Bu makalenin temel konusu, Ionia bölgesindeki vaftizhanelerin mimari açıdan incelenmesi ve vaftiz ayininin yapıların mekânsal düzenlemesine katkısının sorgulanmasıdır. Araştırmada, ayinin ana ritüelleri üzerinden vaftizhanenin bölümleri, kiliseyle olan ilişkisi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış, olası vaftiz güzergahları belirlenmiştir. Havarilerin, Kilise Babalarının, teologların vaazları ve/veya yazıları genellikle vaftizin ihtivası üzerine olsa da mekânsal çözümlemeye dair belirli ipuçları sunar. Bu bilgiler ışığında yapıların mimarisi yeniden gözden geçirilmiş, yorumlanmış ve Erken Hıristiyanlık Döneminde inşa edilen vaftizhaneler benzerlik ve farklılıklarıyla değerlendirilmiş inşa edildiği kilisenin özellikleri de göz önüne alınarak bir sonuca varılmıştır. Hıristiyan sakramentlerinden birisi olan vaftiz genel anlamda üç aşamadan oluşur. Birinci aşama günah çıkarma, ikinci aşama üç kez suya dalma ve çıkma, üçüncü aşama ise yağlanmadır. Bunların uygulandığı yapı ya da odaya vaftizhane, ortada bulunan su haznesine vaftiz teknesi/havuzu denir. Vaftizhane, kilise gibi litürjik kullanım için tasarlanan ve sadece vaftiz ayini sırasında kullanılan mimari birim/türdür. Çalışma sırasında literatür taramasıyla elde edilen bilgiler ışığında vaftizhaneler yerinde incelenmiş, mevcut planları üzerine vaftiz ayininin olası güzergahları işaretlenmiştir. Bu bağlamda Kutsal Kitap, vaftiz litürjisiyle ilgili dönem kaynağı, vaftizin ihtivasına dair temel yayınlar yol gösterici olmuştur. Çalışmanın sadece Ionia bölgesindeki vaftizhanelere odaklanması makalenin sınırlılığı olsa da bu bölgedeki yapıların planları, vaftizhanenin bölümleri, mekansal organizasyonu ritüelin uygulanma biçimi ve vaftiz ayininde izlenen güzergahlar bakımından anlamlıdır. Ionia bölgesindeki örnekler Efes Aziz Ioannes Theologos Kilisesi Vaftizhanesi, Efes Meryem Kilisesi Vaftizhanesi, Milet Mikhail Kilisesi Vaftizhanesi, Milet Büyük Kilise Vaftizhanesi ve Güzelbahçe (Urla) Kilisesi Vaftizhanesidir. Yapılar, kiliseden bağımsız ve/veya bir koridor yardımıyla kiliseye bağlanmış ek mekân olarak inşa edilmiştir ve benzer plan özelliklerine sahiptir. Ionia bölgesinin önemli kentlerinde, piskoposluk ve haç merkezlerinde inşa edilen, kalabalık toplulukların vaftizine olanak sağlayacak büyüklükte olan, bu ihtişamlı eserler bölgenin erken Hıristiyan dönemi mimarisinin bir türü olan vaftizhanelerin görünürlüğü bakımından son derece önemlidir. Yapılar, plan özellikleri, kiliseye göre konumları, boyutları, bezemeleri, benzer örnekleri göz önüne alındığında 4.-7. yüzyıla tarihlenir.
Recommendation systems can provide accurate recommendations by analyzing user shopping history. A richer user history results in more accurate recommendations. However, in real applications, users prefer e-commerce platforms where the item they seek is at the lowest price. In other words, most users shop from multiple e-commerce platforms simultaneously; different parts of the user's shopping history are shared between different e-commerce platforms. Consequently, we assume in this study that any e-commerce platform has a complete record of the user's history but can only access some parts of it. If a recommendation system is able to predict the missing parts first and enrich the user's shopping history properly, it will be possible to recommend the next item more accurately. Our recommendation system leverages user shopping history to improve prediction accuracy. The proposed approach shows significant improvements in both NDCG@10 and HR@10.
Jesús Manuel Molero García, David Gallego Valle, Yaiza Hernández-Casas
En este artículo presentamos el estudio de los artefactos de base cobre hallados en las excavaciones del vertedero excavado en la fortaleza de La Estrella de Montiel (Ciudad Real), ubicado en la zona oriental de la puerta de Hierro del castillo, con una estratigrafía vinculada a los últimos momentos de ocupación de la fortaleza en la Baja Edad Media. Nos centramos, en concreto, en el conjunto de piezas relacionadas con la indumentaria, los jaeces y el adorno, dada la excepcionalidad del hallazgo en contexto arqueológico que permite contribuir al conocimiento de la cultura material metálica medieval de la Península Ibérica.
History (General) and history of Europe, History (General)
Recent generative AI platforms are able to create texts or impressive images from simple text prompts. This makes them powerful tools for summarizing knowledge about architectural history or deriving new creative work in early design tasks like ideation, sketching and modelling. But, how good is the understanding of the generative AI models of the history of architecture? Has it learned to properly distinguish styles, or is it hallucinating information? In this chapter, we investigate this question for generative AI platforms for text and image generation for different architectural styles, to understand the capabilities and boundaries of knowledge of those tools. We also analyze how they are already being used by analyzing a data set of 101 million Midjourney queries to see if and how practitioners are already querying for specific architectural concepts.
Research objectives: To consider the creative path and main views of L.T. Yablonsky, as well as his influence on ideas about the ethnic history of the Golden Horde population and theoretical problems of ethnogenesis.
Research materials: The authors of the article were based on numerous publications by L.T. Yablonsky, as well as personal impressions from meetings with the researcher on expeditions and at academic conferences.
Results and novelty of the research: The authors consider the formation of L.T. Yablonsky as a unique specialist who combined archaeological training and professional study of physical anthropology. This allowed him to draw important conclusions about the formation of the Golden Horde population. Later, he resorted to this method to study the early nomads of the Aral Sea region and the South Urals. His works became an event in the research field, since they positively differed from others not only by an interdisciplinary approach to the problem under study – at the junction of archaeology and ethnogenetics – but also by the wide use of anthropological materials. Prior to these works, all information about the population of the Jochid ulus was fragmentary and unsystematic, and he was the very researcher who first connected the data of paleoanthropology and the analysis of the burial rite in medieval burial grounds. He proved the fact that the Golden Horde population consisted of mixed population groups, and identified those population groups that, in his opinion, came from Central Asia. L.T. Yablonsky attached great importance to the methodology of research on ethnogenesis and ethnic history. He advocated an integrated scientific approach to their study and emphasized the huge role of paleoanthropology and archaeology in solving ethnogenetic problems. In his opinion, the rapid divergence of various scientific disciplines – ethnology, archaeology, physical anthropology, and genetics – was the main problem that hindered the development of scientific ethnogenetic research. L.T. Yablonsky, therefore, believed that expanding comprehensive research would help solve this problem.
Auxiliary sciences of history, History of Civilization
In this extended abstract, we investigate the design of learning representation for human intention inference. In our designed human intention prediction task, we propose a history encoding representation that is both interpretable and effective for prediction. Through extensive experiments, we show our prediction framework with a history encoding representation design is successful on the human intention prediction problem.
Münşeât mecmuaları Ortaçağ Türk-İslâm tarihinin araştırılması açısından büyük önem taşırlar. Söz konusu mecmualardan birisi Osmanlı devlet adamı Feridun Ahmed Bey tarafından 1574 yılında tamamlanmış olan Münşeâtü’s-Selâtin’dir. Makalemiz çerçevesinde bu mecmuadaki belgelerden birini, Candaroğlu hükümdarı İsfendiyâr Bey tarafından Timurlu hükümdarı Mîrzâ Şâhruh’a yazılmış olan 1430 (h.833) tarihli mektubu değerlendirmeye aldık. Öncelikle İsfendiyâr Bey’in politikalarını ve özellikle de onun Timurlularla ilişkilerini inceledik. Ardından Feridun Ahmed Bey’in Münşeâtü’s-Selâtin isimli eserinin tarihî kaynak olarak önemine değindik ve bu esere karşı eleştirilere yönelik düşüncelerimizi serdettik. Aynı zamanda makalemiz kapsamında bahse konu mektubu Farsçadan Türkçeye çevirerek diplomatik bilimi ve tarihsel süreç bakımından araştırmaya tabi tuttuk. Ele almış olduğumuz bu vesikanın, XV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Türk-İslâm dünyasında Osmanlılar, Timurlular, Karakoyunlular ve Candaroğulları ekseninde gelişen siyasî münasebetlerin ve rekabetin anlaşılması bağlamında mühim bir belge olduğu kanaatindeyiz.
The use of online user traces for studies of human mobility has received significant attention in recent years. This growing body of work, and the more general importance of human migration patterns to government and industry, motivates the need for a formalized approach to the computational modeling of human mobility - in particular how and when individuals change their place of residence - from online traces. Prior work on this topic has skirted the underlying computational modeling of residence inference, focusing on migration patterns themselves. As a result, to our knowledge, all prior work has employed heuristics to compute something like residence histories. Here, we formalize the residence assignment problem, which seeks, under constraints associated with the minimum length-of-stay at a residence, the most parsimonious sequence of residence periods and places that explains the movement history of an individual. Here we provide an exact solution for this problem and establish its algorithmic complexity. Because the calculation of optimal residence histories (under the assumptions of the model) is tractable, we believe that this method will be a valuable tool for future work on this topic.
El presente trabajo aborda la vinculación intertextual entre el ensayo Liber de ascenso et descensus intellectus (1304) de Ramón Llull (1232-1316) y Descenso y ascenso del alma por la belleza (1939) del argentino Leopoldo Marechal (1900-1970). La aproximación a ambos textos a partir de un análisis contrastivo pone en evidencia diversos aspectos relevantes para la literatura comparada: la recepción de un autor medieval en la producción de un escritor argentino del siglo xx y su consecuente relectura. Tal planteamiento descubre las fuentes de los simbolismos, imágenes e ideas filosóficas que Marechal ha tomado del mallorquín, actualizándolas en un ensayo de carácter moderno. El estudio consiste, pues, en una revalorización de la obra luliana y, su vez, en una descripción de las principales nociones metafísicas de la cosmovisión marechaliana.
This essay demonstrates the key role of Astronomy in Botticelli's "Venus and Mars-NG915" painting, to date only very partially understood. Worthwhile coincidences among the principles of the Ficinian philosophy, the historical characters involved and the compositional elements of the painting, show how the astronomical knowledge of that time strongly influenced this masterpiece. First, Astronomy provides its precise dating since the artist used the astronomical ephemerides of his time, albeit preserving a mythological meaning, and a clue for Botticelli's signature. Second, it allows the correlation among Botticelli's creative intention, the historical facts and the astronomical phenomena such as the heliacal rising of the planet Venus in conjunction with the Aquarius constellation dating back to the earliest representations of Venus in Mesopotamian culture. This work not only bears a significant value for the history of science and art, but, in the current era of three-dimensional mapping of billion stars about to be delivered by Gaia, states the role of astronomical heritage in Western culture. Finally, following the same method, a precise astronomical dating for the famous Primavera painting is suggested.
We investigate the constraints on the reionization history of the Universe from a joint analysis of the cosmic microwave background and neutral hydrogen fraction data. The $\tanh$ parametrization and principal component analysis methods are applied to the reionization history respectively. The commonly used $\tanh$ parametrization is oversimplistic when the neutral hydrogen fraction data are taken into account. Using the principal component analysis method, the reconstructed reionization history is consistent with the neutral hydrogen fraction data. With the principal component analysis method, we reconstruct the neutral hydrogen fraction at $z=9.75$ as $x_{\text{HI}}=0.69^{+0.30}_{-0.32}$ for $6<z<20$ range reconstruction, and $x_{\text{HI}}=0.76^{+0.22}_{-0.27}$ for $6<z<30$ range reconstruction. These results suggest that the Universe began to reionize at redshift no later than $z=10$ at a $95\%$ confidence level.
We apply our recently proposed "quadratic genetic modification" approach to generating and testing the effects of alternative mass accretion histories for a single $Λ$CDM halo. The goal of the technique is to construct different formation histories, varying the overall contribution of mergers to the fixed final mass. This enables targeted studies of galaxy and dark matter halo formation's sensitivity to the smoothness of mass accretion. Here, we focus on two dark matter haloes, each with four different mass accretion histories. We find that the concentration of both haloes systematically decreases as their merger history becomes smoother. This causal trend tracks the known correlation between formation time and concentration parameters in the overall halo population. At fixed formation time, we further establish that halo concentrations are sensitive to the order in which mergers happen. This ability to study an individual halo's response to variations in its history is highly complementary to traditional methods based on emergent correlations from an extended halo population.
This article uses Franciscan history to explore an alternative approach to global history. Following Benjamin Lazier’s observations about ‘Earthrise’, which showed that images of the world have been entangled with intellectual and political discourses, this article explores the Franciscans’ own Earthrise perspective which can be traced in the spiritual and mystical writings produced in the late Middle Ages. The aim of this article is not only to contest the kind of periodisation which has seen the global turn and ‘global era’ as peculiarly ‘modern’, but to suggest that any study of the ‘global’ must incorporate an analysis of the multilayered nature of that concept. It suggests that the global is not so much a scale as an idea, and considers how the hyper-local place of the body can be a site for realising a global vision.
The topic of this article is the conflict between church and kingdom over the Concordat of Tønsberg during the 1280s. While the issue has seemingly been exhausted previously, this analysis takes a new approach. Rather than analysing the conflict as taking place only in mainland Norway, this article addresses the conflict in the Icelandic General As-sembly of 1281 over the adoption of Jónsbók. The narrative of Ãrna saga biskups presents the arguments of the church, which in this study are compared with Archbishop Jon's statute.