Artykuł przedstawia potencjalny negatywny wpływ środowiska oddziału intensywnej terapii noworodka (OITN) na rozwój dziecka urodzonego w fizjologicznym terminie, wymagającego hospitalizacji z powodu wystąpienia wrodzonej wady serca lub wady przewodu pokarmowego. Główne czynniki, które mogą przyczyniać się do wystąpienia zaburzeń w rozwoju dziecka, to stres, hałas, ból związany z procedurami medycznymi, izolacja od rodziców oraz różnorodność niefizjologicznych doświadczeń sensorycznych. Ogromny postęp, jaki dokonał się w ostatnich 25 latach w leczeniu chirurgicznym oraz opiece okołooperacyjnej nad niemowlętami, przyczynił się do konieczności coraz dłuższego pobytu dziecka w oddziale intensywnej terapii. Dlatego tak ważne jest podejmowanie działań z zakresu wczesnej interwencji terapeutycznej już na etapie pobytu noworodka w oddziale neonatologicznym, aby minimalizować wpływ negatywnych czynników, mogących przyczyniać się do wystąpienia nieprawidłowości rozwojowych u dziecka. Istotne również jest rozumienie przez logopedę historii medycznej dziecka, w celu wyodrębnienia tych obszarów rozwojowych, które w największy sposób wymagają wsparcia.
Considering possible impediments to authentic interactions with machines, this study explores contributors to robophobia from the potential dual influence of technological features and individual traits. Through a 2 x 2 x 3 online experiment, a robot’s physical human-likeness, gender, and status were manipulated and individual differences in robot beliefs and personality traits were measured. The effects of robot traits on phobia were non-significant. Overall, subjective beliefs about what robots are, cultivated by media portrayals, whether they threaten human identity, are moral, and have agency were the strongest predictors of robophobia. Those with higher internal locus of control and neuroticism, and lower perceived technology competence, showed more robophobia. Implications for the socio-technical aspects of robots’ integration in work and society are discussed.
This review paper provides a conceptualization of AI-assisted content moderation with various degrees of autonomy and summarizes experimental evidence for how different levels of automation in content moderation and related losses of autonomy affect individuals and groups. Our results show that current research predominantly focuses on individual-level effects, necessitating a shift toward understanding the impact on groups. The study highlights gaps in exploring different levels of AI-assisted moderation interventions and misalignments of different conceptualizations that make comparing research results difficult. The discussion underscores the prevailing emphasis on harmful content removal and advocates for investigating more constructive moderation techniques, emphasizing the potential of AI in fostering normative, higher-level outcomes.
Articolele cuprinse în numărul ii al revistei române de terapia tulburărilor de limbaj și comunicare-RRTTLC din anul 2023 sunt, atât rezultatul cercetărilor întreprinse de specialiști consacrați în domeniul logopediei din țara noastră, cât și rezultatul cercetărilor masteranzilor din cadrul programului de masterat terapia limbajului și audiologie educațională, program susținut la nivelul Departamentului de Psihopedagogie Specială, Facultatea de Psihologie Și Științe Ale Educației, Universitatea BabeșBolyai, Cluj-Napoca.
Purpose. The purpose of this study was to outline the variable markers of the individual linguistic awareness/consciousness development in the conditions of artificial bilingualism.
Methods. The main method of the study was the method of selective observation with the fixation of markers of the linguistic awareness development and qualitative indicators of respondents' mastery of English as a foreign language in the artificial bilingualism conditions. Potential standards of passive-mechanical (imitation) and active (cognitive-communicative) models of artificial bilingualism were used for comparison. Markers of the respondents’ linguistic awareness were subject to monitoring: language knowledge, culture and speaking skills (at a level sufficient for formulating and expressing thoughts in the process of interpersonal communication in a foreign language), manifestations of language socialization (mastering the norms of listening, perceiving and speaking in a foreign language at a level sufficient for communication and coordination of semantic codes of communication subjects).The obtained data were subjected to content analysis, which made it possible to evaluate the markers of the development of the respondents’ linguistic awareness in the artificial bilingualism conditions and to reveal the level of using a foreign language in communication. In order to statistically confirm the significance of the obtained data, the method of one-factor variance analysis (Fisher’s φ-criterion) was used. A multidimensional procedure of cluster analysis (K-means clustering) was also used, which made it possible to distinguish subsets of the levels of the linguistic awareness development among the respondents of the research project.
Results. The results of the data analysis of the research project proved that the differences between the experimental and control groups of junior high school students in identifying markers of linguistic awareness are reliably significant relative to individual predictors of the logical ordering of speech-thinking dimensions of language awareness (at p ≤ 0.05).Respondents of the experimental group demonstrate better results in listening, understanding the content of oral expression in a familiar everyday context and in communicative competences. The dominance of markers of an average level of linguistic awareness development among younger schoolchildren was also recorded.
Conclusions. In the realities of permanent transformations of the modern information society, bilingualism appears as a predictor of foreign language mastery at a level sufficient for communication and exchange of ideas with other subjects of linguistic activity. Language (and foreign language in particular) is not only a communication tool, but also a way of perceiving, organizing and encoding (or decoding) the surrounding reality. In this context, linguistic awareness is interpreted as an invariant of possible schemes of mastering reality, which is most suitable for the purposes of communication between people. The analysis of markers of the junior high school students’ linguistic awareness development proved that when an active (cognitive-communicative) model of artificial bilingualism is implemented, the respondents demonstrate statistically better results in listening, understanding the content of oral expression in a familiar everyday context and in identifying communicative competences.
Wearing a facemask impacts oral communication as it is both a barrier to the acoustic signal and occludes nonverbal cues such as lip movements and facial expressions. However, while past studies have suggested that these factors do not cause significant impediments to comprehension among speakers of the same first language, the current study investigates the impact facemasks have in the context of second language learners. N = 192 participants were divided into three groups of n = 64 and asked to listen to an 89 s speech. To isolate the effects of visual cues on listening comprehension, the same audio recording was used for all experimental groups. Condition One was a video of a speaker with no mask. Condition Two was a video of the same speaker wearing a mask. Condition Three was an audio recording. The significant finding was that participants in the second (masked) condition scored significantly lower on subsequent comprehension quizzes than the other two. Implications to language instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic will be discussed.
Resumen: El pliego nº 1066 del Nuevo Diccionario bibliográfico de pliegos sueltos poéticos (s. XVI) contiene un conjunto de villancicos tradicionales y corteses con una larga tradición bibliográfica, desde el Cancionero de Juan del Encina y los cancioneros musicales de la primera mitad de siglo XVI hasta los cancioneros impresos y manuscritos de la primera parte del siglo XVII. El análisis demuestra que nos hallamos ante el corpus de poesía cortesana de moda que se cantaba y leía entre las clases letradas de la época, coincidiendo con la eclosión del petrarquismo.
Oral communication. Speech, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature
Mieke Kooi-van Es, C. Erasmus, B. D. de Swart
et al.
Background: Dysphagia and dysarthria are frequently described in pediatric neuromuscular diseases (pNMD). The consequences can be substantial: failure to thrive, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia, or communication problems. Early detection and identification of risk factors and etiology support preventing complications and morbidity, including impact on quality of life. Information about the prevalence of dysphagia and dysarthria in pNMD is scarce. Objective: To describe the pooled prevalence of dysphagia and dysarthria in pNMD in the Netherlands. In addition, we describe the prevalence of dysphagia and dysarthria each, and the prevalence of chewing (oral) and swallowing problems per diagnostic group, based on their anatomic origin. Methods: Data were collected from 295 children (mean age 11;0 years, range 2;6–18;0) with pNMD in 12 hospitals and rehabilitation centers in the Netherlands. A speech language therapist established whether dysphagia and dysarthria were present or not. Results: In almost all the 14 diagnostic groups of pNMD, dysphagia and dysarthria were present. Pooled overall prevalence of dysphagia and dysarthria was 47.2% and 31.5%, respectively. Of 114 children with dysphagia, 90.0% had chewing problems, 43.0% showed swallowing problems and 33.3% showed both chewing and swallowing problems. Conclusions: The overall pooled prevalence of dysphagia and dysarthria was high in the population of pNMD. It can be argued that periodic monitoring of dysphagia and dysarthria and early referral to a speech language therapist should be a necessity from the start of the diagnosis in the whole pNMD population.
Qualitative corpus analysis is a methodology for pursuing in-depth investigations of linguistic phenomena, as grounded in the context of authentic, communicative situations that are digitally stored as language corpora and made available for access, retrieval, and analysis via computer. Researchers using qualitative corpus analysis as the methodological basis for their investigations adopt an exploratory, inductive approach to empirically based study of how the meanings and functions of linguistic forms found in the corpus interact with diverse ecological characteristics of language used for communication (speaker age, gender, level of education, and socioeconomic background; place and time of a communicative event; relationship between interlocutors; speech modality; etc.). A common belief shared by all corpus linguists is that it is important to base linguistic investigations on “real data,” that is, actual instances of oral or written communication as opposed to contrived or “made-up” data. Unique goals of qualitative corpus analysis include facilitating computer-aided retrieval of authentic examples of the language phenomena under investigation, interpreting these empirical data in depth, and applying the ensuing insights to a broad range of intellectual explorations in language studies. This entry summarizes the evolution of the field, outlines the methodological foundations and principles of qualitative corpus analysis, and enumerates major areas of application of the methodology. Keywords: methods; research methods in applied linguistics; corpus
Background: Hearing conservation programmes (HCPs) are an important aspect of occupational health efforts to prevent occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL). In low- and middle income (LAMI) countries, where the incidence of ONIHL is significant, it is important to deliberate on the risk or benefit of HCPs.
Objectives: This article is an attempt at highlighting important strategic indicators as well as important variables that the occupational health and audiology community need to consider to plan efficacious HCPs within the South African mining context.
Method: The current arguments are presented in the form of a viewpoint publication.
Results: Occupational audiology vigilance in the form of engagement with HCPs in the mining industry has been limited within the South African research and clinical communities. When occupational audiology occurs, it is conducted by mid-level workers and paraprofessionals; and it is non-systematic, non-comprehensive and non-strategic. This is compounded by the current, unclear externally enforced accountability by several bodies, including the mining industry regulating body, with silent and/or peripheral regulation by the Health Professions Council of South Africa and the Department of Health. The lack of involvement of audiologists in the risk or benefit evaluation of HCPs during their development and monitoring process, as well as their limited involvement in the development of policies and regulations concerning ear health and safety within this population are probable reasons for this.
Conclusions: Increased functioning of the regulatory body towards making the employers accountable for the elimination of ONIHL, and a more central and prominent role for audiologists in HCPs, are strongly argued for.
ABSTRACT This exploratory study examines the role virtual reality can play in student speech practice for oral communication courses. The study focuses on situational communication apprehension of the virtual reality practice session in relation to students who practice face-to-face and the final grade of the subsequent speech. Test and control groups practiced their informative speech presentations for either another student or in a virtual environment. Both the test and control groups filled out the Situational Communication Apprehension Measure after their session. Student grades were also collected for participants in each group after their in-class speech presentation. The test group (virtual reality practice) was found to have significantly higher situational communication apprehension than the control group. No significant difference was found for final speech grades between the test and control groups. The significance and implications of these finding are discussed as they related to public-speaking education.
OBJECTIVES Cochlear implants (CI) have enabled an increasing proportion of deaf children to develop oral communication. Despite the well-known benefits of bilateral implantation, many of these children and teenagers have only a unilateral implant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of sequential bilateral CI and the influence of relevant factors on outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS A single-center retrospective study included 109 children and adolescents who received a second sequential CI between 2008 and 2016. Subjects were evaluated before sequential implantation and subsequently at 3, 12 and 24 months, on Speech Intelligibility Rating and speech perception tests: Categories of Auditory Performance, word and sentence recognition in silence and in noise. The influence of inter-implant interval and performance with the first CI were analyzed. RESULTS In the majority of patients, sequential CI provided significant improvement in speech and intelligibility perception. These benefits were seen not only for short but also for long inter-implant intervals. Some subjects with poor performance with their first implant showed significant progression after sequential bilateral implantation. CONCLUSION In view of the benefits of sequential bilateral CI, we suggest that a second CI should be proposed to all unilaterally implanted children and adolescents, regardless of inter-implant interval and initial performance with the first CI. Further studies need to be conducted to identify prognostic factors for success in sequential contralateral implantation.
Hybrid new word formations recorded in the oral conversational speech of residents of the Volgograd region, caused by contacts with foreign people are analyzed in the article. The method of eco-linguistic monitoring is used. The study provides data on the structure and dynamics of the Volgograd region population, migration processes that affect the language situation in the region. The methodology and results of the studies, aimed at fixing hybrid lexical units in the oral speech of the Russian-speaking population are described. The authors identify the main types of spoken word formation in a multilingual environment (affixation, truncation, echo construction). The processes associated with elements of hybridization of colloquial word formation are established. It is noted that the emergence of words-hybrids, the formation of new synonymic rows due to the convergence of new hybrid formations with direct borrowings from non-sister languages, as well as with Russian-speaking dialectic, jargon lexemes is typical for the oral speech of the inhabitants of the region involved in multilingual communication. The appearance of homonymous formations is noted due to the phonetic coincidence of the words-hybrids with extraliterary lexical units and borrowings from other non-sister languages. The emergence of of hybrid formations new values, which are explained by the processes of semantic expansion, is fixed.
Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages
Background: Orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) who grow up in institutional care often show communication and language problems. The caregivers lack training, and there are few language didactics programmes aimed at supporting communication and language development in OVC in institutional care in Tanzania.
Objectives: The purpose of the study was to adapt the German concept of relational communication therapy (RCT) as a support to language development in a Tanzanian early childhood education context in a culturally sensitive way. Following the adaptation of the concept, a training programme for Tanzanian caregiver students was developed to compare their competencies in language didactics before and after training.
Methods: A convergent mixed methods design was used to examine changes following training in 12 participating caregiver students in a Tanzanian orphanage. The competencies in relational language didactics were assessed by a self-developed test and video recordings before and after intervention. Based on the results, we drew conclusions regarding necessary modifications to the training modules and to the concept of RCT.
Results: The relational didactics competencies of the caregiver students improved significantly following their training. A detailed analysis of the four training modules showed that the improvement in relational didactics competencies varied depending on the topic and the teacher.
Conclusion: The results provide essential hints for the professionalisation of caregivers and for using the concept of RCT for OVC in institutional care in Tanzania. Training programmes and concepts should not just be transferred across different cultures, disciplines and settings; they must be adapted to the specific cultural setting.
The article is issued in the form of dialogue. The subject of consideration is the problem of interpretation. The dialogue begins with a question about the possibility of a single correct interpretation of the text. The article defends the view that the possibility of unambiguous interpretation determined by the original characteristics of the text. The distinction between oral and written language is presented as a fundamental feature of any discourse. Also considers the role of the addressee in the communication. The addressee is regarded as a connecting link between speech and being. The texts differ in their possible connection with the notion of being. Because of this there is the opportunity to ask the ontological dimension of interpretation. Written text is presented as the mediator of the transcendental. Understanding and interpretation are presented as constituting of the view of the world.
History of scholarship and learning. The humanities, Philosophy (General)
ABSTRACT: This paper seeks to highlight the traditional lyrical genre known as Chilean, who will sing and dance mostly in the Mexican’s Mixteca region. I will focus on the analysis of the ‘verses of the Earth’, as he calls them Margit Frenk, as I feel that these characterize the genre, based on a corpus of more than a hundred chilean. In addition, these verses will give an account of the culture of the inhabitants of the region.
RESUMEN: El presente trabajo pretende dar a conocer el género lírico tradicional conocido como chilena, que se canta y baila sobre todo en la región mexicana de la Mixteca. Me centraré en el análisis de las ‘coplas de la tierra’, como las llama Margit Frenk, pues considero que éstas caracterizan al género, a partir de un corpus de más de cien chilenas. Asimismo, dichas coplas van a dar cuenta de la cultura de los habitantes de la región.
Oral communication. Speech, French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature