Hasil untuk "Labor policy. Labor and the state"

Max Rubinstein, Megan S. Schuler, Elizabeth A. Stuart et al.

State-level policy studies often conduct heterogeneity analyses that quantify how treatment effects vary across state characteristics. These analyses may be used to inform state-specific policy decisions, or to infer how the effect of a policy changes in combination with other state characteristics. However, in state-level settings with varied contexts and policy landscapes, multiple versions of similar policies, and differential policy implementation, the causal quantities targeted by these analyses may not align with the inferential goals. This paper clarifies these issues by distinguishing several causal estimands relevant to heterogeneity analyses in state-policy settings, including state-specific treatment effects (ITE), conditional average treatment effects (CATE), and controlled direct effects (CDE). We argue that the CATE is often the easiest to identify and estimate, but may not be the most policy relevant target of inference. Moreover, the widespread practice of coarsening distinct policies or implementations into a single indicator further complicates the interpretation of these analyses. Motivated by these limitations, we propose bounding ITEs as an alternative inferential goal, yielding ranges for each state's policy effect under explicit assumptions that quantify deviations from the ideal identifying conditions. These bounds target a well-defined and policy-relevant quantity, the effect for specific states. We develop this approach within a difference-in-differences framework and discuss how sensitivity parameters may be informed using pre-treatment data. Through simulations we demonstrate that bounding state-specific effects can more reliably determine the sign of the ITEs than CATE estimates. We then illustrate this method to examine the effect of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid expansion on high-volume buprenorphine prescribing.

Vitalii Stepanov, Olena Yemelianova, Svitlana Baranova et al.

The article studies associations of the Ukrainian topic in non-Ukrainian journalistic sources of the 2022-2025 wartime period to define how importance of Ukrainian support is regarded from the worldwide safety perspective. The research relies on heritage of the Ukrainian cognitive linguistics where concept is treated as a dynamic layer unity of notion, image and values, which develops in the constantly evolving discourse as social and linguistic consciousness with a changeable public attitude to its essence. The research is conducted via corpus as a mini-model of discourse. The News on the Web (NOW) Corpus is selected as the most authentic base of permanently updating resources since 2010 till today. 122 journalistic sources are taken from the NOW Corpus to produce a 230-context sample of Ukrainian metaphoric associations in the non-Ukrainian press. The sample is processed via the Lakoff-Johnson conceptual metaphor methodology to provide a list of images non-Ukrainians associate Ukraine with. All 421 detected cases of metaphoric associations are sorted by decreasing frequency in mental clusters (law, biology, structure, labor, psychology, science, economics, art and leisure, interpersonal communication). It produces a metaphoric spectrum from the most to least relevant images of the UKRAINE concept within the non-Ukrainian community. Consequently, UKRAINE is associated as ORGANISM; HUMAN; BUILDING; WARRIOR; LEGAL STATUS. Moderate considerations are reflected via metaphors UKRAINE as GAME; VICTIM; MACHINE; PHYSICAL BODY; OWNER; PARTNER; TARGET; OFFENDER; PRODUCT. The least frequent metaphors are UKRAINE is TEAM; FRAGMENTED OBJECT; COMPLEX OBJECT; SINGLE OBJECT; PROPERTY; IDEA; AUTHORITY; JESUS CHRIST; ANIMAL; PLANT; VEHICLE; FAMILY; CONSUMER; RESOURCE; LIQUID; SOLID; DEBTOR; ACCUSER; LEGAL SUBJECT; FLAME; LESSON; WRITTEN TEXT; PASSENGER; SCALES; GARMENT; GLASSWARE; PICTURE; RESEARCHER; EQUATION; RIVAL; BOMB. The results are open for specification (new samples of the UKRAINE concept may be processed because the war is not over and future non-Ukrainian associations may differ, respectively). Acknowledgements The study has been carried out under the project Commemoration of the Russian-Ukrainian War within the State Humanitarian Policy: Formation of a Sustainable Model of Ukrainian Society Consolidation funded by the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, State Reg. No. 0121U112686, Funding contract No. БФ/23-2021. As project performers, Vitalii Stepanov, Olena Yemelianova and Maryna Nabok greatly appreciate research supervision, advice and support of Svitlana Baranova, an article co-author and representative of another Sumy State University project (grant of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine Innovative Technologies of the Mass Consciousness Manipulation: A Polyparadigmatic Linguistic Dimension, State Reg. No. 0124U004832). Disclosure Statement The authors reported no potential conflict of interests.

Zhixin Wang, Yu Zhang, Zhengyu Zhang

This paper investigates the structural interpretation of the marginal policy effect (MPE) within nonseparable models. We demonstrate that, for a smooth functional of the outcome distribution, the MPE equals its functional derivative evaluated at the outcome-conditioned weighted average structural derivative. This equivalence is definitional rather than identification-based. Building on this theoretical result, we propose an alternative identification strategy for the MPE that complements existing methods.

Lujun Li, Lama Sleem, Yiqun Wang et al.

Recent research on time-series foundation models (TSFMs) has underscored the scarcity of real-world data, often supplemented with synthetic sources in existing datasets, whose generalizability remains however debated. As such, in this work, we propose a novel benchmarking approach: in particular, we aim at building a curated dataset reflecting real world physical temporal dynamics, extracting temporal signals from real-world videos using optical flow. As such, we introduce REAL-V-TSFM, a novel dataset designed to capture rich and diverse time series derived from real-world videos. Experimental results on state-of-the-art TSFMs under zero-shot forecasting show that, despite strong performance on conventional benchmarks, these models exhibit performance degradation on the proposed dataset, suggesting limited generalizability to novel datasets. These findings underscore the need for novel approaches to acquiring time series data and highlight the lack of universality in recent TSFMs, while further validating the effectiveness of our video-based time series data extraction pipeline.

Michael Mendler, Marc Pouzet

Concurrency and determinacy do not go well with each other when resources must be shared. Haskell provides parallel programming abstractions such as IVar and LVar in the Par monad and concurrent abstractions such as MVar and TVar in the in IO and STM monads, respectively. The former are determinate but have no destructive updates and the latter have destructive updates but do not guarantee determinacy. Programming patterns that are both concurrent and determinate, such as those provided by Kahn or Berry require memory abstractions at a higher level than is currently available. In this paper we describe a new type context PSM for policy synchronised memory in Haskell. Like STM and IO, the computations in PSM can access persistent state and, as a side-effect, update the memory in imperative style. Like the Par and IO monads, PSM supports concurrent threads and shared state. However, in contrast to IO, our PSM contexts are race-free since concurrent accesses are policy coordinated which guarantees determinacy.Well-typed transactions in the PSM context can accommodate abstract data structures that are imperative, concurrently shareable and still behave deterministically, by construction.

Irene Plaza-Ortiz, Andres Munoz-Arcentales, Joaquín Salvachúa et al.

Data has become a crucial resource in the digital economy, fostering initiatives for secure and sovereign data sharing frameworks such as Data Spaces. However, these distributed environments require fine-grained access control mechanisms that balance openness with sovereignty and security. This paper proposes an extension of the Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL) standard, the ODRL Data Spaces (ODS) profile, aimed at supporting authorization and complementing existing authentication mechanisms throughout the data lifecycle. Additionally, a policy execution engine is introduced to translate ODRL policies into executable formats, enabling effective enforcement. The approach is validated through a use case involving OpenFGA, demonstrating its applicability to relationship-based access control scenarios.

Simon Suh

The adoption of open science has quickly changed how artificial intelligence (AI) policy research is distributed globally. This study examines the regional trends in the citation of preprints, specifically focusing on the impact of two major disruptive events: the COVID-19 pandemic and the release of ChatGPT, on research dissemination patterns in the United States, Europe, and South Korea from 2015 to 2024. Using bibliometrics data from the Web of Science, this study tracks how global disruptive events influenced the adoption of preprints in AI policy research and how such shifts vary by region. By marking the timing of these disruptive events, the analysis reveals that while all regions experienced growth in preprint citations, the magnitude and trajectory of change varied significantly. The United States exhibited sharp, event-driven increases; Europe demonstrated institutional growth; and South Korea maintained consistent, linear growth in preprint adoption. These findings suggest that global disruptions may have accelerated preprint adoption, but the extent and trajectory are shaped by local research cultures, policy environments, and levels of open science maturity. This paper emphasizes the need for future AI governance strategies to consider regional variability in research dissemination and highlights opportunities for further longitudinal and comparative research to deepen our understanding of open-access adoption in AI policy development.

Soumita Mukherjee, Varun Darshana Parekh, Nikhil Tayal

Although the Boeing 737 Max incidents resulted from a mix of design shortcomings, regulatory oversights, and systemic issues, they also highlight a critical gap in pilot training on managing automated systems during abnormal conditions. This example demonstrates the urgent need for focused, concise training on human-automation interaction - a need that is equally critical for operators of Level 2 ADAS-equipped vehicles, as discussed in detail later in this article. The lack of structured education for semi-automated vehicle operators mirrors similar risks in other industries, where formal training is critical for safe operation. Two policy recommendations are proposed. First, governments should create concise, official resources in accessible and official format to educate drivers on system capabilities and limitations. Second, mandatory training and certification programs should be introduced, combining theoretical and hands-on components to prepare drivers for real-world scenarios. These measures will improve driver understanding, reduce misuse, and foster public trust in semi-automated vehicle technologies. By addressing the knowledge gap, policymakers can ensure a safer, more responsible transition to automation, maximizing its benefits while minimizing risks to public safety.

Nora Bearth, Michael Lechner, Jana Mareckova et al.

Fairness and interpretability play an important role in the adoption of decision-making algorithms across many application domains. These requirements are intended to avoid undesirable group differences and to alleviate concerns related to transparency. This paper proposes a framework that integrates fairness and interpretability into algorithmic decision making by combining data transformation with policy trees, a class of interpretable policy functions. The approach is based on pre-processing the data to remove dependencies between sensitive attributes and decision-relevant features, followed by a tree-based optimization to obtain the policy. Since data pre-processing compromises interpretability, an additional transformation maps the parameters of the resulting tree back to the original feature space. This procedure enhances fairness by yielding policy allocations that are pairwise independent of sensitive attributes, without sacrificing interpretability. Using administrative data from Switzerland to analyze the allocation of unemployed individuals to active labor market programs (ALMP), the framework is shown to perform well in a realistic policy setting. Effects of integrating fairness and interpretability constraints are measured through the change in expected employment outcomes. The results indicate that, for this particular application, fairness can be substantially improved at relatively low cost.

Ayda Rona Aylin Altınay, Özcan Garan, Betül Pişkin

The COVID-19 outbreak that emerged in China in late 2019 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, causing havoc on national and global scales. Its impact on culture and the arts has been profound, resulting in devastating consequences for the sector. Recognizing this, a cooperation protocol titled “The Effects of the Global Pandemic on Istanbul Cultural Life” was established in 2021 through a partnership between Istanbul University and the Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism. The primary objectives of this protocol were to assess the pandemic’s effects on Istanbul’s cultural and artistic scene, propose relevant solutions, and disseminate findings to the public through a comprehensive report. The protocol included eight distinct fields: cinema, theater, music, publishing, librarianship, museology, exhibition, and festivals. This study focuses on the impact of the pandemic on theater professionals. Throughout the pandemic, theater workers banded together, fostering a spirit of organization and solidarity. This collaborative environment provided artists with opportunities to collaborate, offer mutual support, and establish solidarity funds. In theater, the term “ensemble” denotes a group of actors who unite to produce a play. Each member of the ensemble brings their unique talents and skills to the performance, fostering a collaborative atmosphere in which they support one another, ultimately resulting in a seamless production. The concept of ensemble is foundational in theater as it not only promotes cooperation and support among actors but also encourages group innovation. We contend that the instances of cooperation and unionization witnessed in the theater industry during the COVID-19 pandemic exemplify the essence of the ensemble in the theater. In the study designed using the qualitative research method, an in-depth interview technique was used as a data collection tool. A total of 18 individuals, nine women, and nine men, working in the theater industry were interviewed. The data obtained from these interviews were transcribed and analyzed using the MAXQDA Qualitative Data Analysis Program.

Parisa Davar, Frédéric Godin, Jose Garrido

This paper tackles the problem of mitigating catastrophic risk (which is risk with very low frequency but very high severity) in the context of a sequential decision making process. This problem is particularly challenging due to the scarcity of observations in the far tail of the distribution of cumulative costs (negative rewards). A policy gradient algorithm is developed, that we call POTPG. It is based on approximations of the tail risk derived from extreme value theory. Numerical experiments highlight the out-performance of our method over common benchmarks, relying on the empirical distribution. An application to financial risk management, more precisely to the dynamic hedging of a financial option, is presented.

Miguel F. Arevalo-Castiblanco, Eduardo Mojica-Nava and, César A. Uribe

We propose a robust adaptive online synchronization method for leader-follower networks of nonlinear heterogeneous agents with system uncertainties and input magnitude saturation. Synchronization is achieved using a Distributed input Magnitude Saturation Adaptive Control with Reinforcement Learning (DMSAC-RL), which improves the empirical performance of policies trained on off-the-shelf models using Reinforcement Learning (RL) strategies. The leader observes the performance of a reference model, and followers observe the states and actions of the agents they are connected to, but not the reference model. The leader and followers may differ from the reference model in which the RL control policy was trained. DMSAC-RL uses an internal loop that adjusts the learned policy for the agents in the form of augmented input to solve the distributed control problem, including input-matched uncertainty parameters. We show that the synchronization error of the heterogeneous network is Uniformly Ultimately Bounded (UUB). Numerical analysis of a network of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems supports our theoretical findings.

Merve Yosunkaya

The increases in digitalization and flexibility trends have affected work life deeply and caused major changes through the COVID-19 pandemic. On one hand, the accumulation of knowledge continues to increase, while the rapid development of digital transformations on the other hand has allowed standard work styles to be replaced by new ones. The aim of this study is to determine how hybrid working, which has become increasingly widespread, is evaluated from the perspective of hybrid employees and their relationship with the work-life balance. The study also aims to determine whether hybrid employees can maintain their work-life balance. In line with this, a field study has been carried out with 400 participants employed in hybrid working. The participants were asked questions about the HybridWorking Evaluation Form and theWork-Life Balance Scale through an online questionnaire. Participants are mostly between the ages of 23-27 and single. As a result of the gender-based analyses, no significant difference was found in the approaches to hybrid working and work-life balance. According to the research findings, almost all (86.8%) hybrid employees were observed to be satisfied with this work model and to want it to become permanent. However, two-thirds (66%) are concerned that the concept of work hours will disappear due to being constantly accessible throughout the day. Due to the limited number of studies in the literature on this subject, this article is thought to be able to contribute to the literature in this respect.

Haoqing Li, Jinfu Yang, Yifei Xu et al.

Infrared Small Target Detection is a challenging task to separate small targets from infrared clutter background. Recently, deep learning paradigms have achieved promising results. However, these data-driven methods need plenty of manual annotation. Due to the small size of infrared targets, manual annotation consumes more resources and restricts the development of this field. This letter proposed a labor-efficient and cursory annotation framework with level set, which obtains a high-quality pseudo mask with only one cursory click. A variational level set formulation with an expectation difference energy functional is designed, in which the zero level contour is intrinsically maintained during the level set evolution. It solves the issue that zero level contour disappearing due to small target size and excessive regularization. Experiments on the NUAA-SIRST and IRSTD-1k datasets reveal that our approach achieves superior performance. Code is available at https://github.com/Li-Haoqing/COM.

Zhuravleva Ludmila, Zarubina Elena, Ruchkin Aleksey et al.

Increasing the productivity of farmers and the efficiency of peasant (farm) farms, including timely sales of agricultural products to the population, today they are strategically important the tasks of ensuring food security in our country. Comprehensive scientific research of farm labor in in modern conditions, highlighting problems and points of growth peasant (farm) farms, designed to help the solution of this strategic task. The article presents socio -philosophical analysis of farm labor culture in the Sverdlovsk region. The purpose of the study is defined as analysis subjective and objective factors of efficiency improvement farm labor: technical and technological equipment, logistics, motivation of economic behavior of farmers, the level of state support, as well as key issues in the activity modern farmers. To investigate the problem posed a set of theoretical and empirical methods was used: system approach, document analysis, analysis of modern foreign and domestic literature on development problems peasant (farm) farms, statistical analysis, as well as conducting a sociological study among farmers Sverdlovsk region. The results of the study, formulated in the form of recommendations, reflect the nodal points the growth of the development of peasant (farm) farms in modern difficult conditions and require taking into account such growth points in implementation of the agrarian policy of the region.

Konstantin Bogatyrev, Inna Irtyshcheva, Serhii Romanenko et al.

The subject of the study is the process of assessing the current state and national characteristics of organizational and managerial system of development of sports and recreational activities in the transformation of the national economy. Methodology. General scientific methods used in the study, in particular: theoretical generalization; methods of positive and normative analysis and statistical analysis. The purpose of the research is the process of assessing the current state and national characteristics of the organizational and management system of development of sports and recreational activities. The conclusion of the study. The main legislative and regulatory documents regulating sports and health activities in Ukraine are defined, including the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine "On Physical Culture and Sports" and the Law of Ukraine "The Fundamentals of Legislation of Ukraine on Health Protection". Legislation of Ukraine aimed at regulating the state policy of sport and health and divides it into separate spheres: health (health care) and sport (physical education and sports), according to which the state policy of both spheres, created on the principles of efficiency and humanity orientation, equal access and health, modern orientation, yet must understand the combination of sport and sphere in achieving the main goal – "preservation and restoration of physiological and psychological functions, optimal labor and social activity with maximum biological possibilities of individual life." It is established that in Ukraine the medical sphere may be financed from different sources: state and local budgets, insurance and charity funds, other financial sources not prohibited by law. Analysis has shown that in Ukraine the level of budget expenditures on health care does not exceed 3% of GDP, while according to the World Health Organization, a necessary condition for the effective functioning of the medical sector is the level of budget expenditures on health care from 6% to 8%, determined by the amount of GDP. It is analyzed that in 2015 in Ukraine there was an actual decrease in the level of health care in % (from 3.6% to 3.0%). If to take into account the parallel reduction of state expenditures as a whole for the studied period, it is possible to state a decrease in the level of efficiency of expenditures on health care in the structure of the reduction of total state budget expenditures. The analysis showed that in the structure of central government spending (including transfers) for 2015-2020, the share of spending on health care (as a percentage of GDP from 3.2% to 2.5%, and as a percentage of the state budget from 11.0% to 9.6%) decreased, the share of spending on spiritual and physical development remained virtually the same, and the share of spending on economic activity, security, the judiciary and defense increased. It has been proven that in parallel with the centralized method of providing a package of basic medical services in Ukraine, the "additional subsidy for the maintenance of health care and educational institutions" has been significantly reduced. Not all communities were ready for this change, and new low-income communities and those that could not cover all the necessary costs of development, health care, physical education and sports were ready for this change and enjoy the need to find new opportunities for funding sports and health.

María Teresa Díaz Aznarte

El derecho de los supervivientes de parejas de hecho a ser beneficiarios de la pensión de viudedad se configuró en 2007 de un modo restrictivo, marcando importantes diferencias de trato respecto a las parejas matrimoniales. A la exigencia de requisitos formales orientados a acreditar la convivencia estable y notoria, se sumó la necesidad de demostrar dependencia económica del sujeto causante. Durante más de una década, la doctrina jurisprudencial del Tribunal Constitucional ha venido afirmando la razonabilidad y proporcionalidad de esta diferencia de trato, considerándola acorde al principio de igualdad y no discriminación. La Ley 21/2021, de 28 de diciembre, de garantía del poder adquisitivo de las pensiones y de otras medidas de refuerzo de la sostenibilidad financiera y social del sistema público de pensiones, ha introducido novedades de calado en relación a esta materia, avanzando hacia una equiparación real entre uniones matrimoniales y uniones de hecho, en una acertada decisión político-jurídica por parte del legislador ordinario.

Marcelo Ubal Camargo

El presente artículo se estructura en base a tres ejes. El primero de ellos rescata las características principales de la Reforma de Córdoba así como el contexto que permitió que un grupo de estudiantes se organizara para democratizar y transformar profundamente la educación superior latinoamericana. El segundo eje propone una aggiornamento de los principios de la Reforma de Córdoba principalmente en base a los aportes del CRES (“III Conferencia Regional de Educación Superior de América Latina y el Caribe) que fue celebrado en Córdoba (Argentina) en conmemoración de los 100 años de la Reforma. Finalmente realizamos un breve presentación de la relevancia de la Reforma en Uruguay, profundizando en el análisis de la presencia de los principios reformistas en la Ley 19.043 de creación de UTEC (Universidad Tecnológica del Uruguay). En base al análisis de artículos de prensa y proyectos enviados al Parlamento Nacional, concluimos subrayando la falta de fundamentos empíricos, democráticos y republicanos de las actuales autoridades educativas de Uruguay a la hora de criticar a la Reforma de Córdoba, además de analizar las consecuencias que tendría el incremento de una lógicas autoritarias en la educación, así cómo su impacto en el deterioro democrático de un país con una de las democracias más robustas de nuestra América.

John C. Barentine, Jessica Heim, Aparna Venkatesan et al.

Our planet and our species are at an existential crossroads. In the long term, climate change threatens to upend life as we know it, while the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic revealed that the world is unprepared and ill-equipped to handle acute shocks to its many systems. These shocks exacerbate the inequities and challenges already present prior to COVID in ways that are still evolving in unpredictable directions. As weary nations look toward a post-COVID world, we draw attention to both the injustice and many impacts of the quiet occupation of near-Earth space, which has rapidly escalated during this time of global crisis. The communities most impacted by climate change, the ongoing pandemic, and systemic racism are those whose voices are missing as stakeholders both on the ground and in space. We argue that significant domestic and international changes to the use of near-Earth space are urgently needed to preserve access to - and the future utility of - the valuable natural resources of space and our shared skies. After examining the failure of the U.S. and international space policy status quo to address these issues, we make specific recommendations in support of safer and more equitable uses of near-Earth space.