Hasil untuk "Physiology"

P. Ekman

E. Lander, L. Linton, B. Birren et al.

G. Bourne

A. D. Imms

J. Eccles

A. Galston, R. Sawhney

S. Edition, C. Brett, K. Waldron

Wuyu Liu, Guoqing Wang, Shiming Wen et al.

Iron (Fe) deficiency is a pervasive agricultural concern on a global scale. Intercropping plays a pivotal role in activating soil nutrient cycling and crop nutrient uptake and utilization. This study integrates plant physiology, soil physicochemical determination, high-throughput sequencing, and metabolomics techniques to conduct pot experiments using field-collected soils with soybean and maize plants. This study aims to investigate the mechanisms through which microorganisms in a soybean–maize intercropping system regulate Fe deficiency adaptation. The results revealed that intercropping enhances the resilience of soybean and maize in Fe-deficient environments, facilitates nutrient absorption by plants, and enriches soil nutrient content. Moreover, intercropping fostered more intricate microbial interactions in comparison to monocropping. The dominant microorganisms in the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize included genera <i>Microbacterium</i>, <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Shinella,</i> and <i>Rhizobium</i>. <i>Microbacterium</i>, <i>Sphingomonas</i>, <i>Shinella,</i> and <i>Rhizobium</i> have the potential to produce Fe chelators or enhance plant Fe absorption. Additionally, intercropping notably modified the composition of root exudates derived from soybean and maize. The soybean and maize rhizosphere exhibited significant enrichment with oleamide, coumestrol, glycitein, and daidzein. Coumestrol may have an effect of promoting Fe absorption, and it is significantly positively correlated with the genus <i>Nakamurella</i> in the maize rhizosphere and the genus <i>Pirellula</i> in the soybean rhizosphere. Consequently, these findings suggested that the rhizosphere of intercropped soybean and maize significantly enriches specific microbial communities and root exudates, thereby enhancing microecosystem stability and improving plant tolerance to Fe deficiency.

Andrew Zillgitt, David E Burdette, Atheel Yako et al.

Clobazam (CLB) and cenobamate (CNB) are commonly used antiseizure medications (ASMs) in the treatment of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). However, concomitant use of these two ASMs may lead to significant treatment-related adverse events (TRAE). Furthermore, these TRAE may be exacerbated in individuals with genetic polymorphisms involving the P450 system. In patients with DRE, epilepsy surgery, including neuromodulation, may lead to improved seizure control and a reduction in systemic TRAE from ASMs. This case report describes a patient with drug-resistant idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) who experienced persistent excessive somnolence correlated with elevated N-desmethylclobazam (N-CLB) levels. Pharmacogenetic testing revealed poor metabolism of CYP2C19, and N-CLB levels remained elevated and detectable for nearly one year after the discontinuation of treatment with CLB and CNB. Responsive neurostimulator (RNS) implantation within the bilateral centromedian nuclei (CMN) of the thalamus resulted in seizure freedom until N-CLB levels fell, after which there was an 83–93 % reduction in the frequency of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTC).

J. Wallace

The union of endocrinology and exercise physi­ ology has produced a need for increased under­ standing of one discipline by the other. This article is intended to facilitate that process by summariz­ ing the basic concepts, principles, and terminology of exercise physiology. In addition, problems spe­ cific to the union of endocrinology and exercise physiology will be discussed. The basic science of exercise physiology studies the physiologic adaptations and control mechanisms which occur during acute exercise and as a result of chronic exercise. This study is dependent on the integration of neural physiology, muscle phys­ iology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physi­ ology, environmental physiology, metabolism, and endocrinology. The application of the basic science is currently divided into two broad areas: ergo­ nomics and clinical medicine. Ergonomics is the study of human performance under varying conditions extending from the work site to the athletic field. Two major concerns at the work site are work efficiency specific to the task and working conditions, and injury prevention and management. In athletics, basic physiology is ap­ plied to optimize training techniques, fuel efficiency, and ergogenic aids to find the limits of and to improve athletic performance. Clinical medicine involves the application of exer­ cise to health, disease, and aging. In addition to defining the role of exercise programs in health states such as pregnancy and normal aging, the application of exercise programs in the prevention and rehabilitation of various cardiovascular, respi­ ratory, and metabolic diseases is studied. Endocrinology and exercise physiology have re­ cently been integrated to study hormone changes and hormonal control mechanisms during acute exercise and as a result of chronic exercise. The scope of this union includes at least (1) elucidation of sex hormone changes and menstrual function in young athletic women; (2) consideration of the association of β-endorphin response during exer­ cise and mood states; and (3) evaluation of the role of exercise in the control of diabetes. These ques­ tions can best be answered in the presence of a common knowledge base. Standard terminology for exercise physiology has been summarized by the American College of Sports Medicine. In addition, exercise must always be described in terms of mode, frequency, duration, and intensity. The mode, frequency, and duration are somewhat self-explanatory. Intensity can be expressed in relative or absolute terms. Since there is wide individual variation, relative intensity (which is a percentage of maximal capac­ ity) is often more meaningful than absolute inten­ sity.

Mura Francesco, Benedetti Francesca, Kratter Matilde et al.

Oliver E. Blum, Justin A. DeBlauw, Lauren M. Greaves et al.

Abstract Wildfire smoke (WFS) is an urgent and rapidly growing threat to global health. Aside from obvious threats to pulmonary function, increases in cardiac abnormalities or myocardial infarction have been documented during WF season, but little is known about the effects of WFS on cardiovascular health. We investigated the effect of nonoccupational WFS exposure on cardiovascular and pulmonary function at rest and during graded handgrip exercise through a case series of young, healthy adults (n = 4, 25 ± 6 years) assessed after ≥3 days of bad or good air quality. Peripheral and estimated central blood pressures, vascular stiffness, and microvascular function (Near infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) were assessed at rest, and during rhythmic handgrip exercise. WFS did not appear to alter resting peripheral, central BP, or vascular stiffness (all, p > 0.05). Slope 1 and slope 2 from the NIRS‐vascular occlusion test (NIRS‐VOT) were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). The change in SmO2 during exercise was lower (p = 0.02, ηp2 = 0.62) with bad air quality. These preliminary findings suggest modest effects of environmental WFS exposure on muscle microvascular function during exercise in healthy adults. Future work is needed to elucidate the physiological changes with WFS exposure and the increased risk of cardiovascular events, perhaps exacerbated through physical activity.

D. C. Wilhoft, Martin A. Feder, W. Burggren

Klaus Thanke Aspli, Jan O. Aaseth, Trygve Holmøy et al.

Skogholt’s disease is a rare neurological disorder that is only observed in a small Norwegian kindred. It typically manifests in adulthood with uncharacteristic neurological symptoms from both the peripheral and central nervous systems. The etiology of the observed cerebral white matter lesions and peripheral myelin pathology is unclear. Increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of protein have been confirmed, and recently, very high concentrations of CSF total and phosphorylated tau have been detected in Skogholt patients. The symptoms and observed biomarker changes in Skogholt’s disease are largely nonspecific, and further studies are necessary to elucidate the disease mechanisms. Here, we report the results of neurochemical analyses of plasma and CSF, as well as results from the morphometric segmentation of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. We analyzed the biomarkers Aβ_1––42, Aβ_1–40, Aβ_x–38, Aβ_x–40, Aβ_x–42, total and phosphorylated tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta, and beta-trace protein. All analyzed CSF biomarkers, except neurofilament light chain and Aβ_1/x–42, were increased several-fold. In blood, none of these biomarkers were significantly different between the Skogholt and control groups. MRI volumetric segmentation revealed decreases in the ventricular, white matter, and choroid plexus volumes in the Skogholt group, with an accompanying increase in white matter lesions. The cortical thickness and subcortical gray matter volumes were increased in the Skogholt group. Pathophysiological changes resulting from choroidal dysfunction and/or abnormal CSF turnover, which may cause the increases in CSF protein and brain biomarker levels, are discussed.

Zaid K Shnawa, Duraid A Abass

This study was performed according to FDA protocol to evaluate the developmental effects of carvedilol (P-glycoprotein inhibitor), methotrexate (P-glycoprotein substrate) and their combination at therapeutic doses on pregnant rats. Sixty Albino Wistar rats (40 female rats and 20 males) were allocated randomly into four groups orally administered 0.72 mg/kg carvedilol (Cv-treated group [TG]), 0.36 mg/kg methotrexate (MTX-TG), combined doses carvedilol+methotrexate (Cv+MTX-TG),  and  distilled water (control group) for 2 months in male and 2 weeks in female rats before mating and after copulation, then approval of pregnancy; dosing continued in female groups during pregnancy and lactation periods. Half of the animal groups were euthanized one day before parturition to study prenatal effects, while the other half left for parturition and lactation to study postnatal effect.  The results of fertility index recorded in Cv-TG (71.43%), MTX-TG (42.46%) and Cv+MTX-TG (38.47%) was markedly lower than that in control (83.33%) group with lower gestation index was recorded in MTX-TG (80%) and Cv+MTX-TG (60%) than that in Cv-TG (100%) and the control group (100%). The result of resorbed and fetal death recorded a higher percent in Cv-MTX-TG in comparison with MTX-TG and Cv-TG; Cv-MTX-TG fetuses also recorded more anomalies, including hemorrhagic placenta, curved legs, and microcephaly during prenatal period. The postnatal effects showed that the Cv+MTX-TG group recorded a higher decrease in number of pups born, their weight, and increase in number of stillbirths in comparison with methotrexate followed by carvedilol groups in comparison with control group, while the result of viability index recorded (Cv-TG=98.15%, MTX-TG=93.93% and Cv+MTX-TG=76.19%) and lactation index (Cv-TG=77.36%, 83.87% and Cv+MTX-TG=75%). The postnatal anomalies were only recorded in Cv+MTX-TG included skull defect and ulceration, blindness, skin lesion, and alopecia in lactating pups. It is concluded that inhibition of P-gp by carvedilol might increase the placental passage and increase methotrexate concentration in fetal and pups’ tissue with consequence of increase toxic effect of methotrexate both in fetus and pups of Cv+MTX-TG group which might explain the present results of teratogenic study.

Ji Su Hwang, Seok Gi Kim, Tae Hwan Shin et al.

Cancer is a group of diseases causing abnormal cell growth, altering the genome, and invading or spreading to other parts of the body. Among therapeutic peptide drugs, anticancer peptides (ACPs) have been considered to target and kill cancer cells because cancer cells have unique characteristics such as a high negative charge and abundance of microvilli in the cell membrane when compared to a normal cell. ACPs have several advantages, such as high specificity, cost-effectiveness, low immunogenicity, minimal toxicity, and high tolerance under normal physiological conditions. However, the development and identification of ACPs are time-consuming and expensive in traditional wet-lab-based approaches. Thus, the application of artificial intelligence on the approaches can save time and reduce the cost to identify candidate ACPs. Recently, machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and hybrid learning (ML combined DL) have emerged into the development of ACPs without experimental analysis, owing to advances in computer power and big data from the power system. Additionally, we suggest that combination therapy with classical approaches and ACPs might be one of the impactful approaches to increase the efficiency of cancer therapy.

Haibo Hu, Yanfang Yang, Abdallah Aissa et al.

Abstract Background Traditional herbs played a crucial role in the health care of the Hakka people. However, studies to identify these traditional herbs are few. Here we document and assess the potential of these plants for treating microbial infections. Many herbs used by the Hakka people could potentially be a novel medicinal resource. Methods Local herb markets were surveyed via semi-structured interviews, complemented by direct observations to obtain information on herbal usage. For each herb selected for this study, extracts in four different solvents were prepared, and tested for activity against 20 microorganisms, as well as cancerous and noncancerous cells. All data were subjected to cluster analysis to discover relationships among herbs, plant types, administration forms, solvents, microorganisms, cells, etc., with the aim to discern promising herbs for medicine. Results Ninety-seven Hakka herbs in Ganzhou were documented from 93 plants in 62 families; most are used for bathing (97%), or as food, such as tea (32%), soup (12%), etc. Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Materia Medica, 24 Hakka medicines use different plant parts, and 5 plants are recorded here for the first time as traditional medicines. The plant parts used were closely related with the life cycle: annual and perennial herbs were normally used as a whole plant, and woody plants as (tender) stem and leaf, indicating a trend to use the parts that are easily collected. Encouragingly, 311 extracts (94%) were active against one or more microorganisms. Most herbs were active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (67%), Listeria innocua (64%), etc. Cytotoxicity was often observed against a tumor cell, but rarely against normal cells. Considering both antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity, many herbs reported in this study show promise as medicine. Conclusion Hakka people commonly use easily-collected plant parts (aerial parts or entire herb) as medicine. External use of decoctions dominated, and may help combating microbial infections. The results offer promising perspectives for further research since little phytopharmacology and phytochemistry has been published to date. Graphical Abstract

Bjoern‐O Gohlke, Fabian Zincke, Andreas Eckert et al.

Angelo Iannielli, Mirko Luoni, Serena Gea Giannelli et al.

Abstract Triplication of the SNCA gene, encoding the protein alpha-Synuclein (αSyn), is a rare cause of aggressive and early-onset parkinsonism. Herein, we generated iPSCs from two siblings with a recently described compact SNCA gene triplication and suffering from severe motor impairments, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive deterioration. Using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, each SNCA copy was inactivated by targeted indel mutations generating a panel of isogenic iPSCs with a decremental number from 4 down to none of functional SNCA gene alleles. We differentiated these iPSC lines in midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neuronal cultures to characterize αSyn aggregation in native and seeded conditions and evaluate its associated cellular dysfunctions. Utilizing a new nanobody-based biosensor combined with super-resolved imaging, we were able to visualize and measure αSyn aggregates in early DA neurons in unstimulated conditions. Calcium dysregulation and mitochondrial alterations were the first pathological signs detectable in early differentiated DA neuronal cultures. Accelerated αSyn aggregation was induced by exposing neurons to structurally well-characterized synthetic αSyn fibrils. 4xSNCA DA neurons showed the highest vulnerability, which was associated with high levels of oxidized DA and amplified by TAX1BP1 gene disruption. Seeded DA neurons developed large αSyn deposits whose morphology and internal constituents resembled Lewy bodies commonly observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patient brain tissues. These findings provide strong evidence that this isogenic panel of iPSCs with SNCA multiplications offers a remarkable cellular platform to investigate mechanisms of PD and validate candidate inhibitors of native and seeded αSyn aggregation.

G. Barth, C. Gaillardin