Hasil untuk "Literature (General)"

T. Laursen, M. Nordentoft, P. Mortensen

Brandi Simonsen, S. Fairbanks, A. Briesch et al.

M. Cousino, R. Hazen

D. Rossignol, R. Frye

A comprehensive literature search was performed to collate evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) with two primary objectives. First, features of mitochondrial dysfunction in the general population of children with ASD were identified. Second, characteristics of mitochondrial dysfunction in children with ASD and concomitant mitochondrial disease (MD) were compared with published literature of two general populations: ASD children without MD, and non-ASD children with MD. The prevalence of MD in the general population of ASD was 5.0% (95% confidence interval 3.2, 6.9%), much higher than found in the general population (∼0.01%). The prevalence of abnormal biomarker values of mitochondrial dysfunction was high in ASD, much higher than the prevalence of MD. Variances and mean values of many mitochondrial biomarkers (lactate, pyruvate, carnitine and ubiquinone) were significantly different between ASD and controls. Some markers correlated with ASD severity. Neuroimaging, in vitro and post-mortem brain studies were consistent with an elevated prevalence of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD. Taken together, these findings suggest children with ASD have a spectrum of mitochondrial dysfunction of differing severity. Eighteen publications representing a total of 112 children with ASD and MD (ASD/MD) were identified. The prevalence of developmental regression (52%), seizures (41%), motor delay (51%), gastrointestinal abnormalities (74%), female gender (39%), and elevated lactate (78%) and pyruvate (45%) was significantly higher in ASD/MD compared with the general ASD population. The prevalence of many of these abnormalities was similar to the general population of children with MD, suggesting that ASD/MD represents a distinct subgroup of children with MD. Most ASD/MD cases (79%) were not associated with genetic abnormalities, raising the possibility of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Treatment studies for ASD/MD were limited, although improvements were noted in some studies with carnitine, co-enzyme Q10 and B-vitamins. Many studies suffered from limitations, including small sample sizes, referral or publication biases, and variability in protocols for selecting children for MD workup, collecting mitochondrial biomarkers and defining MD. Overall, this evidence supports the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with ASD. Additional studies are needed to further define the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in ASD.

J. Bonta, Moira A Law, Karl Hanson

C. Wathen, J. Burkell

R. Dressler

L. Snyder

G. Gigerenzer, U. Hoffrage, Heinz Kleinbölting

R. Brockhaus

A. Mostafazadeh

We introduce the notion of pseudo-Hermiticity and show that every Hamiltonian with a real spectrum is pseudo-Hermitian. We point out that all the PT-symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonians studied in the literature belong to the class of pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians, and argue that the basic structure responsible for the particular spectral properties of these Hamiltonians is their pseudo-Hermiticity. We explore the basic properties of general pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians, develop pseudosupersymmetric quantum mechanics, and study some concrete examples, namely the Hamiltonian of the two-component Wheeler–DeWitt equation for the FRW-models coupled to a real massive scalar field and a class of pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians with a real spectrum.

D. Bhatkhande, V. G. Pangarkar, A. Beenackers

Valentin J. M. Manès, HyungSeok Han, Choongwoo Han et al.

Among the many software testing techniques available today, fuzzing has remained highly popular due to its conceptual simplicity, its low barrier to deployment, and its vast amount of empirical evidence in discovering real-world software vulnerabilities. At a high level, fuzzing refers to a process of repeatedly running a program with generated inputs that may be syntactically or semantically malformed. While researchers and practitioners alike have invested a large and diverse effort towards improving fuzzing in recent years, this surge of work has also made it difficult to gain a comprehensive and coherent view of fuzzing. To help preserve and bring coherence to the vast literature of fuzzing, this paper presents a unified, general-purpose model of fuzzing together with a taxonomy of the current fuzzing literature. We methodically explore the design decisions at every stage of our model fuzzer by surveying the related literature and innovations in the art, science, and engineering that make modern-day fuzzers effective.

F. Chen, S. West, K. Sousa

S. Papalexiou, A. Montanari

Global warming is expected to change the regime of extreme precipitation. Physical laws translate increasing atmospheric heat into increasing atmospheric water content that drives precipitation changes. Within the literature, general agreement is that extreme precipitation is changing, yet different assessment methods, data sets, and study periods may result in different patterns and rates of change. Here we perform a global analysis of 8,730 daily precipitation records focusing on the 1964–2013 period when the global warming accelerates. We introduce a novel analysis of the N largest extremes in records having N complete years within the study period. Based on these extremes, which represent more accurately heavy precipitation than annual maxima, we form time series of their annual frequency and mean annual magnitude. The analysis offers new insights and reveals (1) global and zonal increasing trends in the frequency of extremes that are highly unlikely under the assumption of stationarity and (2) magnitude changes that are not as evident. Frequency changes reveal a coherent spatial pattern with increasing trends being detected in large parts of Eurasia, North Australia, and the Midwestern United States. Globally, over the last decade of the studied period we find 7% more extreme events than the expected number. Finally, we report that changes in magnitude are not in general correlated with changes in frequency.

L. McAuley, B. Pham, P. Tugwell et al.

Camila Maria Araújo, Igor Rossoni

Este artigo visa refletir sobre a relação entre a realidade no trato com a gestação, antes e durante o parto, a partir da experiência de Santa (2023), parteira atuante no sertão Alagoano de 1970 até o início dos anos 1990; e a representação estética vigente no romance A lição de anatomia (Siegal, [2014] 2017). O ponto de encontro entre a narrativa real e a representação ficcional está na presença do elemento fantástico que se traduz nas superstições em torno de mulheres grávidas e dos recém-nascidos. Partindo do pressuposto de que literatura e medicina têm um território partilhado (Scliar, 1996), este trabalho se insere num projeto maior que venho desenvolvendo em torno das narrativas ficcionais e reais que tematizam o corpo em situações de doenças e morte, com auxílio teórico de Zumthor (1997), Todorov (1975) e Winnicott (1999).

Jeilan Aman Gobana

Mother-tongue education is an absolute precondition of equitable access to quality education, especially in multilingual settings. Its benefits are well established, yet many education systems continue to systematically marginalize effective mother-tongue instruction, thus denying the rights of linguistically diverse learners. This article investigates the importance of mother-tongue-based education for providing optimum learning environments and children’s rights to inclusive and equitable schooling. It draws theoretical frameworks from Linguistic Human Rights, Interdependence Hypothesis, Critical Pedagogy and Language Planning Orientations to argue eloquently for mother tongue-related considerations within education policy. It argues that learning through a child’s first language enhances performance, promotes cultural identity, and helps in cognitive and socio-emotional development. The article also firmly positions mother-tongue education as essential for upholding children’s linguistic rights, promoting social cohesion, and sustaining cultural diversity. The findings show there is an urgent need to solidify mother-tongue education systems further, as this deliberate policy implementation will be a momentous step towards fostering genuine equity in learning environments where children may thrive and reach their full potential.

Manuel Fuertes-Recuero, José L. López-Hernández, Alejandra Ramírez-Lago et al.

Chimpanzees (<i>Pan troglodytes</i>) rescued from the illegal wildlife trade often suffer from chronic, traumatic injuries that require specialized and prolonged medical treatment in wildlife rehabilitation centers. We present the case report of a two-year-old male chimpanzee admitted at the Tchimpounga Chimpanzee Rehabilitation Center in the Republic of Congo with a chronic periorbital abscess, likely caused by a machete wound sustained during the poaching of his mother. Despite receiving extended antimicrobial therapy, his condition was never fully controlled and progressed to a chronic orbital infection, causing him discomfort and producing chronic purulent discharge. Enucleation was performed under general anesthesia using ketamine and medetomidine, with surgical approach adapted to the distinctive orbital anatomy of chimpanzees. During the procedure, ligation of the optic nerve and ophthalmic vessels was required due to the confined orbital apex and extensive vascularization, ensuring adequate haemostasias and procedural safety. The chimpanzee made an uneventful postoperative recovery, resuming normal feeding and social behavior within 48 h, with complete wound healing occurring within two weeks. This case report highlights the importance of prompt surgical intervention when conservative medical management fails to resolve refractory ocular infections in chimpanzees. It also emphasizes the importance of specific anesthetic protocols, refined surgical techniques and tailored postoperative care in wildlife rehabilitation centers. Documenting and sharing detailed case reports such as this contributes to the limited veterinary literature on great ape surgery and supports evidence-based clinical decision-making to improve the welfare and treatment outcomes of rescued chimpanzees.

Oumaima Barhoumi, Ghazal Farhani, Taufiq Rahman et al.

Platooning has emerged as a promising strategy for improving fuel efficiency in automated vehicle systems, with significant implications for reducing emissions and operational costs. While existing literature on vehicle platooning primarily focuses on individual aspects such as aerodynamic drag reduction or specific control strategies, this work takes a more comprehensive approach by bringing together a wide range of factors and components that contribute to fuel savings in platoons. In this literature review, we examine the impact of platooning on fuel consumption, highlighting the key components of platoon systems, the factors and actors influencing fuel savings, methods for estimating fuel use, and the effect of platoon instability on efficiency. Furthermore, we study the role of reduced aerodynamic drag, vehicle coordination, and the challenges posed by instability in real-world conditions. By compiling insights from recent studies, this work provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in platooning technologies and highlights both the challenges and opportunities for future research to maximize fuel savings in real-world scenarios.