Hasil untuk "Pharmaceutical industry"

Andreas Lundh, S. Sismondo, J. Lexchin et al.

B. Munos

C. Torborg, M. Beller

D. Constable, P. Dunn, J. Hayler et al.

H. Patil, R. Tiwari, M. Repka

Lumat Afrin Jui, Tahsin Chowdhury, Md. Ahosan Habib Ador et al.

<i>Terminalia arjuna</i> (Arjun) is a tropical deciduous tree species significantly valued for its pharmaceutical properties for various heart diseases, as well as its economic role in the sericulture industry. However, the growth performance and physiological responses of <i>T. arjuna</i> under water stress conditions remain largely unexplored, particularly in the context of increasing climate variability and the growing challenges posed by climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the morpho-physio-biochemical alterations, nutrient uptake changes, and adaptive strategies under different degrees of water stress with respect to field capacity (<inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula>), maintained at 100% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (control), 75% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (mild), 50% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (moderate), and 25% <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mi>F</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>w</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msub></mrow></semantics></math></inline-formula> (severe). Key growth parameters, including shoot and root length, leaf traits and shoot dry biomass, were significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05) reduced under the given water stresses. Root dry biomass showed a distinct response, increasing under mild to moderate water stress but failing to sustain its levels under severe stress. Increasing drought severity resulted in a substantial reduction in stomatal density (15–37%), while stomatal size increased (18–49%) under mild to moderate stress but decreased under severe stress. These responses were associated with significant reductions in gas exchange traits (45–75%), whereas water use efficiency increased by 59–99%, reflecting a survival-focused adaptive mechanism. Moderate water stress triggered the stress responses in <i>T. arjuna</i> through high proline accumulation and increased oxidative stress markers. The most critical impact was found under the severe stress with a substantial reduction in leaf relative water content and membrane stability index (MSI), although MSI was sustained above the critical threshold, reflecting cellular protection. Increased stress intensity also altered mineral uptake, decreased major nutrients, and increased potassium and calcium content, indicating an adaptive strategy. These findings suggest a threshold effect, where <i>T. arjuna</i> tolerates mild stress well and activates adaptive morpho-physiological mechanisms under moderate stress but shifts to survival-focused strategies under severe stress. The demonstrated tolerance of <i>Terminalia arjuna</i> to mild–moderate drought suggests that climate-resilient forestry policies and conservation programs should prioritize its cultivation and restoration in drought-prone landscapes while ensuring adequate water management to prevent severe stress and sustain its medicinal and economic benefits.

Eric Rozán, Marcelo N Kuperman, Sebastián Bouzat

This study investigates the influence of different types of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on epidemic progression using SIR compartmental models. We analyze the optimization of two distinct targets: the final epidemic size and the infection peak, particularly how they respond to variations in the initiation time of the NPIs. We derive analytical approximations for the critical points of the infection curve of the standard mean-field SIR model with NPIs, and for the epidemic size, enabling a systematic comparison. The analytical results reveal the existence of six different allowed scenarios for the evolution of the epidemic with a single NPI. Furthermore, by employing degree-based mean-field network models, we distinguish between NPIs that decrease the transmission rate (individual and environmental measures) and those that reduce social contacts (lock down measures). We find that, when assuming equal effects on the reproductive number, the former are more efficient in reducing the final epidemic size. Meanwhile, the effectivities of both types of NPIs differ in reducing primary and secondary peaks. The results for all models consistently confirm that minimizing the infection peak requires earlier implementation of the NPI than minimizing the epidemic size, offering new insights for strategic public health timing.

Madhuri H R, Pratiksha CC, Madhukumar H M et al.

Background Bioactive compounds derived from medicinal plants have gained prominence in the pharmaceutical industry due to their therapeutic potential and role in enhancing health and disease resistance.AimsObjectives The present study aims to identify the bioactive phytochemicals present in the ethanolic leaf extract of cranberry hibiscus Hibiscus acetosella using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS and to explore their potential pharmacological propertiesMethods Ethanolic extracts of cranberry hibiscus leaves were subjected to GC-MS analysis to detect and characterize the phytochemical constituents. Identification was based on retention time molecular weight and mass spectral data which were matched against the NIST 2008 GC-MS library.Results A total of 27 bioactive compounds were identified from the extract. Major constituents included ethane 11-diethoxy 1-propanol 2-methyl 1-propene 3-fluoro acetaldehyde carbamic acid monoammonium salt 3-aminobenzhydrazide and cyclohexane1-ethenyl-1-methyl-24-bis1-methylethenyl. These compounds are associated with a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimicrobial antioxidant anti-inflammatory antidiabetic antifungal antibacterial vasodilatory and potential anticancer effects.Conclusion The GC-MS analysis confirms that cranberry hibiscus leaf extract is rich in therapeutically valuable phytochemicals. These findings suggest that it could serve as a promising source for the development of crude drugs and novel therapeutic agents in modern medicine.

Ray Wai Man Kong, Ding Ning, Theodore Ho Tin Kong

This article presents applied research on line balancing within the modern garment industry, focusing on the significant impact of intelligent hanger systems and hanger lines on the stitching process, by Lean Methodology for garment modernization. It explores the application of line balancing in the modern garment industry, focusing on the significant impact of intelligent hanger systems and hanger lines on the stitching process. It aligns with Lean Methodology principles for garment modernization. Without the implementation of line balancing technology, the garment manufacturing process using hanger systems cannot improve output rates. The case study demonstrates that implementing intelligent line balancing in a straightforward practical setup facilitates lean practices combined with a digitalization system and automaton. This approach illustrates how to enhance output and reduce accumulated work in progress.

Aydin Homay

Design is a fundamental aspect of engineering, enabling the creation of products, systems, and organizations to meet societal and/or business needs. However, the absence of a scientific foundation in design often results in subjective decision-making, reducing both efficiency and innovation. This challenge is particularly evident in the software industry and, by extension, in the domain of industrial control and automation systems (iCAS). In this study, first we review the existing design definitions within the software industry, challenge prevailing misconceptions about design, review design definition in the field of design theory and address key questions such as: When does design begin? How can design be defined scientifically? What constitutes good design? and the difference between design and design language by relying on advancements in the field of design theory. We also evaluate the distinction between ad-hoc and systematic design approaches, and present arguments on how to balance complementary operational concerns while resolving conflicting evolutionary concerns.

John Oyekan, Christopher Turner, Michael Bax et al.

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has resulted in interest in their potential applications within manufacturing systems, particularly in the context of Industry 5.0. However, determining when to implement LLMs versus other Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques, ontologies or knowledge graphs, remains an open question. This paper offers decision-making guidance for selecting the most suitable technique in various industrial contexts, emphasizing human-robot collaboration and resilience in manufacturing. We examine the origins and unique strengths of LLMs, ontologies, and knowledge graphs, assessing their effectiveness across different industrial scenarios based on the number of domains or disciplines required to bring a product from design to manufacture. Through this comparative framework, we explore specific use cases where LLMs could enhance robotics for human-robot collaboration, while underscoring the continued relevance of ontologies and knowledge graphs in low-dependency or resource-constrained sectors. Additionally, we address the practical challenges of deploying these technologies, such as computational cost and interpretability, providing a roadmap for manufacturers to navigate the evolving landscape of Language based AI tools in Industry 5.0. Our findings offer a foundation for informed decision-making, helping industry professionals optimize the use of Language Based models for sustainable, resilient, and human-centric manufacturing. We also propose a Large Knowledge Language Model architecture that offers the potential for transparency and configuration based on complexity of task and computing resources available.

F. Chamorro, M. Carpena, M. Fraga-Corral et al.

Currently, agricultural production generates large amounts of organic waste, both from the maintenance of farms and crops (agricultural wastes) and from the industrialization of the product (food industry waste). In the case of Actinidia cultivation, agricultural waste groups together leaves, flowers, stems and roots while food industry by-products are represented by discarded fruits, skin and seeds. All these matrices are now underexploited and so, they can be revalued as a natural source of ingredients to be applied in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries. Kiwifruit composition (phenolic compounds, volatile compounds, vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, etc.) is an outstanding basis, especially for its high content in vitamin C and phenolic compounds. These compounds possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial activities, among other beneficial properties for health, but stand out for their digestive enhancement and prebiotic role. Although the biological properties of kiwi fruit have been analyzed, few studies show the high content of compounds with biological functions present in these by-products. Therefore, agricultural and food industry wastes derived from processing kiwi are regarded as useful matrices for the development of innovative applications in the food (pectins, softeners, milk coagulants, and colorants), cosmetic (ecological pigments) and pharmaceutical industry (fortified, functional, nutraceutical, or prebiotic foods). This strategy will provide economic and environmental benefits, turning this industry into a sustainable and environmentally friendly production system, promoting a circular and sustainable economy.

H. Ullah, F. Wahid, H. Santos et al.

Hoomsuk Hubert Maigida, Nen'man Noel Wannang, Bukata Bayero Bukar

Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction are major global health issues, with myocardial infarction becoming more common. In  the current study, the cardioprotective effects of methanol extract from the aril of the Blighia sapida fruit were assessed in relation to certain cardiac function biomarkers, endogenous antioxidant activity, and the pathology of the heart in Wistar rats that had undergone  isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. Phytochemical screening was according to methods described by Trease and Evans. The LD50 of the extract was calculated using Lorke's approach. The LD50 was calculated using nine (9) Wistar rats. For cardioprotective and  antioxidant activities, six groups of seven Wistar rats each were formed from forty-two (42), which were divided at random. Group 1 were  administered 1ml of normal saline daily, group 2 through 4 were pretreated with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg of the extract,  respectively, for 28 days. Group 5 were administered 85 mg/kg of isoprenaline on days 26 and 27, 24 hours apart to cause myocardial  infarction. Group 6 served as the positive control (pretreated with 2 mg/kg carvedilol for 28 days). The plant contains bioactive  substances like alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, steroid glycosides, cardenolides, terpenes,  and tannins. No mortality even at a dose of 5000mg/kg. Glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase all show considerable increases. Total troponin, troponin c, troponin I, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, and myoglobin,  significantly decreased when compared to the isoprenaline group. Additionally, there was a significant drop in the levels of some  biochemical markers in the extract treated groups compared to the isoprenaline control. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low- density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and ALT, AST, and ALP significantly decreased. Histological analysis revealed some degree of cardiac  modification and a notable improvement. According to the data, the extract contains modest antioxidant and cardioprotective  characteristics. 

Zhang Chenyao, Hu Haiyin, Shi Menglong et al.

ObjectiveWith the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry, the investment in research and development of new commercial Chinese polyherbal preparations (CCPPs) is increasing, and the varieties of CCPPs are growing. CCPPs play an increasingly important role in the TCM industry. This study has comprehensively summarized and analyzed the current situation of CCPPs that has been on the market in China, and provided suggestions for the research and promotion of CCPPs.MethodsThis study took the CCPPs approved for marketing in domestic drug database of the National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) as the research object, and combined with the publication of related randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of CCPPs in 2020–2022 and the sales of CCPPs in domestic chain pharmacies, statistical analysis was carried out on the drug name, pharmaceutical companies, dosage form, number of flavors, CBDs, ICD-11 classification of diseases treated, etc.ResultsCurrently, 58,409 approvals for CCPPs have been issued in China, involving 9,986 varieties of CCPPs, 2,896 pharmaceutical companies and 39 dosage forms. The number of flavors of prescriptions of CCPPs varies from 1 to 90, among which Glycyrrhiza glabra L. [Fabaceae; Glycyrrhizae radix et rhizoma] and Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels [Apiaceae; Angelicae sinensis radix] are the most widely used. The study found that the CCPPs with the most diverse variety is CCPPs for the treatment of respiratory diseases, some CCPPs can treat multiple system diseases. According to the survey, the sales of CCPPs for respiratory diseases in the chain pharmacies account for more than 1/3 of the total sales of the chain pharmacies, while the number of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on CCPPs for circulatory diseases was the largest.ConclusionThe approval process of CCPPs should be further standardized, and the transformation of TCM prescriptions into CCPPs should be promoted. In the approval process of CCPPs, it is suggested to strengthen the supervision of drug names to clarify the differences between the CCPPs of same name but different prescriptions. Improve the effectiveness and safety of CCPPs by improving the quality of CBDs. It is suggested to optimize the design of new drug research program of CCPPs to avoid waste of research resources.

Dr. Maryam Nazari, Prof. Soheila Kashanian, Dr. Fatemeh Parnianchi et al.

Abstract Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are today important analytical and monitoring tools in various fields, from agriculture and the food industry to environmental and biomedical/pharmaceutical applications. In particular, the integration of nanotechnology with electrochemical sensors and biosensors to develop a new generation of sensor platforms has made enormous progress in recent years. The outstanding properties of one‐dimensional (1D) nanofibers (NFs), such as high porosity, superior mechanical properties and high specific surface area have made them attractive electrocatalysts, support materials for the immobilization of biomolecules as well as mimetic materials for sensing and biosensing applications. Moreover, the possibility of fabricating multifunctional composites based on NFs increases (bio)sensing capabilities through synergistic effects and additive properties. This review describes the progress made over the last decade in the use of multifunctional NFs‐based composites as modified electrodes for the sensing of various analytes in biomedical, food, and wastewater treatment applications. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and a guide for researchers from different disciplines to fabricate and improve their selective NFs‐based (bio)sensor platforms for the detection of desired analytes or multi‐analytes.

Damir NAĐ, Zorica SREDOJEVIĆ, Danilo GAZDIĆ

Walnut is recognized by consumers as a healthy food with rich nutritional characteristics, which is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry. The aim of the research in this paper is to analyze the trend in the production of walnut in the period 2013-2022 observing world and Serbia. In this period the calculated base and chain indexes show a positive growth trend of the demand in the world for walnuts in shell and shelled. Production in Serbia has a negative trend, although the characteristics of the soil and climate and the needs of the market lead to the conclusion that there are all the necessary conditions for the participation of the production of this fruit species to have a much larger share in the agricultural production of Serbia. With the increase in the state's role in supporting producers of this stone fruit, benefits would be multiple, from employment of the workforce and increase in exports, to environmental protection and prevention of soil erosion.

Zhiheng Xing, Guihong Bi, Tongyin Li et al.

Danshen (<i>Salvia miltiorrhiza</i>) is an herbaceous plant widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the majority of medicinal plants utilized in the US are imported, posing challenges such as fluctuations in bioactive compound concentrations and insufficient supply to meet demand. Determining the optimal plant density is a key management decision for danshen production. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different plant densities on the growth and bioactive compound content of danshen cultivated in Mississippi. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different plant densities on individual plant growth, photosynthesis, and the content of bioactive components in danshen in 2020 and 2021. Six plant densities were designed: 30 × 20 cm (between row spacing × within row spacing), 30 × 30 cm, 30 × 40 cm, 45 × 20 cm, 45 × 30 cm, or 45 × 40 cm. A plant density of 45 × 40 cm resulted in danshen plants exhibiting the highest Plant Growth Index (PGI), SPAD, root number, shoot number, shoot fresh and dry weight, maximum root diameter, maximum root length, net photosynthesis, intracellular CO₂ concentration, tanshinone I, and cryptotanshinone, regardless of year. Plants spaced at 45 × 30 cm had similar root fresh weight, root dry weight, and tanshinone IIA and salvianolic acid B levels compared with plants grown at the 45 × 40 cm spacing, and both were significantly higher than other densities.

Gabriel Chiomento da Motta, Vanelise Zortea, Janaína Rodrigues Chagas Gonzatti et al.

Objetivo: Avaliar o papel da via de administração oral ou sonda nasoenteral de Nimodipino no desfecho de vasoespasmo (em 7 e 21 dias) em pacientes internados com hemorragia subaracnóidea aneurismática (HSA), além de analisar a incidência de mortalidade nesta população. Métodos: O estudo tem delineamento de coorte retrospectiva, com dados coletados em um hospital universitário de alta complexidade de Porto Alegre. O período analisado foi janeiro de 2019 e janeiro de 2023. Foram incluídos pacientes maiores de 18 anos, com diagnóstico de HSA e que realizaram, no mínimo, 7 dias de tratamento com nimodipino internados. Resultados: Um total de 121 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo, divididos entre: 59 pacientes que utilizaram o medicamento via oral e 62 que utilizaram via sonda nasoenteral, foi identificado potencial impacto do uso da via de administração (sonda nasoenteral) no aumento da incidência corrigida de vasoespasmo em 7 dias (RR=2,35; IC 95%: 1,01 - 5,46), em 21 dias (RR=2,40; IC 95%: 1,05 - 5,46) e também como fator possível para aumento da mortalidade corrigida (RR=5,74; IC 95%: 2,10 - 15,65). Conclusões: Esse é primeiro estudo dessa natureza, no contexto brasileiro ou latinoamericano, em que se comprova com dados de desfechos clínicos o impacto da via de administração de nimodipino no desfecho de vasoespasmo e mortalidade em pacientes com HSA. Os achados indicam fatores a serem considerados na prática clínica para desfechos de pacientes e demonstram a necessidade de estudos que correlacionam farmacocinética e os desfechos para concluir a questão.

Hossein Salami, Brandye Smith-Goettler, Vijay Yadav

General purpose Large Language Models (LLM) such as the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) and Large Language Model Meta AI (LLaMA) have attracted much attention in recent years. There is strong evidence that these models can perform remarkably well in various natural language processing tasks. However, how to leverage them to approach domain-specific use cases and drive value remains an open question. In this work, we focus on a specific use case, pharmaceutical manufacturing investigations, and propose that leveraging historical records of manufacturing incidents and deviations in an organization can be beneficial for addressing and closing new cases, or de-risking new manufacturing campaigns. Using a small but diverse dataset of real manufacturing deviations selected from different product lines, we evaluate and quantify the power of three general purpose LLMs (GPT-3.5, GPT-4, and Claude-2) in performing tasks related to the above goal. In particular, (1) the ability of LLMs in automating the process of extracting specific information such as root cause of a case from unstructured data, as well as (2) the possibility of identifying similar or related deviations by performing semantic search on the database of historical records are examined. While our results point to the high accuracy of GPT-4 and Claude-2 in the information extraction task, we discuss cases of complex interplay between the apparent reasoning and hallucination behavior of LLMs as a risk factor. Furthermore, we show that semantic search on vector embedding of deviation descriptions can be used to identify similar records, such as those with a similar type of defect, with a high level of accuracy. We discuss further improvements to enhance the accuracy of similar record identification.