Hasil untuk "Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"

Teodora Dominteanu, Liviu Marian Matac, Nicholas Victor Julius Alexander et al.

Eating behavior of students is a major concern given the prevalence of chronic diseases associated with unhealthy food preferences, such as ultra-processed foods, which are characterized by wide availability, extensive marketing and advertising efforts and affordable prices. At the same time, the proximity of the vendors of such food products to university campuses and the students' financial constraints make this type of consumption exacerbate the pressure on the health care system and generate long-term negative effects on the health of students, future contributors to the labor market. This study differs from previous research by using a multimodal methodological approach, analyzing the relationship between food supply and demand in the vicinity of the university campus. The investigation examines the correlation between students' food preferences with the distribution of food suppliers, providing a detailed insight into how accessibility, pricing, and commercial strategies influence food choices. The results of the study indicated a preferential consumption of ultra-processed foods over healthy foods due to both their lower cost and to the presence of numerous vendors selling such food products in the vicinity of the campus. It was also observed that healthy foods were consumed more frequently outside the hours spent at the university, suggesting that the food environment on campus can be influenced by the university through a specific strategy to raise awareness about the risks associated with the consumption of ultra-processed foods, thus, towards healthier eating. The study contributes significantly to our understanding of the impact of socio-economic and cultural factors on students' food preferences, offering insights into their vulnerability to ultra-processed food supply. In addition, it highlights the existing gaps in food policies and puts forward recommendations with the aim of promoting healthy eating behavior by means of diversifying the offer and optimizing accessibility for the consumption of healthy products. Furthermore, it enhances the body of literature in this particular field.

Confrontée à des défis socio-économiques importants, à un taux de chômage et à des taux de pauvreté élevés, ainsi qu’à une croissance économique lente, l’Afrique subsaharienne reste vulnérable au changement climatique. Les auteurs examinent les effets des chocs climatiques sur l’emploi des jeunes et l’emploi dans l’agriculture, l’industrie et les services. En utilisant la méthode de la double différence sur des données de panel, ils constatent que la hausse des températures provoque des pertes d’emploi pour les jeunes et dans le secteur agricole. Ils observent également que les températures élevées entraînent une réallocation de la main-d’oeuvre du secteur agricole vers ceux de l’industrie et des services.

Edvin Syk, Johan Westerman, Karin Halldén

This study examines long-term trends in labor market peripherality and its association with job quality in Sweden from 1968 to 2010. Using linked register data, labor market biographies, and the Swedish Level of Living Survey, we construct a multidimensional measure of peripheral labor market status—including temporary and part-time contracts, excessive job mobility, and unemployment spells. While contemporary labor market theories suggest increasing segmentation and declining job quality for peripheral workers, our findings provide only modest support for this view. Associations between peripheral status and poor job quality — particularly in terms of work autonomy and physical hazards — are generally weak and largely accounted for by prior job conditions. Evidence for increasing divergence over time is limited, suggesting that labor market polarization in terms of job conditions along contractual divides may be less pronounced than often assumed.

Acácia Kuenzer

O estudo das políticas públicas para o ensino médio e educação profissional tem sido um dos objetos privilegiados pelo GT 9 da Anped, ao longo da sua história. Nesse momento histórico que estamos vivendo, em que políticas de ensino médio e educação profissional e tecnológica têm sido formuladas sem o necessário debate com as entidades representativas dos trabalhadores, professores, pesquisadores e estudantes, o resgate de outros momentos em que essa mesma estratégia foi utilizada para impor diretrizes curriculares que aprofundam a desigualdade da oferta em prejuízo da classe trabalhadora, é um movimento necessário. Isso porque o passado nos ajuda a compreender o presente, que por sua vez traz anúncios do futuro, reforçando a necessidade do enfrentamento das políticas estabelecidas de forma autoritária que desqualificam a educação disponibilizada para os que vivem do trabalho, com o que se aprofundam as diferenças de classe.

Ana Paula Felix, Eliza Bartolozzi Ferreira, Kefren Calegari dos Santos

Resumo O objetivo é analisar a forma de implantação do “novo ensino médio” no Espírito Santo. O estudo é desenvolvido a partir de uma breve revisão bibliográfica e análise dos instrumentos normativos que orientam a organização do “novo ensino médio”. As percepções dos trabalhadores docentes sobre a reforma foram analisadas com base nos dados coletados a partir de uma enquete aplicada com 263 docentes. A forma de implantação da reforma é singular e a maioria dos docentes desconhecem ou conhecem parcialmente a organização do “novo ensino médio”. Palavras-chave: reforma; ensino médio; ação pública.

Elisabeth Fevang

Norge har høy sysselsetting og lav ledighet. Samtidig er det en høy andel av befolkningen som mottar helserelaterte ytelser, noe som til en viss grad skjuler et ledighetsproblem. Basert på tidligere forskning diskuteres i denne artikkelen mulige forklaringer på den høye andelen med helserelaterte ytelser, samt mulige tiltak som kan redusere bruk av slike ytelser. For eksempel har reglene for å få dagpenger blitt innskrenket de siste tiårene, noe som har ført til en vridning fra ledighet til helserelaterte ytelser. En måte å redusere medikalisering og overforbruk av uføretrygd er å slakke på kravene til å få innvilget dagpenger.

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Joan Miquel Verd, Oriol Barranco, Mireia Bolíbar

Abstract Since the beginning of the recession period in Europe, unemployment has greatly affected the young adult population. In this context, Spain is regarded as an extreme case, due to its exceptionally high youth unemployment rates. This article seeks to identify the determinants that have led certain groups of Spanish young people to suffer labour market trajectories with higher levels of unemployment and instability during the Great Recession than others. To do this, retrospective data from the 2012 Catalan Youth Survey are used. With these data and using cluster analysis, a typology of labour market trajectories is constructed. Next, multinomial logistic regressions are used to identify what individual socio-demographic characteristics and pre-crisis employment experiences are connected to these different typological career paths. Results show that the highly differentiated career paths are associated with different social profiles and differences in the presence of unemployment. Moreover, interesting differences among the most unstable career paths appear. For the most vulnerable social profiles the employment trajectory prior to the crisis seems to point towards the existence of an entrapment in low-skilled jobs that alternate with situations of unemployment. For those with a slightly better position their employment situation after the initiation of the crisis seems to have been impacted by their brief labour market trajectory before the crisis and their resulting work experience gap.

Tomás R. Villasante

Se critican los intentos concienciadores desde las vanguardias auto-proclamadas. Se ofrece un esquema de cómo son las relaciones de comunicación actuales y unas posibles estrategias con “conjuntos de acción” que venimos practicando desde las metodologías participativas. La construcción de la conciencia social parte de lo biológico y pre-consciente en los ciclos vitales básicos, y mediante “ritos de paso” construye las conciencias colectivas en las que nos movemos. Se acaba proponiendo trabajar con “grupos motores” en las democracias participativas.

Nuno Castro Marques

Vicente Bagnoli

On October 3rd, 2014, the European Commission (EC) concluded the analysis of the transaction by which Facebook, Inc. (“Facebook”, USA) had acquired WhatsApp Inc. (“WhatsApp”, USA) by way of a purchase of shares for US$ 19 billion, which contributed to Facebook’s strategy of focusing its business on mobile development (Case no. COMP/M.7217). In its decision, the EC stated that the deal would raise no competition concerns and authorised the proposed acquisition of WhatsApp by Facebook concluding that Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp are not close competitors and that consumers would continue to have a wide choice of alternatives for consumer communication apps after the acquisition. The EC analysed potential data concentration issues only within the scope that the acquisition could weigh down competition in the online advertising market. Privacy-related concerns from the increased concentration of data within the control of Facebook because of the deal with WhatsApp are not an EU Competition Law matter. Notwithstanding, just some months after the decision two national competition authorities (Germany and Italy) opened procedures against Facebook. In Germany, the Bundeskartellamt initiated in March 2016 a proceeding against Facebook – Facebook Inc., USA, the Irish subsidiary of the company, and Facebook Germany GmbH, Hamburg – on suspicion that  Facebook had abused its market power by infringing data protection rules with its specific terms of service on the use of user data. In Italy, in May 2017, the Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (AGCM) fined WhatsApp EUR 3 million for having forced its users to share their personal data with Facebook as a conclusion of two investigations opened in October 2016 concerning infringements of the Consumer Code. The present article proposes to answer three main questions concerning the EC decision on the WhatsApp acquisition by Facebook: (i) Did the EC apply the best tools to analyse the case?; (ii) Could the EC have addressed a decision that would somehow interfere in the privacy field?; and (iii) Could the procedures in Germany and Italy have been avoided?

Cláudio Nascimento, Aline Mendonça dos Santos

A economia solidária como estratégia político-pedagógica em prol da democracia e de outro projeto societário esteve presente na agenda do movimento de economia solidária.  Não por acaso, sempre foi compreendida como uma perspectiva real de transformação da realidade social por aquele que foi a maior referência de economia solidária no Brasil: Paul Singer. Este artigo propõe traçar os esforços teóricos, políticos e práticos que Paul Singer desenvolveu ao longo de sua trajetória pessoal e profissional para contribuir no avanço da autogestão e da economia solidária, entendida como ato pedagógico e como estratégia de desenvolvimento.

Ronaldo Reis

O texto expõe o estado da arte da pesquisa sobre as relações sociais de produção artística e o ensino de arte no Brasil observando seus principais avanços em quatro anos. Tem por objetivos relatar e divulgar o desenvolvimento teórico-metodológico da pesquisa e refletir politicamente sobre o trabalho do pesquisador. Palavras-chave: trabalho; arte-educação; política.

Müge Adalet McGowan, Dan Andrews

Abstract This paper explores the link between skill and qualification mismatch and labor productivity using cross-country industry data for 19 OECD countries. Utilizing mismatch indicators aggregated from micro-data sourced from the recent OECD Survey of Adult Skills (PIAAC), the main results suggest that higher skill and qualification mismatch is associated with lower labor productivity, with over-skilling and under-qualification accounting for most of these impacts. A novel result is that higher skill mismatch is associated with lower labor productivity through a less efficient allocation of resources, presumably because when the share of over-skilled workers is higher, more productive firms find it more difficult to attract skilled labor and gain market shares at the expense of less productive firms. At the same time, a higher share of under-qualified workers is associated with both lower allocative efficiency and within-firm productivity – that is, a lower ratio of high productivity to low productivity firms. While differences in managerial quality can potentially account for the relationship between mismatch and within-firm productivity, the paper offers some preliminary insights into the policy factors that might explain the link between skill mismatch and resource allocation.

Astrid Kunze

Abstract This paper explores the short-and long-term effects on wages of absence from work for young highly attached skilled male and female workers in West Germany. The analysis distinguishes different types of career absence: unemployment, maternity leave for female workers, compulsory service for male workers and other non-work spells. We find negative effects for all types of work absence, except for compulsory service for men. Compulsory service has a positive short-term wage effect. Unemployment decreases wages in the short term only, and for women more strongly than for men. Maternity leave leads to substantial losses for women. An important finding of this study is that maternity leave leads to substantially higher wage losses than other types of work absence, especially in the long term.

Sonia Maria Rummert, Jaqueline Ventura

Não podemos deixar de registrar, no início deste Editorial, o fato de chegarmos ao vigésimo quinto número da Revista Trabalho Necessário, publicação do Núcleo de Estudos, Documentação e Dados sobre Trabalho e Educação - NEDDATE, da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade Federal Fluminense – UFF. Trata-se, sem dúvida, de uma conquista a ser comemorada, tanto pela essencial colaboração de tantos colegas que abraçaram, dentro de suas possibilidades, a proposta quanto pelo fato de que cada número divulgado expressa um substantivo esforço de sua Equipe Editorial que conta tão somente com apoio institucional do NEDDATE.

Sonia Maria Rummert

Apresentamos aos leitores da Trabalho Necessário um pequeno texto de Nicos Poulantzas escrito, a título de Prefácio, para o livro A internacional comunista e a escola de classe, de autoria de Daniel Lindenberg, cuja tradução para a língua portuguesa foi publicada pela Editora Centelha, de Coimbra, Portugal, no ano de 1977. A obra, pouco conhecida, tanto em Portugal quanto no Brasil, e hoje raramente encontrada, reúne um conjunto de textos “produzidos por organismos membros ou simpatizantes da terceira Internacional (1919-1943)” (Lindenberg, 1977, p.17). Organizada com o objetivo de estabelecer um diálogo com a França de 1968, nela o autor afirma considerar fundamental “mostrar que Maio de 68 e, em geral, a revolta mundial da juventude escolar, não implica a revisão nem mesmo o abandono puro e simples do marxismo-leninismo como arma de compreensão-transformação da realidade” (Idem, p.16).

Sanzidur Rahman, Mohammad Mizanul Haque Kazal, Ismat Ara Begum et al.

The study assesses international competitiveness, profitability, output supply and input demand of maize production using a farm survey data of 165 farmers from two major maize growing areas (i.e., Dinajpur and Lalmonirhat districts) of northwestern Bangladesh. Results revealed that maize production is globally competitive and, therefore, can successfully substitute its import. Maize production is also profitable at the farm level (Benefit Cost Ratio = 1.21) with no adverse influence of farm size on yield and profitability. Maize farmers are also responsive to changes in market prices of inputs and outputs. A 1% increase in maize price will increase output supply by 0.4%. The most dominant driver of maize supply and other input demands is land. A 1% increase in available land will increase maize supply by a substantial 3.9%. In addition, landless laborers will benefit through an increase in hired labor demand when land area increases. Policy implications include investments in R&D, tenurial reform to consolidate land holding and smooth functioning of the hired labor market in order to increase maize production and profitability in Bangladesh.

Lucília Machado

O artigo situa a obra Politecnia, Escola Unitária e Trabalho no percurso intelectual da autora; apresenta alguns dos desafios encontrados para realizá-la e questões que a levaram ao prosseguimento das investigações sobre esses conceitos. Trata-se de um transcurso longo, de mais de 30 anos, que requereu a seleção de alguns temas pela sua recorrência ou permanência como questões que não estão ainda resolvidas ou que permanecem por decidir. O artigo traz as principais referências bibliográficas das interlocuções estabelecidas para a produção da referida obra e discussão posterior. Ele apresenta também algumas das questões que carecem de investigações mais aprofundadas, tais como descrições sobre práticas pedagógicas que materializem a Pedagogia do Trabalho; esclarecimentos sobre diferenças entre a Pedagogia do Trabalho e as chamadas pedagogias ativas com relação à aplicação do princípio educativo da atividade; e se, como e porque o fetichismo tecnicista não se faz presente na Pedagogia do Trabalho.

Rodney Fort

In this reading list, journal articles and chapters from collected works of my acquaintance are organized under a set of college sports topic headings. Rather than the usual “economics” topics (demand, supply, market structure, labor, business and government), the aim is to inform a more general audience. There is no claim to exhaustive coverage and no detailed review of any topic that would guide future research. Instead, it is hoped that the list is helpful to those wishing to simply delve into economics offerings under topic headings that match a reader’s interest.