Hasil untuk "Organic chemistry"

L. Hammett

Ayesha Mudasser, Mubina Laghari, Aman Ullah Siddiqui et al.

Background: Salivary biomarkers are non-invasive molecules that indicate neurodegenerative illnesses, especially Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD).this study was conducted to determine the diagnostic precision of salivary proteomic and genomic biomarkers in terms of early AD and PD detection. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, web of science and Google Scholar, and studies included from 2016 to 2025. Research that examined salivary biomarkers in AD and PD was eligible. The data were analyzed with a random-effects model and odds ratios (OR), standard mean differences (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated. Also, subgroup and sensitivity analysis were performed. To assess the risk of bias, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was applied for included observational studies. Results: A total of 11 eligible studies concerning proteomic biomarkers, including amyloid-β (Aβ42, Aβ40) and alpha-synuclein total (α-synTotal)  and alpha-synuclein Oligomer (α-synOligo), and genomic biomarkers like different salivary microRNAs were included. Meta-analysis indicated that Aβ42 (OR=0.70; 95% CI: 0.41 to 1.1) and Aβ40 (OR=1.01; 95% CI: 0.97 to 1.06) had significant discriminatory potential in AD patients; but α-synOligo (SMD = 2.90; 95% CI: -0.59–6.39) and α-synTotal (SMD = 0.44; 95% CI: -3.14 to 4.02) was higher in PD patients as compared with controls. Genomic biomarkers demonstrated inconsistent findings (SMD = -0.18; 95% CI: -1.79–1.42) because of difference in microRNA types. Heterogeneity was high (I2 > 90%), which is caused by alterations in study design and in the methods to measure biomarkers. Discussion: Salivary biomarkers were found to be an insignificant yet exceptional method of early examination of AD and PD. Nonetheless, the inconsistency of different studies points to develop standardized protocols.

Negar Jafari, Ali Zolfi Gol, Venus Shahabi Rabori et al.

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute vasculitis primarily affecting children, with a potential risk of developing coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) and cardiovascular complications. The emergence of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), has provided insights into Kawasaki disease pathogenesis and opened new avenues for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, polymorphism analysis of ncRNA genes offers significant insights into genetic predisposition to Kawasaki disease, facilitating tailored treatment approaches and risk assessment to improve patient outcomes. Exosomal ncRNAs, which are ncRNAs encapsulated within extracellular vesicles, have garnered significant attention as potential biomarkers for Kawasaki disease and CAA due to their stability and accessibility in biological fluids. This review comprehensively discusses the biogenesis, components, and potential of exosomal and non-exosomal ncRNAs in Kawasaki disease diagnosis and prognosis prediction. It also highlights the roles of non-exosomal ncRNAs, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, in Kawasaki disease pathogenesis and their implications as therapeutic targets. Additionally, the review explores the current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for Kawasaki disease and emphasizes the need for further research to validate these ncRNA-based biomarkers in diverse populations and clinical settings.

Lianlian Zhang, Aniya, Shengping Xing et al.

Anthocyanins (ACNs), characterized by their polyhydroxy structures, exhibit high susceptibility to external environmental factors, which significantly limits their application in the food and industrial sectors. To enhance the stability of anthocyanins, anthocyanin nanoliposomes (ACN-NLs) were developed, with encapsulation efficiency, particle size and zeta potential serving as key evaluation parameters. Furthermore, through layer-by-layer self-assembly and electrostatic interactions, ACN-NLs were modified using synanthrin (SY) and pea protein isolate (PPI). Consequently, PPI-modified ACN-NLs (PPI-ACN-NLs) and SY-PPI-modified ACN-NLs (SY-PPI-ACN-NLs) were successfully synthesized. In this study, the structural characteristics of liposomes were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), their in vitro digestibility was evaluated, and their stability under different temperatures, light conditions, and simulated food system conditions was assessed. The results demonstrated that when the mass ratio of soybean lecithin to cholesterol, soybean lecithin to anhydrous ethanol, and drug-to-lipid ratio were set at 5:1, 3:100, and 3:10, respectively, with an ACN concentration of 4 mg/mL, a pea protein solution with pH 3.0, a PPI concentration of 10 mg/mL, and an SY concentration of 8 mg/mL, the prepared ACN-NLs, PPI-ACN-NLs, and SY-PPI-ACN-NLs exhibited optimal performance. Their respective encapsulation efficiencies were 52.59 ± 0.24%, 83.80 ± 0.43%, and 90.38 ± 0.24%; average particle sizes were 134.60 ± 0.76 nm, 213.20 ± 0.41 nm, and 246.60 ± 0.24 nm zeta potentials were −32.4 ± 0.75 mV, −27.46 ± 0.69 mV, and −16.93 ± 0.31 mV. The changes in peak shape observed via X-ray diffraction (XRD), in vitro digestion profiles, and alterations in anthocyanin release rates under different conditions collectively indicated that the modification of ACN-NLs using SY and PPI enhanced the protective effect on the ACNs, improving their biological activity, and providing a robust foundation for the practical application of ACNs.

J. Leffler

Saleema Rehman, Humaira Bilqis, Farah Deeba et al.

Background: Morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) is one of the most dreaded antenatal complications leading to massive hemorrhage, immense blood transfusion, hysterectomy, intensive care unit admission, mechanical ventilation, multi-organ failure and maternal mortality. The study aimed to determine the maternal outcome in terms of complications, interventions, and mortality in patients with MAP in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: During the study period of one year (2020-2021) a total of 68 patients with MAP were studied. Demographic profiles including age, parity, gestational age and history of previous cesarean sections were recorded. Other complications and interventions were also noted. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 23 and a t-test was applied for comparison between the two groups. p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Total number of deliveries during the study period was 20971. Among these 7183 women had a cesarian section (CS). The total number of CS done due to placenta previa was 319, out of which a total of 68(21.3%) patients were diagnosed with MAP. It was further observed that 0.6% of patients had no history of a previous uterine scar, 39.0% of patients with previous 1 scar and 80% with 4 scars (p>0.05). Peripartum hysterectomy was performed in 48.5% of patients. The complications noted were bladder injury 17.6%, ICU admission 45.5% and maternal mortality 4.4%. Conclusion: Morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) was found directly related to cesarean section (p>0.05). Appropriate measures should be taken to reduce the primary scars to reduce the incidence of repeat scars and ultimately MAP related severe maternal outcomes. Keywords: Morbidly Adherent Placenta (MAP); Caesarean Section; Placenta Previa.

Dilyara O. Mingazhetdinova, Artem S. Agarkov, Anna A. Nefedova et al.

Synthesis of <i>para</i>-carboxyhydrazinylidene, the derivative of 3-nitrophenylthiazolo[3,2-<i>a</i>]pyrimidine, was successfully performed with good yields. It was established that different types of non-covalent intermolecular interaction may influence the supramolecular motif-synthesized compound. Hydrogen- and chalcogen-bonding supramolecular driving forces collectively impacted the results of two types of the centrosymmetric racemic dimeric self-assembly in crystalline phase.

Yan Ren, Jin-Rong Gao, Shou-Meng Cai et al.

In vitro regeneration was studied to protect the rare Chinese medicinal orchid Liparis nervosa (Thunb.) Lindl. The mixtures of protocorm and seeding and the stem tip were used as explants. The results revealed that the best essential medium for L. nervosa growth was 1/3 MS medium with 25 g · L–1 sucrose, 50 g · L–1 banana puree, 40 g · L–1 mashed potato, and 1.0 g · L–1 AC (MS1); MS1 medium with 0.5 mg · L–1 BA, 0.05 mg · L–1 2,4-D, and 1.5 mg · L–1 NAA was optimal for proliferation. When stem tips were cultured in a proliferation medium, four types of proliferation occurred: basal stem cluster bud (occurring at the basal node), tiller bud (occurring at the root), protocorm-like body (occurring at the plant’s base incision), and high-position bud (occurring on plant stem nodes other than the basal nodes). Four methods produced 10.12 proliferation coefficients. In the MS1 medium with 0.5 mg · L−1 NAA, the plantlets rooted 100%, and the rooted plantlets survived 100% after domestication and transplantation.

P. Sykes

Mohammed I. Sorour, Andrew H. Marcus, Spiridoula Matsika

Accurate modeling of optical spectra requires careful treatment of the molecular structures and vibronic, environmental, and thermal contributions. The accuracy of the computational methods used to simulate absorption spectra is limited by their ability to account for all the factors that affect the spectral shapes and energetics. The ensemble-based approaches are widely used to model the absorption spectra of molecules in the condensed-phase, and their performance is system dependent. The Franck–Condon approach is suitable for simulating high resolution spectra of rigid systems, and its accuracy is limited mainly by the harmonic approximation. In this work, the absorption spectrum of the widely used cyanine Cy3 is simulated using the ensemble approach via classical and quantum sampling, as well as, the Franck–Condon approach. The factors limiting the ensemble approaches, including the sampling and force field effects, are tested, while the vertical and adiabatic harmonic approximations of the Franck–Condon approach are also systematically examined. Our results show that all the vertical methods, including the ensemble approach, are not suitable to model the absorption spectrum of Cy3, and recommend the adiabatic methods as suitable approaches for the modeling of spectra with strong vibronic contributions. We find that the thermal effects, the low frequency modes, and the simultaneous vibrational excitations have prominent contributions to the Cy3 spectrum. The inclusion of the solvent stabilizes the energetics significantly, while its negligible effect on the spectral shapes aligns well with the experimental observations.

Griselda Valenzuela-Ortiz, Soila Maribel Gaxiola-Camacho, Cesar San-Martín-Hernández et al.

In Mexico, the mango crop is affected by anthracnose caused by <i>Colletotrichum</i> species. In the search for environmentally friendly fungicides, chitosan has shown antifungal activity. Therefore, fungal isolates were obtained from plant tissue with anthracnose symptoms from the state of Guerrero in Mexico and identified with the ITS and β-Tub₂ genetic markers. Isolates of the <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> complex were again identified with the markers ITS, Act, β-Tub₂, GADPH, CHS-1, CaM, and ApMat. Commercial chitosan (Aldrich, lot # STBF3282V) was characterized, and its antifungal activity was evaluated on the radial growth of the fungal isolates. The isolated anthracnose-causing species were <i>C. chrysophilum</i>, <i>C. fructicola</i>, <i>C. siamense</i>, and <i>C. musae</i>. Other fungi found were <i>Alternaria</i> sp., <i>Alternaria tenuissima</i>, <i>Fusarium</i> sp., <i>Pestalotiopsis</i> sp., <i>Curvularia lunata</i>, <i>Diaporthe pseudomangiferae</i>, and <i>Epicoccum nigrum</i>. Chitosan showed 78% deacetylation degree and a molecular weight of 32 kDa. Most of the <i>Colletotrichum</i> species and the other identified fungi were susceptible to 1 g L⁻¹ chitosan. However, two <i>C. fructicola</i> isolates were less susceptible to chitosan. Although chitosan has antifungal activity, the interactions between species of the <i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides</i> complex and their effect on chitosan susceptibility should be studied based on genomic changes with molecular evidence.

Xiaolong Zhang, Shilei Jin, Yuhan Zhang et al.

In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-supported noble metal (gold, silver, and platinum) nanoparticle catalysts were prepared via the one-pot facile co-reduction technique. Various measurement techniques were used to investigate the structures and properties of the catalysts. The relative intensity ratios of <i>I_D/I_G</i> in rGO/Au, rGO/Ag, rGO/Pt, and GO were 1.106, 1.078, 1.047, and 0.863, respectively. The results showed the formation of rGO and that noble metal nanoparticles were decorated on rGO. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of the designed nanocomposites were investigated via 4-nitrophenol. The catalysts were used in 4-nitrophenol reduction. The catalytic performance of the catalysts was evaluated using the apparent rate constant k values. The k value of rGO/Au was 0.618 min⁻¹, which was higher than those of rGO/Ag (0.55 min⁻¹) and rGO/Pt (0.038 min⁻¹). The result proved that the rGO/Au catalyst exhibited a higher catalytic performance than the rGO/Ag catalyst and the rGO/Pt catalyst. The results provide a facile method for the synthesis of rGO-supported nanomaterials in catalysis.

Priyanka Singh, Santosh Pandit, VRSS Mokkapati et al.

The use of bacteria as nanofactories for the green synthesis of nanoparticles is considered a sustainable approach, owing to the stability, biocompatibility, high yields and facile synthesis of nanoparticles. The green synthesis provides the coating or capping of biomolecules on nanoparticles surface, which confer their biological activity. In this study, we report green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by an environmental isolate; named as AgNPs1, which showed 100% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with <i>Solibacillus isronensis.</i> UV/visible analysis (UV/Vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The stable nature of nanoparticles was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Further, these nanoparticles were tested for biofilm inhibition against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. The AgNPs showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 3.12 µg/mL and 6.25 µg/mL for <i>E. coli</i>, and 1.56 µg/mL and 3.12 µg/mL for <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, respectively.

M. A. McClinton, D. McClinton

Xiaoshuang Wei, Xu Li, Wei Yan et al.

Background/Aims: SKP2 overexpression has been associated with poor prognosis in numerous cancers. The mechanisms of autophagy in the tumor pathogenesis have been a research focus recently. How the SKP2 involved in autophagy expresses oncogenic characteristics, especially in HCC, are largely unclear. Methods: The expression of SKP2 was detected by qPCR, Western blot, Immunohistochemical (IHC) and Immunofluorescence (IF) techniques. SKP2 was knocked down or overexpressed by lentivirus transfection in HCC cells. Functional assays such as CCK8 assays, transwell migration and invasion assays, and colony formation assays were performed to determine the role of SKP2 in HCC. Furthermore, autophagy was induced by glucose deprivation in HCC cells followed by monitoring of the levels and distributions of SKP2, CARM1 and AMPK. Results: Our data showed that SKP2 levels were significantly increased in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues rather than corresponding normal liver tissues, and augmented SKP2 levels were statistically correlated with tumor grade, size and metastases. By up-regulation or down-regulation of SKP2 in HCC cells, we confirmed that SKP2 encourages proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation. We then found that SKP2 was inhibited, CARM1 increased and AMPKα2 became activated in the nucleus under glucose deprivation induced autophagy. Moreover, we discovered that SKP2 was repressing CARM1 in the nucleus under nutrient-sufficient conditions in HCC. Conclusions: We show that SKP2 promotes HCC progression and its nuclear functions of autophagy induction with CARM1 and AMPK, which may provide a potential target for HCC therapy.

J. F. T.

H. Kagan

S. Schreiber

M. Reetz, A. Zonta, K. Schimossek et al.

H. Schneider, H. Dürr