos Mantzaris have carried out a cutting-edge investigation of the multiple set of factors that generate public violence. By examining particular social dynamics and circumstances in marginal locations, and drawing on interviews with key informants, this book also provides a critique of the response of the South African government. Covering the role of economic competition, the media, and the nuances of micro-politics and localised processes that fuel violent xenophobia in townships and other settlements, this book provides a uniquely detailed study of an episode of large-scale violence involving migrants and refugees. Showcasing information not captured by other research methods, the in-depth local-level research with multiple actors and stakeholders, this book yields new and interesting information, left previously undiscovered, about important social and political processes at a local level. Advances in Accounting Education is a high-quality publication of both empirical and non-empirical research that investigates vital matters within teaching, learning, and curriculum development. By focusing on these topics, this series works to support the improvement of accounting programs at colleges and universities, as well as fostering innovative discussion and significant contributions to faculty development. 13 peer-reviewed papers surrounding four themes: curriculum and pedagogical innovations, faculty reflections on teaching accounting during the COVID-19 pandemic, research on passing professional exams in accounting, and historical underpinnings and the choice of taxation as an area of specialization. to be and Synopsis The COVID-19 pandemic struck as a global problem, a virus spreading without respect for territorial boundaries. National responses to mitigate the multi-dimensional effects provoked by the pandemic have been varied. What factors within federal systems could be related to the success or failure of their attempts to face this crisis? How have political leaders been performing in the intergovernmental arena, along with subnational levels of government? American Federal Systems and COVID-19 analyzes five American federations – Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Mexico, and United States – and how they have responded to a complex intergovernmental problem (CIP) such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Using an analytical model based on two dimensions – institutional design and political agency – this study shows how the combination between federal design and political leadership stances can develop different policy responses to face the challenge of the COVID-19. American Federal Systems and COVID-19 expands the current theoretical and empirical lens and learn what effective and ineffective actions implemented, giving essential insight to face boundary-spanning intergovernmental complex problems whose effects are very unlikely to cease anytime soon. Synopsis Real and meaningful educational ethnography requires researchers to grapple with how they come to know what they know. In Black Boys' Lived and Everyday Experiences in STEM, KiMi Wilson invites us to understand the experiences of four Black boys attempting to learn mathematics and science in K-12 spaces. How do mitigating circumstances and fraught relationships impede on their journey to sharpening their mathematical and scientific skills? Taking us on a sociocultural trek of the best and worst elements of public education, Wilson provides access to a bird's eye view of how Black boys experience schooling on a day-to-day basis. Through phenomenological interview, readers are let into the minds of students Carter, Malik, Darius, and Thomas, and given the opportunity to understand how they identify themselves. Showcasing a mixture of revelations, we learn how some of their perceptions come from an authentic place, while others were out of their own control, and decided by individuals blind to their potential. Imagining a world where Black boys are encouraged to work on STEM goals rather than abandon them, this important book is for educators, researchers, teachers, administrators, and superintendents who want to create school cultures that value Black boys, and want to reimagine teaching spaces for them. Synopsis Volume 41 of Research in Economic Anthropology explores a wide range of topics of interest to economic anthropology. The opening paper presents a novel approach to anthropological-economic infrastructural research in England, specifically London’s Thames Tideway Tunnel. The volume’s first section consists of four papers that are tied together by two common threads: the roles of money in social ties between people, and moral concerns regarding these and other roles and uses of money in society. The section covers commercial surrogate mothers in Russia, social welfare provision in Pakistan, the management of a communal fund within a school alumni association in South Korea, and a credit scheme’s impact on women in Nigeria. Part two focuses on two basic necessities of human life—food and clothing - examining a New Zealand food security initiative that rescues “waste” food, modern transformations of a pre-owned clothing market in Hamburg, Germany, and Muslim fashion retail business in the same country’s capital city, Berlin. Finally, the volume closes with a third section that fixes an anthropological lens on contemporary developments in Latin America, analyzing the larger fair trade movement and its particular manifestations and implications in Oaxaca, Mexico, the cost-effectiveness of the reintegration of ex-combatants in Colombia, and patron-client relations in Brazil and how these have been politically perceived and presented by domestic and foreign intellectuals and academics, respectively. Synopsis The journey towards inclusive education and collaborative practices in different countries is complex and interdependent within each unique geopolitical landscape. Instructional Collaboration in International Inclusive Education Contexts looks at the instructional collaboration between special education and general education in international educational contexts and the role this plays in enabling inclusive education. This book provides insights into how collaborative practices are enacted in support of inclusive education in different countries around the world. Presenting a theoretical framework of instructional collaboration to provide an understanding of the commonalities, differences, and challenges of collaboration internationally. Scholars from thirteen nations each contribute towards the implementation of instructional collaborative practices and highlight how instructional collaboration is developed from teacher preparation programs, describing how this is implemented in schools to provide insight of the social and political considerations that impact on the promotion of inclusive education in the context of their country. Instructional Collaboration in International Inclusive Education Contexts is essential reading for researchers and professionals with a focus on inclusive and special education. Synopsis Sponsored by the Communication, Information Technologies, and Media Sociology section of the American Sociological Association (CITAMS), this book explores the complex construction of democratic public dialogue in developing countries. Case studies examine national environments defined not only by state censorship and commercial pressure, but also language differences, international influence, social divisions, and distinct value systems. With fresh portraits of new and traditional media throughout Africa, Latin America and Asia, authors delve into the essential role of the media in developing countries. Case studies illuminate the relationship between the State and the media in Russia, as well as the challenges faced by journalists working in Kurdistan. Further cases reveal bureaucratic censorship of books in Brazil, regulatory dilemmas in Australia, state policies in post-colonial Malawi, and the potential of oral culture for the strengthening of democratic conversation. the new where some core assumptions do not hold. In so, the authors' collective voices illuminate pressing issues facing our current global dialogue and our liberal and expectations concerning communications and the media. This essential volume works as a magnifying glass for our current times, forcing us to question what kind of we want today Synopsis Charter schools continue to grow in influence, as does the push for inclusive education for students with disabilities. What is the value and impact of these schools, especially on the marginalized populations they often serve? Relying on the fields of DisCrit, and Sociology of Special and Inclusive Education, this book answers these questions by focusing on the topics of neoliberalism and inclusive education. Mac focuses on the history of the school choice and privatization movement in the United States with special consideration given to how ideologies such as disaster capitalism and neoliberalism shaped and influenced the movement, as well as how successful (or not) these privatization efforts have been overall as a social justice endeavor for marginalized students. The author also recounts the history of education for students with disabilities, highlighting historical inequities of schooling for students with disabilities in the United States. Drawing from an ethnographic case study of an independent, urban charter school, the school’s

Alireza Ali Soufi, Mohammad Reza Sadeghi

Reza Shah's policies regarding the judiciary system can be evaluated in the direction of The Realization of Modern Absolute Government which was as a kind of reconstruction and redefinition of the traditional order at pre-constitutional period. Therefore, the direct intervention of the executive branch in matters of justice and the neglect of principles 81 and 82 should be considered as the continuation of the controversy between traditional tyranny and the democratic order and constitutionalism. This Principles were widely violated at the earlier of this year. and continued and led to the presentation of an interpretation of principle 82. This interpretation, which disaffected the two principles in the same time, provided an apparently legal solution to the Minister of Justice in order to ignore the independence and defection of the justice and attempt to change the intervention of the judges. This research is done with the goal of considering the effective factors in Legitimize Government Domination in Courts, it has been conducted by descriptive- analytical approach, by documentary and library method and seeking to answer this fundamental question that, which are the main factors in the interpretation of principle 82 by the regime. The findings of the research presents that the authoritarian nature of the government was a source of pressure on the courts to issue voter sentences, and since some of the judges were not willing to cooperate within the framework of power, so to eliminate the legal barriers to their removal, the rule of interpretation of Article 82 Was drafted and approved.

Hamid Ahmadi, Borhan Salimi

The US model of secularism policies include disestablishment of religion and guaranteeing religious freedom through adding related articles in the constitution and the first amendment, the lack of religious education in public schools, the freedom of religious private education, the lack of funding for religious private schools, the neutrality of the state towards the followers of different religions, and non-opposition to the presence and expression of religious symbols in the public domain. The realization of some of these policies has been the result of a historical process. The current study not only examines the rise and fall in US secularism from 1776 to 1980, but also addresses the impact of plurality and religious rivalry, rational calculations and liberal tendencies of US political leaders on constructing strengthening the secularism. The Protestant Semi-establishment through the Second Great Awakening and its hegemony in the public sphere were among serious challenges to the process of consolidating the US secularism in the nineteenth century. But with the increase in the population of Catholic and Jewish minorities, religious rivalries among them and the activities of secular organizations and movements, the increasing political and institutional influence of Evangelical Protestants and religious conservatives diminished, and the way forward was to expand the process of secularization in the twentieth century.

Miran Hama Rahim Saeed, Bryar A. Hassan, Shko M. Qader

Nowadays, in most of the fields, task automation is area of interest and research due to that manual execution of a task is error prone, time consuming, involving more human resources and focus concerning. In the area of Computer laboratory administration, the old fashioned administration cannot run with todays growth, where the Operating System (OS) and required applications are installed on all the machines one by one. Therefore, a framework for automating Lab administration in regards of Operating Systems and Application installations will be proposed in this research. Affordability, simplicity, usability are taken into major consideration. All the parts of the framework are implemented and illustrated in detail which promotes a great enhancement in the area of Computer Lab Administration.

Ali Hürriyetoğlu, Hristo Tanev, Vanni Zavarella et al.

This workshop is the fourth issue of a series of workshops on automatic extraction of socio-political events from news, organized by the Emerging Market Welfare Project, with the support of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission and with contributions from many other prominent scholars in this field. The purpose of this series of workshops is to foster research and development of reliable, valid, robust, and practical solutions for automatically detecting descriptions of socio-political events, such as protests, riots, wars and armed conflicts, in text streams. This year workshop contributors make use of the state-of-the-art NLP technologies, such as Deep Learning, Word Embeddings and Transformers and cover a wide range of topics from text classification to news bias detection. Around 40 teams have registered and 15 teams contributed to three tasks that are i) multilingual protest news detection, ii) fine-grained classification of socio-political events, and iii) discovering Black Lives Matter protest events. The workshop also highlights two keynote and four invited talks about various aspects of creating event data sets and multi- and cross-lingual machine learning in few- and zero-shot settings.

John Kraniauskas, Paul Ricoeur’s

R. Martinez, F. Angulo

During the transition from ancien régime to liberalism that took place in Spain during the first third of the 19th century, the military became a prominent political actor. Many soldiers were members of the country’s first liberal parliament, which in 1812 passed one of the world’s oldest liberal charters, the so-called Constitution of Cádiz. Furthermore, the armed forces fought against the Napoleonic Army’s occupation and, once the Bourbon monarchy was restored, often took arms against the established power. Nineteenth-century Spain was prey to instability due to the struggle between conservative, progressive, liberal, monarchical, and republican factions. It was also a century full of missed opportunities by governments, constitutions, and political regimes, in which the military always played an active role, often a paramount one. Army and navy officers became ministers and heads of government during the central decades of the 19th century, often after a coup. This changed with the establishment of a parliamentary monarchy based on a bipartisan system known as the Restoration (1874–1923). The armed forces were kept away from politics. They focused on their professional activities, thus developing a corporate attitude and an ideological cohesion around a predominantly conservative political stance. Ruling the empire gave the armed forces a huge sphere of influence. Only chief officers were appointed as governors of the Spanish territories in America, Africa, and Asia throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. This went unchanged until 1976, when Spain withdrew from Western Sahara, deemed the country’s last colony. The power accumulated in the overseas territories was often used by the governors to build a political career in metropolitan Spain. Following the end of the Restoration in 1923, the armed forces engaged with the political struggle in full again. After a military-led dictatorship, a frustrated republic, and a fratricidal civil war, a dictatorship was established in 1939 that lasted for almost 40 years: the Francoist regime. Francisco Franco leaned on the military as a repressive force and a legitimacy source for a regime established as a result of a war. After the dictator passed away in 1975, Spain underwent a transition to democracy which was accepted by the armed forces somehow reluctantly, as the coup attempt of 1981 made clear. At that time, the military was the institution that Spanish society trusted the least. It was considered a poorly trained and equipped force. Even its troops’ volume and budget were regarded as excessive. However, the armed forces have undergone an intense process of modernization since the end of 1980s. They have become fully professional, their budget and numbers have been reduced, and they have successfully taken part in European Union (EU), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and United Nations (UN)-led international missions. In the early 21st century, the armed forces are Spain’s second-best valued institution. Far from its formerly interventionist role throughout the 19th century and a good deal of the 20th, Spain’s armed forces in the 21st century have become a state tool and a public administration controlled by democratically elected governments.

Я. М. Казюк, Олег Фесовець