Hasil untuk "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"

Doaa Tawfik, Eman Hany Elsebaie, Walaa Abdelhady Abdelhalim et al.

Abstract Background Second Victim Syndrome (SVS) describes the emotional and psychological distress experienced by healthcare workers following involvement in medical errors. In Egypt, the prevalence of SVS is intensified by limited knowledge of medical liability law, lack of institutional support, and inadequate training in error reporting, which result in ethical, psychological, and legal challenges. An anonymous, structured, cross-sectional survey was conducted and distributed via Google Forms among 203 Egyptian physicians between May and November 2024 to investigate this phenomenon and the related challenges. Results 84.7% reported absence of hospital error reporting systems, 95.1% lacked malpractice reporting training, 50.0% experienced significant emotional distress, and 92.1% of the participants lacked awareness of the law’s articles. Conclusion The findings highlight the extent of SVS in Egypt, which leads to critical ethical dilemmas that jeopardize patient safety and physician well-being in Egypt. Addressing these issues requires urgent reforms in training, institutional support, and medico-legal education.

Antoine Rignon-Bret, Matthieu Vilatte

The generalized second law (GSL) of black hole thermodynamics asserts the monotonic increase of the generalized entropy combining the black hole area and the entropy of quantum fields outside the horizon. Modern proofs of the GSL rely on information theoretic methods and are typically formulated using algebras of observables defined on the event horizon together with a vacuum state invariant under horizon symmetries, inducing a geometric modular flow. In this work, we formulate a dual version of the generalized second law from the perspective of asymptotic observers at future null infinity, who do not have access to the black hole area. Our approach exploits the dependence of the second law on the choice of algebra of observables and of a reference state invariant under suitable symmetries, in close analogy with open quantum thermodynamics. Using algebraic quantum field theory and modular theory, we analyze several physically motivated vacuum states, including the Hartle Hawking state and two classes of regularized vacua. We show that, at null infinity, the monotonic quantity governing an irreversible evolution is no longer the generalized entropy, but rather a thermodynamic potential constructed from asymptotic observables. Depending on the chosen vacuum, this potential takes the form of the free energy or of a generalized grand potential built from the Bondi mass and additional (angular) mode dependent chemical potentials. The resulting inequalities define a dual generalized second law at future null infinity, which can be consistently combined with the standard GSL involving variations of the black hole area.

David Maibach, Jann Zosso

Balance flux laws of asymptotic symmetries in general relativity provide fully non-perturbative constraint equations on gravitational strain. They have proven useful for constructing numerical gravitational waveforms and for characterizing gravitational memory. As the precision of current and future detectors continues to improve, such constraints become increasingly important for high-precision tests of gravity, including searches for deviations from general relativity. This motivates a systematic understanding of analogous balance laws in theories beyond general relativity. In this work, we investigate the existence and structure of flux laws at null infinity in diffeomorphism-invariant extensions of general relativity. Our analysis is based on the covariant phase space formalism and the definition of conserved quantities, as presented by Wald and Zoupas. For a particularly relevant class of Horndeski theories, we derive a general expression for the flux and formulate the corresponding balance equation via the associated non-conserved charges. We cross-check our general results by comparing them with previous studies of Brans-Dicke gravity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the employed methods extend straightforwardly to a broader class of diffeomorphism-invariant theories. The null part of the resulting flux laws associated with null memory is compared with and validated against the alternative derivation based on the Isaacson approach to gravitational radiation. Beyond the specific results obtained, this work is intended to serve as a practical guide for computing balance laws in generic diffeomorphism-invariant theories of gravity and paves the way for an in-depth comparison between the Isaacson approach and the covariant phase space formalism.

Zihao Li

The emergence of big data, AI and machine learning has allowed sellers and online platforms to tailor pricing for customers in real-time. While online algorithmic pricing can increase efficiency, market welfare, and optimize pricing strategies for sellers and companies, it poses a threat to the fundamental values of privacy, digital autonomy, and non-discrimination, raising legal and ethical concerns. On both sides of the Atlantic, legislators have endeavoured to regulate online algorithmic pricing in different ways in the context of privacy and personal data protection. Represented by the GDPR, the EU adopts an omnibus approach to regulate algorithmic pricing and is supplemented by the Digital Service Act and the Digital Market Act. The US combines federal and state laws to regulate online algorithmic pricing and focuses on industrial regulations. Therefore, a comparative analysis of these legal frameworks is necessary to ascertain the effectiveness of these approaches. Taking a comparative approach, this working paper aims to explore how EU and US respective data protection and privacy laws address the issues posed by online algorithmic pricing. The paper evaluates whether the current legal regime is effective in protecting individuals against the perils of online algorithmic pricing in the EU and the US. It particularly analyses the new EU regulatory paradigm, the Digital Service Act (DSA) and the Digital Market Act (DMA), as supplementary mechanisms to the EU data protection law, in order to draw lessons for US privacy law and vice versa.

Shrey Aryan, Michael B. Law

We establish a concavity principle for solutions to elliptic and parabolic equations on locally symmetric spaces with nonnegative sectional curvature, extending the results of Langford and Scheuer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first general concavity principle established on spaces with non-constant sectional curvature.

Mingyu Yu, Maria Hilse, Qihua Zhang et al.

Nanolayered post-transition metal monochalcogenides (PTMMCs) stand out as promising advanced two-dimensional (2D) materials. Beyond inheriting the general advantages associated with traditional 2D materials, they exhibit unique properties, including a wide bandgap range covering the ultraviolet to the mid-infrared spectral ranges, thickness-dependent bandgap behaviors, good nonlinear optical performance, high thermoelectric coefficients, and ferroelectricity. Consequently, these materials hold significant potential in diverse applications such as photodetectors, field effect transistors, thermoelectrics, ferroelectrics, photovoltaics, and electrochemical devices, especially in the manufacturing of nanoscale devices. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of the PTMMC family. This study provides a broad overview of the crystal structures, bandgap structures, synthesis methods, physical properties, and state-of-the-art applications of PTMMC materials with a motif of X-M-M-X (M=Ga, In, Ge, Sn; X=S, Se, Te). An outlook for the development trends is emphasized at the end, underscoring the critical importance of this work to the future exploration of nanolayered PTMMCs.

Youngnae Lee

Objective: This report examines how evidence appears according to the issues of traffic accident investigation, and examines the immediacy of the evidence and its meaning. Background: In traffic accidents, there may be trace evidence related to the issue. When the investigator does not make a judgment based on evidence, the truth of the case may be distorted by various mistakes that humans can make, such as confirmation bias and eyewitness illusion. Methods: By investigation process of two traffic accident cases that violated the central line regulation, we examine how evidence was found and its immediacy works. Results: As evidence, we presented a piece of plastic attached to the underside of the vehicle and several photos showing the distribution of vehicle debris at the time of the accident. Evidence that we found can be easily understood by anyone with common sense and has undeniable clarity in figuring out the facts. The evidence found could immediately overturn the police’s investigation results and be accepted as primary evidence by law enforcement agencies. Conclusion: Every incident has a judicial problem, and there can be one or more pieces of evidence for resolving it, which can manifest itself in many different ways. When evidence with immediacy is found, the case can be resolved easily and clearly. The field of forensic science can help find such evidence.

Murni Murni, Mega Naurin Nisa

This research aims to examine the basic reasons for the judge's consideration of granting marriage isbat requests to unregistered polygamists. Is it appropriate for a judge to grant a request for isbat for a polygamous marriage that has not yet completed the administrative requirements. Types of normative legal research with a statutory approach. The results of the research show that the judge's consideration in the Religious Court Decision Number 161/PDT.G/2014/PA.TLG in granting the request for isbat marriage to polygamy was correct, but the judge ignored the administrative requirements that must be fulfilled by applicants for marriage isbat. In terms of procedures, there is no difference between polygamous marriage isbat and non-polygamous marriage isbat. However, the polygamy agreement has additional conditions. For this reason, Religious Court judges in their considerations must look at the fulfillment of these additional conditions as a basis for granting a request for marriage isbat for polygamy.

Alex E. Kossovsky, Wayne M. Lawton

We explain Kossovsky's generalization of Benford's law which is a formula that approximates the distribution of leftmost digits in finite sequences of natural data and apply it to six sequences of data including populations of US cities and towns and times between earthquakes. We model the natural logarithms of these two data sequences as samples of random variables having normal and reflected Gumbel densities respectively. We show that compliance with the general law depends on how nearly constant the periodized density functions are and that the models are generally more compliant than the natural data. This surprising result suggests that the generalized law might be used to improve density estimation which is the basis of statistical pattern recognition, machine learning and data science.

Hugo Rodríguez Almada, Frances Borches Duhalde, Victoria Iglesias Salaverría

Humanitarian Forensic Action (HFA) is considered a new field of Forensic Medicine and Forensic Sciences where the forensic science is applied to different humanitarian activities. In Uruguay, the HFA has been developed based on international documents and developed some methodologies appropriate to the particular features of the country. The Department of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences has devised and maintained several lines of action in response to demands from public institutions and other requests from victims, families, prosecutors and courts. In every instance, humanitarian forensic work contributes to the education and training of young forensic professionals.

Miguel José Izu Belloso

Classifications of administrative bodies or agencies usually assume that all of them are stable and permanent. They ignore the absolutely normal existence of administrative bodies that are created not only temporarily, but also transitory, with a specific task, often for the processing of a single administrative procedure, at the conclusion of which they are dissolved. Both the legislator and the scientific doctrine do not pay attention to these bodies, most of the general regulations applicable to administrative agencies are incompatible with their nature.

Salo Carvalho, Daniel Silva Achutti

A partir do acúmulo prático-teórico da criminologia crítica e do abolicionismo penal (teorias de base), o trabalho analisa, através do estudo de casos (procedimento metodológico), a eficácia dos substitutivos penais e processuais penais no Brasil. A experiência nacional em relação à forma de implementação dos Juizados Criminais (Lei 9.099/95), das penas alternativas (Lei 9.714/98) e das cautelares diversas da prisão provisória (Lei 12.403/11), agregada aos primeiros diagnósticos sobre a execução das práticas restaurativas, permite projetar os riscos de inefetividade ou o desvirtuamento dos seus objetivos principais. A hipótese desenvolvida no artigo é a de que a formação (e a ação) autoritária do Poder Judiciário brasileiro tem impedido o pleno desenvolvimento dos institutos descarcerizadores, em geral, e da Justiça Restaurativa, em particular. Neste sentido, indica a necessidade de as práticas restaurativas serem orientadas pelas diretrizes apontadas pela criminologia crítica e pelo abolicionismo, precisamente no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de uma lógica anticarcerária que se oponha ao punitivismo e ao inquisitorialismo.

Michael Law, Ya'acov Ritov, Ruixiang Zhang et al.

In this work, we focus on the high-dimensional trace regression model with a low-rank coefficient matrix. We establish a nearly optimal in-sample prediction risk bound for the rank-constrained least-squares estimator under no assumptions on the design matrix. Lying at the heart of the proof is a covering number bound for the family of projection operators corresponding to the subspaces spanned by the design. By leveraging this complexity result, we perform a power analysis for a permutation test on the existence of a low-rank signal under the high-dimensional trace regression model. We show that the permutation test based on the rank-constrained least-squares estimator achieves non-trivial power with no assumptions on the minimum (restricted) eigenvalue of the covariance matrix of the design. Finally, we use alternating minimization to approximately solve the rank-constrained least-squares problem to evaluate its empirical in-sample prediction risk and power of the resulting permutation test in our numerical study.

Isdian Anggraeny, Tongat Tongat

The presence of a notary in the Association of legal Communities is significant. Nevertheless, in carrying out its role and function, the Notary is very vulnerable in the vortex of deed against the law. Although in many instances, the public Notary can not be held accountable for the unlawful acts, in some cases, the Notary is unable to circumvent his involvement. This article presents two issues related to notary involvement in unlawful acts, especially the criminal offense. Each of these is: first, how is the form of notary involvement in criminal acts of document falsification? Secondly, can the public Notary be held accountable for his involvement in criminal acts of document falsification? This research was conducted through normative legal research. The results show that there are many forms of notary involvement in criminal acts of document counterfeiting. Secondly, the Notary may be held accountable and may be asked for criminal liability because of his involvement in criminal acts of document falsification.

Po-Ming Law, Alex Endert, John Stasko

While many visualization researchers have attempted to define data insights, little is known about how visualization users perceive them. We interviewed 23 professional users of end-user visualization platforms (e.g., Tableau and Power BI) about their experiences with data insights. We report on seven characteristics of data insights based on interviewees' descriptions. Grounded in these characteristics, we propose practical implications for creating tools that aim to automatically communicate data insights to users.

Asta Heinesen

We present the luminosity distance series expansion to third order in redshift for a general space-time with no assumption on the metric tensor or the field equations prescribing it. It turns out that the coefficients of this general 'Hubble law' can be expressed in terms of a finite number of physically interpretable multipole coefficients. The multipole terms can be combined into effective direction dependent parameters replacing the Hubble constant, deceleration parameter, curvature parameter, and 'jerk' parameter of the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) class of metrics. Due to the finite number of multipole coefficients, the exact anisotropic Hubble law is given by 9, 25, 61 degrees of freedom in the $\mathcal{O}(z)$, $\mathcal{O}(z^2)$, $\mathcal{O}(z^3)$ vicinity of the observer respectively, where $z\!:=\,$redshift. This makes possible model independent determination of dynamical degrees of freedom of the cosmic neighbourhood of the observer and direct testing of the FLRW ansatz. We argue that the derived multipole representation of the general Hubble law provides a new framework with broad applications in observational cosmology.

Po-Ming Law, Alex Endert, John Stasko

Many researchers have explored tools that aim to recommend data insights to users. These tools automatically communicate a rich diversity of data insights and offer such insights for many different purposes. However, there is a lack of structured understanding concerning what researchers of these tools mean by "insight" and what tasks in the analysis workflow these tools aim to support. We conducted a systematic review of existing systems that seek to recommend data insights. Grounded in the review, we propose 12 types of automated insights and four purposes of automating insights. We further discuss the design opportunities emerged from our analysis.

Refik Kryeziu

In this study Tax System and Rates in the Republic of Kosovo and Their Comparison with the Balkan Countries. During the research, we have noticed that changes in tax rates, expansion of the taxable base, and creation of conditions for economic development which have constantly been changing in Kosovo and Balkan countries. Although the tax system in Kosovo is new, it is competitive not only in the region but even beyond it. In the new fiscal package of 2015, tax rates had changed. Personal Income Taxes have reduced some of the revenues, corporate taxation up to 10%, insurance companies 7% to 5%; VAT is applied with two tax rates 18% and 8%. Balkan states have significant differences in tax rates, but not in tax systems. In some taxes, high rates have already been set, while in some countries there are lower rates. It is characteristic and interesting that the tax systems of these countries have been constantly reformed, reducing tax rates and redefining the tax base.

Carmen Belén Guillén Pérez

El presente escrito analiza la compleja relación entre la autodeterminación de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas y el Gobierno central, en el marco de un principio de colaboración que resulta al final ser un límite para las partes en distintos ámbitos y en especial en materia tributaria. En análisis de realiza a la luz de la propia Carta política y de los pronunciamientos del tribunal constitucional.

Yann-Meing Law, Jean-Christophe Nave

In this work, we propose staggered FDTD schemes based on the correction function method (CFM) to discretize Maxwell's equations with embedded perfect electric conductor (PEC) boundary conditions. The CFM uses a minimization procedure to compute a correction to a given FD scheme in the vicinity of the embedded boundary to retain its order. The minimization problem associated with CFM approaches is analyzed in the context of Maxwell's equations with embedded boundaries. In order to obtain a well-posed problem, we propose fictitious interface conditions to fulfill the lack of information, namely the surface current and charge density, on the embedded boundary. Fictitious interfaces can induce some issues for long time simulations and therefore the penalization coefficient associated with fictitious interface conditions must be chosen small enough. We introduce CFM-FDTD schemes based on the well-known Yee scheme and a fourth-order staggered FDTD scheme. Long time simulations and convergence studies are performed in 2-D for various geometries of the embedded boundary. CFM-FDTD schemes have shown high-order convergence.