Hasil untuk "Physical anthropology. Somatology"

Bo-Min Kim, So-Yeon Ryu, Mi-Ah Han et al.

Abstract Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a biomarker of systemic inflammation, but its relationship with MetS and its components remains unclear. This study investigates the association between hs-CRP and MetS in a representative Korean population. Methods Using data from the 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), we analyzed 4,823 adults. MetS was defined according to revised NCEP-ATP III criteria. Multivariate analyses were conducted, adjusting for confounders such as sex, age, income, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and waist circumference. Results Among the study population, 1,784 participants (37.0%) were diagnosed with MetS. hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in individuals with MetS (1.06 mg/L vs. 0.79 mg/L, p < 0.001) and increased with the number of MetS components (p for trend < 0.001). Significant associations were observed between hs-CRP and all MetS components. However, after adjusting for waist circumference, these associations lost statistical significance. Conclusion This study confirms a strong association between hs-CRP and MetS, primarily influenced by central obesity. The findings highlight abdominal obesity as a key contributor to systemic inflammation in MetS. Further longitudinal studies are needed to explore the causal relationship and underlying mechanisms.

Naoshi Kakitsuba, Kazuo Nagano

Abstract Since psychological and physiological responses to repeated exposure to mild heat has not been fully studied, the present study was designed to confirm overshooting responses in thermal sensation after repeated exposure to mild heat (i.e., the cooling period), the manner of change in the thermal sensation responses (TSRs) and the thermal comfort responses (TCRs) during the cooling period, and effect of short-term heat acclimation during repeated exposure to mild heat. In the summer, eight young adult male subjects (a mean age of 21.1 ± 1.4 years; a mean height of 173.1 ± 5.6 cm and a mean weight of 58.8 ± 7.5 kg) with clothing insulation (Icl, clo) of 0.3 clo first stayed in the control room at 26 °C for 15 min, then moved to the main testing room at 33 °C for 10 min (condition 1), 15 min (condition 2), or 20 min (condition 3), and finally returned to the control room for 15 min. The exposure was repeated five times. TSR and TCR were recorded in a 5-min interval from the beginning of the first exposure. The tympanic temperature (Tty), skin temperatures at the chest, forearm, front of the thigh, and front of the shin, and ECG and heart rate were continuously monitored. Local sweat rates at the same sites of skin temperature were monitored at the end of each exposure. Changes in Tty and mean skin temperature ( $$\bar{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{sk}}$$ T ¯ sk ) indicated no significant difference between conditions and no indication of short-term heat acclimation. Since the subjects voted nearly “cold” when $$\bar{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{sk}}$$ T ¯ sk  remained high at the beginning of the cooling period, overshooting responses in thermal sensation were repeatedly observed in all conditions. The subjects voted “slightly cool” at the end of cooling period while $$\bar{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{sk}}$$ T ¯ sk  kept decreasing during the cooling period. The thermally neutral $$\bar{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{sk}}$$ T ¯ sk  was then estimated to be 0.3 °C—4.2 °C lower than $$\bar{\mathrm{T}}_{\mathrm{sk}}$$ T ¯ sk  observed prior to the first exposure. Thus, a residual effect on TSR during the cooling period was confirmed. Changes in the mean sweat rate, TSR and TCR showed significant differences between conditions but no indication of short-term heat acclimation. However, change in heart rate and ECG analysis implied the effect of short-term heat acclimation.

Yonghua Zhan

Search for new physics with charm rare decays at BESIII. The BESIII experiment has collected 2.6 billion $ψ(3686)$ events, 10 billion $J/ψ$ events, $20 fb^{-1}$ D meson pairs at 3.773 GeV, and $7.33 fb^{-1}~D_{s}D_{s}^{*}$ events from 4.128 to 4.226 GeV. The huge data samples allow us to search for rare processes in charm hadron decays. In this paper, we report the FCNC decay in $J/ψ\to D^0μ^+μ^-$, $J/ψ\to D^0γ$ and $D_{s}^{+}\to h(h')e^+e^-$. The search for $J/ψ$ weak decays containing a D meson, $J/ψ\to D_{s}^{-}π^{+}$, and $J/ψ\to D_{s}^{-}ρ^{+}$ will also be presented.

Avital Pelakh, Melanie L. Good, Eric Kuo et al.

The current work aims to better understand student course experiences for those who reported negative perceptions in introductory physics. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 24 students who reported negative perceptions of their class on a screening survey. Participants were asked to share general reflections on challenges and successes they experienced, as well as their reflections on specific aspects of the course (e.g., experiences with instructors and peers). Interview transcripts were then coded to identify the types of experiences students reported, whether they were experienced as positive or negative, as well as the themes and features associated with those experiences. Experiences with the classroom, course structure, instructors, and exams were most frequently reported as negative. Experiences with peers, help-seeking, course curriculum, and specific learning activities were the most positive, though only experiences with peers had more positive reports than negative. We then used a resources vs. demands framework [Soc Personal Psychol Compass 7, 637 (2013)] to interpret the common instructional, cognitive, and motivational themes and features reported across multiple contexts. We discuss the implications of the results for theory and practice.

R. Krølner, M. Rasmussen, J. Brug et al.

BackgroundLarge proportions of children do not fulfil the World Health Organization recommendation of eating at least 400 grams of fruit and vegetables (FV) per day. To promote an increased FV intake among children it is important to identify factors which influence their consumption. Both qualitative and quantitative studies are needed. Earlier reviews have analysed evidence from quantitative studies. The aim of this paper is to present a systematic review of qualitative studies of determinants of children's FV intake.MethodsRelevant studies were identified by searching Anthropology Plus, Cinahl, CSA illumine, Embase, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science using combinations of synonyms for FV intake, children/adolescents and qualitative methods as search terms. The literature search was completed by December 1st 2010. Papers were included if they applied qualitative methods to investigate 6-18-year-olds' perceptions of factors influencing their FV consumption. Quantitative studies, review studies, studies reported in other languages than English, and non-peer reviewed or unpublished manuscripts were excluded. The papers were reviewed systematically using standardised templates for summary of papers, quality assessment, and synthesis of findings across papers.ResultsThe review included 31 studies, mostly based on US populations and focus group discussions. The synthesis identified the following potential determinants for FV intake which supplement the quantitative knowledge base: Time costs; lack of taste guarantee; satiety value; appropriate time/occasions/settings for eating FV; sensory and physical aspects; variety, visibility, methods of preparation; access to unhealthy food; the symbolic value of food for image, gender identity and social interaction with peers; short term outcome expectancies.ConclusionsThe review highlights numerous potential determinants which have not been investigated thoroughly in quantitative studies. Future large scale quantitative studies should attempt to quantify the importance of these factors. Further, mechanisms behind gender, age and socioeconomic differences in FV consumption are proposed which should be tested quantitatively in order to better tailor interventions to vulnerable groups. Finally, the review provides input to the conceptualisation and measurements of concepts (i.e. peer influence, availability in schools) which may refine survey instruments and theoretical frameworks concerning eating behaviours.

Ljubica Milosavljević, Ana Banić Grubišić, Vladimira Ilić

This paper analyses Croatian film Night boats (2012), directed by Igor Mirković, from the anthropology of film and anthropology of age point of view. The film story is analyzed as the so-called diegetic universe, i.e. as an ethnography of the film, and is connected to the real experiences of the elderly. The plot of the film follows the meeting and emotional bonding of Helena and Jakov in one of Zagreb's nursing homes. Shortly after their brief acquaintance, these "seventy-year-old teenagers" begin a romance, run away from home and embark on a road adventure. In terms of genre, this film can be viewed as a road movie since, in addition to the fact that the main characters spend more than half of the plot on the road, the film thematically and visually follows the conventions of the aforementioned genre. Their road adventure is initiated on a metaphorical level, as an escape from illness and death, as well as an escape from loneliness and the circumstances that life in old age brings. The main characters flee from the lack of choice they are faced with which is why their journey can be interpreted as a search for lost, almost stripped identities. The journey of Helena and Jacob, two elderly individuals faced with the problems of loneliness and physical decline, represents a transformative experience for the main characters and signifies a form of quiet rebellion, a refusal to accept cultural conventions according to which active life ends with a socially constructed notion of old age. In this sense, this film story served to critically address various issues and problems concerning society’s stereotypical attitudes towards the elderly.

E. Vorontsova, Mihail N. Kandinov

Introduction. In 2023, Russian science celebrated the 140th anniversary of the birth of D.N. Anuchin, a scientist-encyclopedist and prominent specialist in the fields of anthropology, ethnology, geography, archaeology, and a promoter and popularizer of science. Materials and methods. Literary sources were used. Analytical and chronological research methods were applied in the study. Results and discussion. The section "Childhood and Youth" provides information about the scientist's life, his parents, wife, and children. D.N. received a good home education and entered the second grade of a gymnasium. In 1860, he enrolled in the Faculty of History and Philology at St. Petersburg University. Due to illness in 1861, he had to interrupt his studies and travel abroad for treatment. In 1863, Anuchin entered the Natural Sciences Department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University, specializing in zoology. The section "Young Specialist" is dedicated to Anuchin's life in the first years after graduating from university. It was only in 1871 that Anuchin was elected to the position of scientific secretary of the Society for the Acclimatization of Animals and Plants. This period marks the first scientific publications by Anuchin in the collections "Nature." In 1876, his first major anthropological monograph on the Ainu people was published. In late 1876, D.N. was sent abroad by the university to prepare for the establishment of a new chair in anthropology. The section "Formation of Scientific Interests" shows how Anuchin's scientific interests were shaped, as the author of about 600 works on ethnic anthropology, anthropogenesis, paleontology, ethnography, primitive archaeology, physical geography, country studies, and the history of science. In the next article, the authors plan to examine D.N. Anuchin's scientific and organizational activities.

Мовсесян А.А.

Введение. Формирование генофонда современных хакасов происходило при взаимодействии различных групп древнего населения Минусинской котловины. Настоящая статья посвящена межгрупповому анализу краниологических серий, представляющих различные хакасские субэтносы. Материалы и методы. По данным о неметрических признаках на черепе были изучены качинцы, койбалы, сагайцы и бельтыры в сравнении с другими популяциями Южной и Западной Сибири: шорцами, тувинцами, теленгитами, селькупами, хантами и манси. Анализ биологического разнообразия популяций производился с помощью средней меры дивергенции Смита и последующего многомерного шкалирования и кластерного анализа. Результаты. Наиболее удаленными от остальных хакасских субэтносов оказались качинцы, вошедшие в одну с теленгитами и тувинцами. Койбалы и бельтыры расположились довольно близко к шорцам. Сагайцы заняли обособленное положение в хакасском кластере, что связано, по-видимому, с большей долей европеоидной примеси у сагайцев по сравнению с другими хакасскими группами. Сравнение тотальной популяции хакасов с остальными группами выявило их связь с тюркоязычными этносами Южной Сибири: шорцами, теленгитами и тувинцами. Обсуждение. Характер фенетической дифференциации хакасских субэтносов связан, по-видимому, со сложной историей их формирования. Положение качинцев вне хакасского кластера по неметрическим признакам указывает на отличительные особенности их фенофонда, что подтверждается молекулярно-генетическими данными. Близость обобщенного фенофонда хакасов к тувинцам и теленгитам может являться следствием как генетических связей между народами Южной Сибири, так и общности их этногенеза. Сходство между объединенной группой хакасов и шорцами обусловлено, по-видимому, участием общих генетических компонентов в формировании генофондов этих народов, что также согласуется с молекулярно-генетическими данными. Заключение. Сопоставимость полученных результатов с генетическими данными указывает на возможность использования неметрических признаков на черепе для выявления генетических отношений между ископаемыми популяциями в отсутствие прямой генетической информации.

Jennifer Swerida, Eli N. Dollarhide, Eric Fouache et al.

The Bat landscape of northwestern Oman is one of intermittent archaeological remains and varied ecological conditions. The site has been a center for human activity since the Neolithic, most famously attested by the Early Bronze Age tombs, towers, and settlement of the UNESCO World Heritage zone. This paper presents recent research conducted by the Bat Archaeological Project in reconstructing the site’s third millennium BC cultural landscape and the human-environment interactions that led to its creation and long-term occupation. Three of Bat’s Early Bronze Age environs: the Settlement Slope, al-Khutm, and Rakhat al-Madrh are discussed in view of their ecological, geomorphological, and archaeological contexts. New archaeobotanical and 14C results are presented. These discoveries suggest Bat’s ancient inhabitants sought out and utilized diverse environments in order to establish cultural and ecological resilience within a localized area. Ultimately, we propose an expansion to the traditional oasis model of settlement and agricultural development in southeast Arabia, arguing for a systems-based approach that incorporates roles played by environs beyond the oasis.

Zhixing Jiang, Dennis Yin, Elham E Khoda et al.

This work introduces a highly efficient implementation of the transformer architecture on a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) by using the \texttt{hls4ml} tool. Given the demonstrated effectiveness of transformer models in addressing a wide range of problems, their application in experimental triggers within particle physics becomes a subject of significant interest. In this work, we have implemented critical components of a transformer model, such as multi-head attention and softmax layers. To evaluate the effectiveness of our implementation, we have focused on a particle physics jet flavor tagging problem, employing a public dataset. We recorded latency under 2 $μ$s on the Xilinx UltraScale+ FPGA, which is compatible with hardware trigger requirements at the CERN Large Hadron Collider experiments.

Davide Attolini, Francesco Ciani, Maria Angela Guido et al.

This research focuses on the recent pollen image of several vegetation types in NW Italy. In 201 arboreal, shrubby, and herbaceous plant populations, pollen samples were taken from moss polsters, and the corresponding vegetation was recorded using the phytosociological method. Since studies on recent pollen rain in the Mediterranean mountains and coast are rare, this research aims to provide new data and tools to better interpret fossil pollen spectra. Pollen analysis provided data for the comparison between surface spectra and vegetation. Davis indices, fidelity, dispersion, and the relation with vegetation data were calculated for each taxon, and PCA was carried out. Most vegetation types are identifiable through the taxa dominating the pollen spectra, as frequently happens in woodlands (e.g., beech woods, chestnut woods, etc.). Characterizing shrubland and certain tree-dominated vegetation types (e.g., <i>Larix</i> forests) through pollen data is more complex. In this regard, Davis indices are particularly useful for identifying pollen/plant association, over- and underrepresentation of pollen, and taxa indicating vegetation types. Pollen threshold values were calculated which allow the assessment of the local presence of a plant. Overall, the achieved results partially confirm those of previous research carried out in the region, greatly expanding the comparisons between several different plant communities and the database in view of future sharing through the EMPD.

Yang Wei Koh

The quantum-classical correspondence between local minima on the classical energy landscape and excited eigenstates in the energy spectrum is studied within the context of many-body quantum spin systems. In mean-field approximations of a quantum problem, one usually focuses on attaining the global minimum of the resulting energy function, while other minimum solutions are usually ignored. For frustrated systems, a strict distinction between global and local minimum is often not tenable since first-order type transitions can interchange the roles played by two different minima. This begs the question of whether there is any physical interpretation for the local minima encountered in mean-field approximations of quantum systems. We look at the problem from the perspective of quantum spin systems. Two models are studied, a frustrated model with quenched disorder, and a pure system without frustration. Accurate classical energies of the minima are compared with the full spectrum of energy levels, allowing us to search for signs of correspondence between them. It is found that the local minima can generally be interpreted as excited energy eigenstates. Instances of spurious minima are also reported.

G. Roche

This article explores how language oppression—coerced language loss—contributes to physical death. The context for this investigation is the ongoing crisis of global linguistic diversity, which sees approximately half the world's languages facing language oppression. It is also a crisis of bodies and lives. This article proposes the necropolitics of language oppression as a decolonial anthropological approach for theorizing and confronting this global problem. Drawing on the anthropology of violence, genocide, and the state, within the context of anthropology's colonial turn since the 1970s, this article describes how states within colonial modernity create and exploit population-differentiated death through practices of social death, slow violence, and slow death. This perspective enables a synthesis of literature from linguistics, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, translation studies, and public health to reveal the links between language oppression and death. The conclusion discusses how the approach developed in this article can help sustain languages and lives. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 51 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

H. G. Rinderknecht, G. Bruhaug, V. Muşat et al.

The physics basis for an electron-beam based Compton scattering (ECOS) x-ray source is investigated for single-shot experiments at major high energy density facilities such as the Omega Laser Facility, National Ignition Facility, and Z pulsed power facility. A source of monoenergetic ($δε/ε< 5\%$) 10- to 50-keV x rays can be produced by scattering of a short-pulse optical laser by a 23- to 53-MeV electron beam and collimating the scattered photons. The number and spectrum of scattered photons is calculated as a function of electron packet charge, electron and laser pulse duration, laser intensity, and collision geometry. A source with greater than 10$^{10}$ photons in a 1-mm radius spot at the OMEGA target chamber center and 100-ps time resolution is plausible with the available electron gun and laser technology. Design requirements for diffraction, inelastic scattering and imaging experiments as well as opportunities for improved performance are discussed.

Meagan Sundstrom, Ashley B. Heim, Barum Park et al.

Researchers have pinpointed recognition from others as one of the most important dimensions of students' science and engineering identity. Studies, however, have found gender biases in students' recognition of their peers, with inconsistent patterns across introductory science and engineering courses. Toward finding the source of this variation, we examine whether a gender bias exists in students' nominations of strong peers across three different remote, introductory physics courses with varying student populations (varying demographics, majors, and course levels). We also uniquely evaluate possible racial/ethnic biases and probe the relationship between instructional context (whether lecture or laboratory) and recognition. Some of our results replicate previous findings (such as the the association of course grade and small class section enrollment with nominations), while others offer contradictions. Comparing across our three courses and the prior work, results suggest that course level (whether first-year students or beyond-first-year students) might be more associated with a gender bias in peer recognition than other variables. Surprisingly, we also find instances of racial/ethnic biases in favor of students from backgrounds historically underrepresented in science. Finally, we find that the nomination patterns differ when students nominate individuals strong in the lecture material versus laboratory material. This work serves as an important step in determining which courses and contexts exhibit biases in peer recognition, as well as how students' perceptions of one another form in remote teaching environments.

Richard E.W. Berl, Alarna N. Samarasinghe, Seán G. Roberts et al.

Cultural transmission biases such as prestige are thought to have been a primary driver in shaping the dynamics of human cultural evolution. However, few empirical studies have measured the importance of prestige relative to other effects, such as content biases present within the information being transmitted. Here, we report the findings of an experimental transmission study designed to compare the simultaneous effects of a model using a high- or low-prestige regional accent with the presence of narrative content containing social, survival, emotional, moral, rational, or counterintuitive information in the form of a creation story. Results from multimodel inference reveal that prestige is a significant factor in determining the salience and recall of information, but that several content biases, specifically social, survival, negative emotional, and biological counterintuitive information, are significantly more influential. Further, we find evidence that reliance on prestige cues may serve as a conditional learning strategy when no content cues are available. Our results demonstrate that content biases serve a vital and underappreciated role in cultural transmission and cultural evolution.

Robert L. Kelly

A brief summation of the issue’s articles is presented. This leads to a discussion of thematic issues of concepts, methods, and theory that crosscut the articles. These include use of the EnvCalc2.1 program, some issues of terminology, the theoretical approaches of niche construction as opposed to human behavioral ecology (HBE), and the linkage between technology and subsistence change, notably the difference between biface and microblade production.

Keiji Hayashi

Abstract Background Because carbon dioxide (CO2)-enriched water causes cutaneous vasodilation, immersion in CO2-enriched water facilitates heat transfer from the body to the water or from the water to the body. Consequently, immersion in CO2-enriched water raises or reduces body temperature faster than immersion in fresh water. However, it takes time to dissolve CO2 in tap water and because the dissolved CO2 concentration decreases over time, the actual CO2 concentration is likely lower than the stated target concentration. However, it is unclear whether water containing a lower CO2 concentration would also cool the body faster than fresh water after body temperature had been increased. Methods Ten healthy males (mean age = 20 ± 1 years) participated in the study. Participants were first immersed for 15 min in a tap water bath at 40 °C to raise body temperature. They then moved to a tap water or CO2-enriched water bath at 30 °C to reduce body temperature. The CO2 concentration was set at 500 ppm. The present study measured cooling time and cooling rate (slope of the regression line relating auditory canal temperature (T ac) to cooling time) to assess the cooling effect of CO2-enriched water immersion. Results Immersion in 40 °C tap water caused T ac to rise 0.64 ± 0.25 °C in the tap water session and 0.62 ± 0.27 °C in the CO2-enriched water session (P > 0.05). During the 30 °C water immersion, T ac declined to the baseline within 13 ± 6 min in tap water and 10 ± 6 min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Cooling rates were 0.08 ± 0.06 °C/min in tap water and 0.08 ± 0.04 °C/min in CO2-enriched water (P > 0.05). Conclusions CO2-enriched water containing 500 ppm CO2 did not cool faster than tap water immersion. This suggests that when the water temperature is 30 °C, a CO2 concentration of 500 ppm is insufficient to obtain the advantageous cooling effect during water immersion after body temperature has been increased.

Jiao, D.-G., Pates, S., Lerosey-Aubril, R. et al.

Ashirbad Pradhan, Gemma Malagon, Rebecca Lagacy et al.

Abstract Background Multichannel surface electromyography (EMG) is a method to examine properties of motor unit (MU) activity using multiple electrodes arranged on a two-dimensional grid. This technique can be used to examine alterations in EMG activity distribution due to contraction intensity as well as due to physiological differences such as age or sex. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare strength and high-density surface EMG (HDsEMG) features during isometric and isokinetic knee extensions between older and younger men and women. Methods Twenty younger (ages 19–25 years) and twenty older (ages 64–78) men and women performed submaximal and maximal isometric (at a joint angle of 90°) and isokinetic knee extensions, while HDsEMG was recorded from the vastus lateralis. Spatial distribution was estimated using the root mean square (RMS), and 2-dimensional (2D) maps were developed to examine spatial features. Coefficient of variation (CV) and modified entropy were used to examine alterations in muscle heterogeneity and pattern. Peak torque and HDsEMG parameters were compared across age and gender. Results Younger males and females produced significantly higher mean torque than the older group (p < 0.001) for all contractions. Both age- and sex-related significant differences (p < 0.05) were found for EMG spatial features suggesting neuromuscular differences. Modified entropy was significantly higher and CV was lower for young females compared to young males (p < 0.05) across both isometric and isokinetic contractions. Conclusions We found that isometric and isokinetic knee extension strength, spatial distribution, and intensity differ as a function of age and sex during knee extensions. While there were no differences detected in entropy between age groups, there were sex-related differences in the younger age category. The lack of age-related differences in entropy was surprising given the known effects of aging on muscle fiber composition. However, it is often reported that muscle coactivation increases with age and this work was limited to the study of one muscle of the knee extensors (vastus lateralis) which should be addressed in future work. The findings suggest while both age and sex affect muscle activation, sex had a greater effect on heterogeneity. The results obtained will help to develop improved rehabilitation programs for aging men and women.