Hasil untuk "Military Science"

Anthony Feijó-Añazco, Antonio López Martínez, Daniel Díaz-López et al.

The development of technology across multiple sectors and the growing importance of cyber warfare make the development of Cyber Situational Awareness (CSA) a fundamental component of any cyber defense strategy. CSA, as a practice, enables understanding of the current landscape within an organization or critical infrastructure, anticipating potential threats, and responding appropriately to cyber risks. With CSA, we are not simply seeking a passive point of view, but rather informed decision-making that allows us to improve response times and monitor the consequences and effects an attack has on one of our elements and how it will affect other elements it interacts with. In this paper, we review 5 CSA platforms, seeking differentiating characteristics between each proposal and outlining 6 proposed criteria that can be applied when creating a military smart CSA platform. To this end, we have validated the proposed criteria in CRUSOE, an open-source CSA platform developed by CSIRT-MU. After applying some modifications and experiments, it turned out to be applicable to this field.

Jorge Martinez-Palomera, Amy Tuson, TESS Science Support Center

3I/ATLAS is the third known interstellar object to pass through our Solar System. NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) made dedicated observations of 3I/ATLAS between 15 -- 22 January 2026 (Sector 1751), capturing high-cadence observations at 200s and 20s cadence. We present two High Level Science Products (HLSPs): (1) comet-centered image time series, corrected for background scattered light and stars; and (2) aperture light curves extracted from the corrected images. We created these data products using the official TESS products and they are publicly available at the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST). TESS's high-precision, near-continuous photometry will provide unique insights into the comet's activity following its closest approach to the Sun. The TESS Science Support Center (TSSC) has created these data products to facilitate scientific analyses by the TESS and Solar System communities.

Ahmet Görgen, Can Saygıner

Deepfake technology has become a powerful tool in shaping media narratives and public perception, particularly in the realm of political discourse. This study analyzes the impact of deepfake videos on media agenda-setting and national security, using the case study of a deepfake video featuring German Chancellor Olaf Scholz announcing a ban on the far-right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). Through a qualitative content analysis of eight major German media outlets, the study identifies the frames used in reporting on the video, its ethical and political implications, and the role of the media in curbing misinformation. The findings reveal that while the coverage successfully debunked the deepfake, it also sparked discussions about the potential for AI-generated content to influence political discourse and undermine democratic integrity. By examining this case, the study contributes to ongoing discussions about the intersection of AI, media credibility, and political communication. Furthermore, it highlights the risks that deepfake technology poses not only to media and political communication but also to national security. This research helps to understand how deepfake content has the potential to legitimize narratives and outlines the need for a more systemic response towards addressing the threats posed by synthetic content in the digital ecosystem.

Saleh Alrajhi, Ayman Afify Konswa, Nisreen Alhamdi et al.

Background and importanceLifestyle choices and practices are often the primary contributors to most preventable chronic diseases encountered in both outpatient and inpatient settings worldwide. Lifestyle medicine (LM) therapeutic interventions have consistently been shown through numerous scientific studies to improve and, in many cases, reverse chronic diseases. Globally, there is widespread acceptance of the 15 core competencies, 6 pillars, and the overarching definition of Lifestyle Medicine (LM) established by the American College of Lifestyle Medicine and its partners. While these 6 pillars provide a robust framework, they may not fully address the diverse needs of individuals and populations across various cultures, countries, and communities. The implementation of LM is inherently context-sensitive, influenced by factors such as local legislation, culinary traditions, food availability, economic conditions, agricultural development, whole-food retail accessibility, healthcare infrastructure, training opportunities, community resources, and faith or religious practices at both the individual and community levels. Furthermore, the MENA region, in particular, experiences a disproportionately high prevalence of lifestyle-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), coronary artery disease (CAD), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and various forms of cancer, along with other related syndromes and co-morbid conditions. Addressing these challenges requires careful consideration of the local context—a complex interplay of culture, traditions, beliefs, and behaviors—that significantly shapes lifestyle choices, resource availability, and their subsequent impact on health and wellness outcomes. Significantly, the Hail Lifestyle Medicine International Conferences held in 2022 and 2023 have emphasized the strategic importance of Lifestyle Medicine in the MENA region, particularly in Saudi Arabia. These conferences underscored the need to define the scope of practice for Lifestyle Medicine in alignment with the ongoing Saudi healthcare transformation, the region's unique societal features, available local resources, and the specific needs of the population. Furthermore, these conferences served as pivotal platforms for convening experts, facilitating knowledge exchange, and fostering collaborations to tackle the distinct health challenges prevalent in the region. To provide a more comprehensive understanding, information regarding the establishment of the technical working group for the MENA region—critical to conceptualizing and adapting the LM pillars—should be included in the background or methods section earlier in the paper. This addition would offer readers insights into the foundational steps and collaborative efforts that initially shaped the initiative.Establishment of the technical working group for the MENA regionIn response to the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and the pressing need for a tailored approach to Lifestyle Medicine (LM) in the MENA region, a Technical Working Group (TWG) was established. The initiative sought to adapt the six pillars of LM to align with the region's unique cultural, economic, and social contexts. The TWG comprised experts from various disciplines, including family medicine, preventive medicine, public health, nutrition, and related fields, ensuring diverse perspectives and expertise in primary care and lifestyle interventions. The concept of adopting expanded LM pillars was initially formulated during a series of international and regional conferences, notably the Hail Lifestyle Medicine International Conferences held in 2022 and 2023. These conferences highlighted the urgent need for a region-specific approach to mitigate the high prevalence of lifestyle-related NCDs in the MENA region. The TWG was tasked with conducting a comprehensive review of the existing LM pillars while taking into account critical factors such as local legislation, culinary traditions, food resources, economic conditions, and health systems infrastructure. To achieve expert consensus on the adapted LM pillars, the Delphi process was employed. This structured communication method involved several rounds of anonymous questionnaires, enabling experts to provide their input and refine their responses based on collective feedback. The process ensured a balanced, inclusive approach that minimized potential power imbalances and produced LM pillars tailored to the MENA region's specific needs.MethodsA survey was distributed to professional group panels representing multiple healthcare specialties, as well as to researchers and healthcare academic leaders of Lifestyle Medicine (LM) across Saudi Arabia and the broader Middle East. A Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis was conducted, and the Delphi method was employed for structured communication and opinion formation. Using the nominal polling technique, formal responses were collected to develop an official written consensus position statement. The survey questions were validated and approved by an expert panel before being disseminated to the national Lifestyle Medicine group via WhatsApp for voting. Participants were asked to select one of three options: retain the American LM pillars, expand to the newly validated Saudi Arabian (MENA) LM pillars, or abstain from voting (neutral).Conclusions and relevanceOut of 815 members in the national Lifestyle Medicine (LM) group, 136 responses were received, while 679 members abstained from voting, indicating neutrality. Among the 136 votes, 36 supported retaining the LM pillars developed by the American College of Lifestyle Medicine AMCL and its partners without modifications. In contrast, 118 voted in favor of the newly developed MENA/Saudi Arabian pillars, acknowledging the need to address local healthcare needs that extend beyond traditional or classical medicine. The new pillars incorporated motor vehicle driving disturbances as a leading modifiable lifestyle factor contributing to death and disability in the region. Additionally, the impact of smart technology, particularly mobile phones and other devices, was recognized as a key contributor to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), which significantly increase mortality and disability rates. Further, the new pillars emphasized emotional and mental health, spirituality, and sexuality, driven by the growing demand for comprehensive mental and emotional healthcare combined with faith-based and spiritual empowerment. Finaly, the inclusion of sexuality as a pillar was prompted by rapid societal changes, the rising prevalence of risky sexual behaviors, and the increased incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). These challenges, coupled with the ambiguity surrounding who should manage such patients and the need for timely access to care, highlighted amajor gap in addressing this critical aspect of human health and quality of life. This addition ensures that LM physicians can provide appropriate care to close the gap in services related to sexual health.

Zoia Malik

Somalia has faced prolonged instability for over three decades, ranking among the least peaceful nations in the Global Peace Index 2024. This essay examines the origins and dynamics of the Somali conflict, analyzing its historical, political, economic, and social dimensions. Rooted in colonial legacies and clan-based divisions, the conflict intensified under Siad Barre’s authoritarian regime and escalated into civil war following his ousting in 1991. The rise of militant groups like Al-Shabaab, external interventions, and weak governance have further complicated peace efforts. Somalia remains deeply affected by militarization, human displacement, terrorism, and transnational crime, with its economic and social structures in turmoil. Despite some improvements in security indicators, such as a lower terrorism ranking, fundamental challenges persist. The study employs the GPI framework to assess Somalia’s conflict trajectory, highlighting the need for sustained peacebuilding measures. Achieving lasting stability requires addressing both direct violence and structural inequalities to foster national unity and governance reform.

Alexandria Smith, Laura Rafferty, Bethany Croak et al.

<h4>Background</h4>The military-to-civilian transition can be a challenging period for many service members; however, recent research suggests that female ex-service personnel (veterans) confront additional complexities during reintegration into civilian life. This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesise findings across qualitative studies exploring the impact of gender on this transition process.<h4>Methods</h4>Peer-reviewed literature was drawn from a multi-database search, limited to qualitative studies. The studies included either female veterans or both male and female veterans aged 18 years or older who had previously served in the Armed Forces within the Five Eyes (FVEY) countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States). We used a Framework Analysis approach to guide the synthesis of the qualitative data. An assessment of study quality was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Qualitative Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Studies. The study protocol is registered with the Open Science Framework (registration: osf.io/5stuj).<h4>Results</h4>In total, 10,113 articles were screened after the removal of duplicates, 161 underwent full-text review, with 19 meeting the eligibility criteria. The review identified eleven themes split across individual's experience whilst serving and after transitioning out of the military service. Both male and female veterans discussed a period of acculturation when they joined service and adapted to military norms, culture and identity. Female veterans faced additional challenges at this stage centred on the conflict between feminine norms and the military masculine ideal. Upon leaving service both male and female veterans experienced a loss of military identity and purpose, and dissonance with civilian norms illustrating a military-civilian divide. For female veterans, adjustments and adaptations learned in the military clashed with civilian feminine norms and stereotypically male veteran culture. Female veterans also struggled with the legacies of gender inequality, discrimination, and sexual assault which affected their development of a female veteran identity and affected the provision of services designed to meet their needs as a female. Despite these challenges, female veterans' expressed pride in their service and accomplishments.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Any effort to improve the military-to-civilian transition should take account of the legacy of gender discrimination, especially within the military service, and the potential mismatch between historical civilian female norms and the more traditionally masculine norms of military life.<h4>Disclosures</h4>This project was supported by a grant from the Forces in Mind Trust (FiMT) 2202.

Andres Eduardo Fernandez-Osorio, Germán Silva-García, Christian Acevedo-Navas et al.

Este editorial explora la compleja y evolutiva relación entre el derecho, la paz y las fuerzas armadas en el contexto moderno. Analiza cómo las amenazas cambiantes a la seguridad, las aspiraciones de paz y la necesidad de legitimidad jurídica reconfiguran constantemente este nexo fundamental, especialmente en países afectados por conflictos. Se discuten los roles ampliados de las fuerzas armadas más allá de la defensa tradicional, incluyendo operaciones de paz, estabilización y respuesta a emergencias civiles. El texto subraya la importancia crítica del cumplimiento del Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH), el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos (DIDH) y los marcos legales nacionales para la legitimidad y eficacia operativa, argumentando que el respeto a la ley es esencial para lograr una paz sostenible.

Shiruo Hu, Wenbo Shan, Yingjia Li et al.

Hydro-Science and Engineering (Hydro-SE) is a critical and irreplaceable domain that secures human water supply, generates clean hydropower energy, and mitigates flood and drought disasters. Featuring multiple engineering objectives, Hydro-SE is an inherently interdisciplinary domain that integrates scientific knowledge with engineering expertise. This integration necessitates extensive expert collaboration in decision-making, which poses difficulties for intelligence. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), their potential application in the Hydro-SE domain is being increasingly explored. However, the knowledge and application abilities of LLMs in Hydro-SE have not been sufficiently evaluated. To address this issue, we propose the Hydro-SE LLM evaluation benchmark (Hydro-SE Bench), which contains 4,000 multiple-choice questions. Hydro-SE Bench covers nine subfields and enables evaluation of LLMs in aspects of basic conceptual knowledge, engineering application ability, and reasoning and calculation ability. The evaluation results on Hydro-SE Bench show that the accuracy values vary among 0.74 to 0.80 for commercial LLMs, and among 0.41 to 0.68 for small-parameter LLMs. While LLMs perform well in subfields closely related to natural and physical sciences, they struggle with domain-specific knowledge such as industry standards and hydraulic structures. Model scaling mainly improves reasoning and calculation abilities, but there is still great potential for LLMs to better handle problems in practical engineering application. This study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of LLMs for Hydro-SE tasks, providing model developers with clear training targets and Hydro-SE researchers with practical guidance for applying LLMs.

Mofleh Alsulami

تهدف الدراسة إلى التعرف على دور المدخل الإداري في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص من خلال تطبيق إدارة المعرفة نموذجًا، واستخدم الباحث المنهج التحليلي المسحي، والاستبانة كأداة للدراسة؛ حيث تم اختيار عينة عشوائية بسيطة عددها (344) عاملًا من العاملين في مجال مكافحة الاتجار بالبشر من منسوبي وزارة الموارد البشرية والشؤون الاجتماعية لتطبيق هذه الدراسة، ولقد توصلت الدراسة إلى عدة نتائج من أبرزها: - أن دور إدارة المعرفة الصريحة في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص كان مرتفعًا جدًا. - أن دور إدارة المعرفة الضمنية في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص كان مرتفعًا. - أن دور تطبيقات نظم إدارة المعرفة في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص كان مرتفعًا. - أن من أبرز تحديات إدارة المعرفة في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص ارتفاعًا وجود إجراءات أمنية معقدة، تهدف إلى الحفاظ على سرية المعلومات والمعارف، وأوصت الدراسة بعدة توصيات من أهمها: أن توضع إستراتيجية وطنية لتحويل جميع الخبرات والمعارف الضمنية في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص إلى معارف صريحة، وأن تكون الثقافة التنظيمية محفزة ومعززة للاستفادة القصوى من المعرفة الصريحة والضمنية ومشاركتها مع ربط ذلك بنظام للحوافز يرتبط بممارسات وأنشطة إدارة المعرفة، وأن يتم العمل على إيجاد بيئة تفاعلية لإدارة المعرفة ونقلها وتخزينها للاستفادة منها في عمليات الابتكار والإبداع في مكافحة الاتجار بالأشخاص.

Emma Johanna Puranen, Emily Finer, Christiane Helling et al.

Interest in science fiction's (SF's) potential science communication use is hindered by concerns about SF misrepresenting science. This study addresses these concerns by asking how SF media reflects scientific findings in exoplanet science. A database of SF exoplanets was analysed using a Bayesian network to find interconnected interactions between planetary characterisation features and literary data. Results reveal SF exoplanets designed after the discovery of real exoplanets are less Earth-like, providing statistical evidence that SF incorporates rapidly-evolving science. Understanding SF's portrayal of science is crucial for its potential use in science communication.

Luca Pappalardo, Ed Manley, Vedran Sekara et al.

We provide a brief review of human mobility science and present three key areas where we expect to see substantial advancements. We start from the mind and discuss the need to better understand how spatial cognition shapes mobility patterns. We then move to societies and argue the importance of better understanding new forms of transportation. We conclude by discussing how algorithms shape mobility behaviour and provide useful tools for modellers. Finally, we discuss how progress in these research directions may help us address some of the challenges our society faces today.

Chloe Bridge

This article considers the role of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation’s (NATO) air power and its relative importance in ending the armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1995. A diverse range of air power capabilities were used, but journalistic and academic discourse focuses on the short intense bombing campaign under Operation Deliberate Force, because within weeks, and after three years of failed negotiations, leaders declared peace in December 1995 under the Dayton Accords. However, ‘air power for peace’ and its strategic effect should always be contextualised. This article considers the importance of NATO air power within an economic, military, political, and diplomatic framework to examine why fighting stopped in December 1995. It determines that NATO air power was significant but was set against a background of contemporaneous activities and events that were arguably of equal importance to the ceasing of hostilities.

Liangyu Yin, Jiuwei Cui, Xin Lin et al.

Nenad M. Miloradović, Goran M. Vukadinović

Introduction/purpose: The first industrial revolution used the power of steam and water for the mechanization of manufacturing. The second one used electricity for mass production. The third one used electronics and information technologies for the automation of production, while the fourth industrial revolution aims to enable erasing of the boundaries between the physical, digital and biological spheres in order to reach smart automation and increase the interconnection of system elements. Thus, previous industrial revolutions changed the way we work, the next one is changing the way we think. Our generation is privileged of being a contemporary of tectonic technological changes, a witness to changes that fundamentally convert production processes and relations in production, but also a witness to the changes that those products bring to the functioning of the mankind, from individuals to state organizations, including the military as well. The main goal of this paper is to indicate to the wider military academic community the need for coordination and interdependent development of combat systems, doctrine and structure of defence organizations. Methods: This paper will use general scientific methods that are used, or can be used, to acquire scientific knowledge in all scientific fields and disciplines. We highlight the hypothetical-deductive method, the analyticaldeductive method and the comparative method. Results: (Increased) Equipping with weapons and military equipment generated from the current technological revolution requires radical changes in the defence area, both in the combat component, i.e. changes of basic combat units that should optimally use these weapons (their doctrines, tactics, organization, training, etc.) as well as the administrative-bureaucratic component of the national defence system that deals with the procedures of weapons development, production and procurement, which should follow the fastest pace of innovation ever in the commercial industry area. Conclusion: The authors would like to point out the interdependence between the emerging challenges of the 4IR and the directions of transformation of modern armed forces.

Mevlüt Savaş Bilican, İlkay Türkeş

Montreux Convention signed in 1936 regulates the cruise and voyage passages through İstanbul Strait, Marmara Sea and Çanakkale Strait, known as the Turkish Straits. Within the framework of this convention, there are mutual rights and obligations concerning the navigation through the Turkish Straits and pertain to both the vessels utilizing the straits for passage and the Republic of Türkiye, which holds sovereignty over these straits. While the ships passing through the Turkish Straits benefit from the freedom of navigation, it is stipulated that they make payments to the Republic of Türkiye for the services (sanitary control, lighthouse, life-saving services) included in Annex-1 of the convention. Articles 1 and 4 of this annex refer to these fees. The article examines these issues. Annex-1 states that the amount to be paid will be determined in terms of net ton, service type, and Gold Francs. Taking into consideration the number of ships passing through the straits and their total tonnage, this study makes a mutual comparison between the Golden Francs application in the Montreux Convention and the current applications in determining the fees charged by Türkiye and discusses which of the methods would provide more gains to the Republic of Türkiye. The result of the study clearly shows that the new pricing policy to be applied can provide more income to Türkiye and can be in line with the spirit of the Montreux Convention.

Dabetić Marina H., Janjić Vladimir M.

The subject of this paper is scientific description of the terms nuclear security and nuclear safety, with reference to international legal aspects and necessary holistic approach to these concepts. Taking into account that there are overlapping and inconsistent use of the abovementioned terms in both domestic and foreign literature, the aim of this paper is to describe them precisely, point to the main differences and similarities in terminology, in order to enable their understanding, adequate use in scientific and professional literature, as well as holistic approach in practice. The connection between the terms stems from their common goal - protection of people and the environment from harmful influence of radioactivity, whereas the terms diverge in areas where the requirements for achieving nuclear security and nuclear safety are in complete contradiction. Nuclear security refers to the protection of nuclear materials and facilities from unauthorized access, theft and abuse, with primary focus being on preventing criminal activities. Nuclear safety, on the other hand, has an aim to prevent accidents in nuclear facilities, as well as to protect people and the environment from potentially harmful influence of radioactivity. Holistic approach requires integration of nuclear security and safety measures, in order to achieve synergy between the two concepts, and, at the same time, make sure that their implementation does not jeopardize one another. This way, societies and states can reduce risks to nuclear materials and facilities, both from unauthorized access and potential hazards arising from nuclear processes and facilities.

Slava G. Turyshev, Darren Garber, Louis D. Friedman et al.

Recently, we witnessed how the synergy of small satellite technology and solar sailing propulsion enables new missions. Together, small satellites with lightweight instruments and solar sails offer affordable access to deep regions of the solar system, also making it possible to realize hard-to-reach trajectories that are not constrained to the ecliptic plane. Combining these two technologies can drastically reduce travel times within the solar system, while delivering robust science. With solar sailing propulsion capable of reaching the velocities of ~5-10 AU/yr, missions using a rideshare launch may reach the Jovian system in two years, Saturn in three. The same technologies could allow reaching solar polar orbits in less than two years. Fast, cost-effective, and maneuverable sailcraft that may travel outside the ecliptic plane open new opportunities for affordable solar system exploration, with great promise for heliophysics, planetary science, and astrophysics. Such missions could be modularized to reach different destinations with different sets of instruments. Benefiting from this progress, we present the "Sundiver" concept, offering novel possibilities for the science community. We discuss some of the key technologies, the current design of the Sundiver sailcraft vehicle and innovative instruments, along with unique science opportunities that these technologies enable, especially as this exploration paradigm evolves. We formulate policy recommendations to allow national space agencies, industry, and other stakeholders to establish a strong scientific, programmatic, and commercial focus, enrich and deepen the space enterprise and broaden its advocacy base by including the Sundiver paradigm as a part of broader space exploration efforts.

B. Martins, J. Mawdsley

In this article we investigate how a particular vision of the future of EU defence has embedded itself into different arenas of EU politics over decades, and is currently gaining material expression in the European Defence Fund (EDF). Through an historiographic approach, we traced the development of a particular narrative on security, innovation, research, and economic growth based on fears of technology gaps and dependence on the US, and a belief in the potential of military R&D to produce civilian bene fi ts. We provide an alternative reading of the emergence of the EDF by drawing on literature within Science and Technology Studies, in particular the concept of sociotechnical imaginaries, to highlight wider socio-political dimensions of defence technologies and expand debates on EU defence.

L. Suchman

ABSTRACT This article aims to integrate two interrelated strands in critical security studies. The first is mounting evidence for the fallacy of claims for precision and accuracy in the United States ‘counterterrorism’ programme, particularly as it involves expanding aerial surveillance in support of operations of extrajudicial assasination. The second line of critical analysis concerns growing investment in the further automation of these operations, more specifically in the form of the US Department of Defense Algorithmic Warfare Cross-Functional Team, or Project Maven. Building upon generative intersections of critical security studies and science and technology studies (STS), I argue that the promotion of automated data analysis under the sign of artificial intelligence can only serve to exacerbate military operations that are at once discriminatory and indiscriminate in their targeting, while remaining politically and legally unaccountable.

Deqing Zhang, Tingting Liu, Min Zhang et al.

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing materials have been a research hotspot in materials science and related technical fields in recent years. Finding lightweight, efficient, and broadband electromagnetic wave absorbing materials has always been a very challenging subject. Herein, we successfully prepared Co3O4-WS2 hybrid nanosheets with heterostructures, which excellent combine the advantages of magnetic property of Co3O4 and dielectric property of WS2. By the electromagnetic synergy effect, maximum RL is up to −61.1 dB at 1.9 mm, and the bandwidth exceeds 5 GHz. Such highly efficient microwave absorption is attributed to not only the electromagnetic synergy effect, but the dipole polarization as well as conduction loss. These results show that the obtained Co3O4-WS2 is an excellent EM wave absorbing material and can be used as a candidate for advanced EM wave absorbing materials in the fields such as commerce, military and aerospace in future.