The university marks a critical juncture in student’s lives where the shift to adulthood involves significant social, academic and personal obstacles, this shift can be made more difficult by past adverse experiences. This study set out to investigate the impact of adverse childhood experiences on the psychological well-being and human flourishing of undergraduates in the university. In carrying out this study, specific objectives were to: (a) determine if ACEs will significantly influence psychological well-being among Unilag students.(b) determine if there is a negative relationship between ACEs and human flourishing among Unilag students, it is also aimed at examining if age differences are moderating the impact of ACEs on psychological well-being, and lastly to determine if there are differences in the levels of adverse childhood experiences and psychological well-being between Males and Females. Students were conveniently sampled across various levels and departments at the University of Lagos. The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 400 undergraduate students. Participants completed self-reported questionnaires assessing their ACEs, psychological well-being and human flourishing. The findings indicate that ACEs have a significant negative influence on psychological well-being (B=-2.636, p= <.001), and showed a significant negative relationship between ACEs and human flourishing (r= - .503, p= <.01). However, age did have a significant influence on the impact of ACEs on psychological well-being (B= -.288, p=.033). Males did not report higher ACEs and psychological well-being than females (t(333)= 0.091, p=0.927), (t(333) = 1.077, p = 0.282). This study concludes that ACEs have a detrimental influence on university student’s psychological well-being and that ACEs have a negative relationship with the flourishing of students at the University of Lagos. Discussions and recommendations were made in line with the research findings.
Ricardo Limongi, Pablo Rogers Silva, Pâmella Bandeira
et al.
Objetivo: A pensata teve como objetivo explorar como a implementação de práticas de ciência aberta pode mitigar as práticas prejudiciais de p-Hacking e HARKing na pesquisa científica, além de analisar os desafios e benefícios dessa abordagem para a integridade e a reprodutibilidade dos estudos. Método: Foi adotada uma abordagem discursiva sobre as práticas de p-Hacking e HARKing, além de explorar as iniciativas da ciência aberta. A pesquisa é uma pensata sobre o tema, analisando tanto artigos acadêmicos quanto relatórios de instituições científicas. Principais Resultados: A ciência aberta promove transparência em todas as etapas da pesquisa, reduzindo p-Hacking e HARKing. O registro prévio de estudos e o compartilhamento aberto de dados aumentam a confiança nos resultados científicos e a reprodutibilidade. A publicação de resultados mesmo que negativos ou não significativos evita o viés de publicação, proporcionando uma visão mais completa do estado da pesquisa. Essas práticas reforçam a integridade científica e contribuem para um avanço mais robusto e confiável do conhecimento. Relevância / Originalidade: A pensata insere-se na carência de discussões relacionando a integridade e reprodutibilidade das pesquisas científicas. A relevância acadêmica está na proposta de um paradigma mais transparente e colaborativo para a pesquisa científica, promovendo maior confiança nos achados científicos e contribuindo para a construção de um conhecimento mais robusto. Contribuições Teóricas / Metodológicas: A ciência aberta promove transparência, reduzindo p-Hacking e HARKing. Práticas como registro prévio de estudos e compartilhamento aberto de dados aumentam a reprodutibilidade. Publicar resultados mesmo que negativos, numa abordagem confirmatória, sem explorar os dados, evita viés de publicação, melhorando decisões gerenciais e promovendo a cultura de transparência e confiabilidade na pesquisa científica.
Abstract
Shiism experienced a significant crisis following the tragedy of Ashura characterized by oppression, fear, isolation, and the practice of taqiyyah. This study focused on the strategies employed by Imam Sajjad (A.S.) to revive Shiism in the aftermath of this event. Specifically, it addressed this question: How can we analyze Imam Sajjad’s strategies for revitalizing Shiism after the Ashura event? It appeared that Imam Sajjad (A.S.) utilized components of diffusion theory—namely, the destination of diffusion (environments that were both receptive and intolerant, along with political and cultural barriers), paths of diffusion (including displacement, contagious, and hierarchical diffusion), and timing of diffusion. By leveraging various tools, such as the community's reverence for the Prophet’s family, he transformed the emotional landscape created after Ashura, mitigating the effects of the oppressive Umayyad regime and countering the influence of pro-Umayyad scholars. Through initiatives like cadre building and promoting pilgrimage, he effectively revived Shiism after the Ashura event. This research elucidated Imam Sajjad's actions through the lens of diffusion theory, demonstrating how Shiism was revitalized in the wake of Ashura. Employing a historical methodology, the study analyzed Imam Sajjad's activities aimed at reviving Shiism, including cadre development, exposing Umayyad injustices, mobilizing the populace post-Karbala, challenging beliefs in predestination, elucidating the fundamental principles of Imamate, addressing key issues, and countering deviation through prayer and supplication.
Keywords: Strategies of Imam Sajjad (A.S.), Revival of Shiism, Ashura Event, Diffusion Theory, Umayyad Era.
Introduction
The era of Imam Sajjad (A.S.), which commenced on Ashura in 61 AH, unfolded under exceptional circumstances. The oppressive measures of the Umayyads coupled with the suppression of dissenting movements and emergence of deviant intellectual currents underscored the urgent need for the revitalization of Shiite life. In light of the political, social, and cultural conditions of his time, Imam Sajjad (A.S.) adopted various approaches to articulate the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt, employing methods, such as prayer and pilgrimage. This study sought to analyze how Imam Sajjad (A.S.) revived Shiism following the Ashura event and identify the factors that influenced this revival. Several books and articles have been published regarding Imam Sajjad's role in the resurgence of Shiism. Notably, Seyyed Ja'far Shahidi's Life of Ali ibn al-Hussein (2001) examined and critiqued some well-known historical accounts of Imam Sajjad (A.S.). While this work shared common themes with the present research, it offered a new perspective by integrating theoretical frameworks. Additionally, Mohsen Ranjbar's Studying the Role of Imam Sajjad (A.S.) in Shiite Leadership after the Karbala Incident (2002) explored the cultural and political landscape of Imam Sajjad's era, focusing on his stance against the caliphate. However, this article distinguished itself by analyzing the environmental factors and components of diffusion theory relevant to Imam Sajjad's context. Another significant work was Madrasah Kalami Medinah from the Beginning to the Imamate of Imam Baqir (2024) written by Seyyed Ali Hussainizadeh from Khizrabad, which reviewed the history of Imamiyyah thought up to the end of Imam Sajjad's era through historical reports. Unlike the other two works, it did not provide an analysis of Imam Sajjad (A.S.) based on diffusion theory. Finally, Seyyed Gholam Hossein Hosseini's article, Headlines of the Political Movement of Imam Sajjad (A.S.) in the Karbala Movement (2002), touched upon similar themes; yet, it did not specifically apply diffusion theory, revealing a gap in independent research on this topic.
Materials & Methods
Diffusion theory introduced by Swedish geographer Hagerstrand in 1935, explored how innovations, phenomena, ideas, and thoughts spread. Initially applied to agriculture and disease transmission, this theory has since found relevance in political science and international relations. It effectively explains the reasons behind the spread of various intellectual and physical innovations, detailing how they disseminate, the pathways they follow, and the factors that may halt or re-ignite their spread. Additionally, it accounts for the stability of certain trends and the decline of others. In the modern era, cultural elements and innovations cross borders at unprecedented speeds, akin to jet travel and satellite communication. Contagious and hierarchical diffusion represent two rapid forms of expansion diffusion, where ideas and concepts migrate from new sources without the need for physical relocation. When analyzing the impact of any political innovation through the lens of diffusion theory, key factors like origin and destination, timeframes, tools, and channels of dissemination are considered. Furthermore, diffusion barriers and competing waves serve as mitigating factors that must be addressed in the examination of the phenomenon and its diffusion.
Research Findings
Imam Zayn al-Abidin (A.S.) aimed to restore order in a society that had succumbed to misguidance and moral decay, striving to revive authentic Islam (Shi'a). Alongside the Sahifa al-Sajjadiyah, which encapsulates the principles and teachings of Islam, the Treatise on Rights outlines fundamental rights that govern human life and ensure its happiness. Indeed, religion and Sharia were revealed to uphold these rights. Through this guidance, the Imam demonstrated that only an Imam, intimately connected to the source of revelation, possesses the authority to enact progressive laws that resonate with the human spirit.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
The continuation of Umayyad rule under Yazid and Abdul Malik ibn Marwan following the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (A.S.) coupled with the atmosphere of fear and repression that ensued after the Ashura event posed significant challenges for Imam Sajjad (A.S.) in his efforts to revive and expand Shiism. Despite these obstacles, Imam Sajjad (A.S.) emerged as a pivotal figure in this revival, leveraging the emotional climate following events, such as the incident of Hurra and the destruction of Kaaba by Yazid's forces, alongside the public’s growing interest in the Prophet's family. To navigate the unwelcoming environment, the Imam implemented several strategies: he focused on training and building a cadre of supporters, exposed the injustices of the Umayyad regime, and sought to awaken the populace in the aftermath of Karbala. He also challenged the legitimacy of predestination and clarified the fundamental principles of Imamate. Through prayers and invocations, he addressed key issues and countered deviations, significantly advancing his goals. Utilizing methods like prayer and pilgrimage (path of diffusion) and disseminating religious concepts through his students and trained followers (path of contagion), Imam Sajjad (A.S.) endeavored to revive Shiism even amid the oppressive rule of the most tyrannical Umayyad caliphs, including Yazid and Abdul Malik ibn Marwan. This period marked a crucial phase in the diffusion of Shiism.
History (General) and history of Europe, History of Asia
Can International Relations (IR) be studied without reproducing its violence? This is the central question of this article. To investigate this, the first step is to expose the violence that we argue remains at the heart of our discipline. The article thus begins by exploring the disciplinary practices firmly grounded in relations of coloniality that plague disciplines more broadly and IR in particular. An analysis of IR’s epistemic violence is followed by an autoethnographic exploration of IR’s violent practices, specifically the violent practices in which one of the article’s authors knowingly and unknowingly engaged in as part of an impact-related trip to the international compound of Mogadishu International Airport in Somalia. Here the article lays bare how increasing demands on IR scholars to become ‘international experts’ having impact on the policy world is pushing them more and more into spaces governed by colonial violence they are unable to escape. The final section of this article puts forward a tentative path toward a less violent IR that advocates almost insignificant acts of subversion in our disciplinary approach and practices aimed at exposing and challenging this epistemic and structural violence. The article concludes that IR does not need to be abandoned, but rather, by taking on a position of discomfort, needs to acknowledge its violence and attempt to mitigate it – one almost insignificant step at a time.
States, governments and leaders often reject one another’s role prescriptions. They stick to enacting their role, what they consider to be their central purpose and main promise within a given international society. By applying the main tenets of role theory, this essay looks at the reasons why actors sometimes reject the prescriptions of others, including attempts at bargaining. Rather than claiming that those prescriptions are rejected on account of the pursuit of self-identity or ontological security, this essay suggests that those positions have more to do with defending the public credibility of one’s master role, the core promise made by an actor to (domestic and/or international) audiences. Master roles have to do with the main promises of an actor in a given social and political order, thereby providing credibility to a domestic and international audience. Without maintaining credibility, the actor is unlikely to be able to fulfil master and auxiliary roles as initially set out. The essay contributes to role theory in three ways: by looking beyond explanations centred on identification and ontological security, by conversely building upon public credibility, and also by showing how audiences and roles matter to illiberal regimes. To illustrate the argument, the essay addresses the government of Uzbekistan’s attempt to keep credibility in the face of Russian altercasting in the 1990s.
Este artículo presenta un análisis general sobre la presidencia de Enrique Peña Nieto, que accedió al poder en 2012 como resultado de la victoria del pri luego de doce años de gobiernos panistas. Desde el inicio se destaca un elemento central y paradójico que define al sexenio: el pasaje de un arranque avasallante, con el “Pacto por México” y las reformas que surgieron de éste como emblema, a un final en donde la popularidad del presidente cayó a niveles muy bajos y su partido sufrió una derrota sin precedentes. El artículo considera las diferentes “reformas estructurales” derivadas del Pacto, examinando los principales cambios que promovieron, así como la dinámica política que definió su proceso de implementación. Por otro lado, se hace hincapié en dos grandes factores que explicaron el deterioro de la imagen presidencial y del gobierno: uno, los numerosos casos de corrupción en los que se vieron implicados no sólo el presidente y su familia, sino numerosos gobernadores de su partido; y dos, la escalada de la violencia criminal y el fracaso de la política orientada a combatirla.
The article explores the political crisis in Abkhazia in 2014 -2017. The author analyzes its visible preconditions, as well as the reasons that are beyond the political situation (nation building, Abkhazian society’s attitude to sovereignty, the political system reform). The author also considers the issue of forming mechanisms for protecting Abkhazian political system from crises. In conclusion, a preliminary analysis of the events of January, 2018 is given.
The main economic interests of Spain in the Mediterranean region during the study period were focused on the Maghreb countries and were mainly associated with the energy sector. The leading recipients of Spanish investments are Tunisia and Morocco. Relations with the countries of the Maghreb Spain relied on a solid
The article is devoted to one of the urgent problems of corporate law, namely to legal regulation of shareholders agreements under Russian and common law. This issue gains currency in the light of comparative law in connection with the necessity of protection of minority shareholders’ rights in Russian companies.The necessity of legal fixation of the shareholders agreements (SHA) institute, in its turn, is conditioned by a number of reasons, namely: increase in number of transactions on merges and acquisitions (M&A), problems connected with the protection of the companies from illegal takeovers number of which has extremely increased in recent years and, certainly, by aspiration to attract foreign investments in the Russian economy by entry into transactions with foreign investors including creation of joint ventures (JV).Thus, the available negative tendency of avoiding Russian legislation and jurisdiction directly contravenes creation of the international financial center in Moscow. For development of financial sector it is necessary to increase attractiveness of Russian legislation and jurisdiction including expansion of SHA functionality (to the extent that it doesn’t entail violation of third parties interests).The article will be useful for students, professors of law and also for practicing lawyers.
Law of nations, Comparative law. International uniform law
The fundamental question of whether or not the Green Movement’s opposition leaders were successful in their attempts to change the political landscape in Iran first lies in understanding the premise behind the organization and secondly recognizing the actual goals of the leadership. Consequently, this article analyzes these questions as a framework for developing a comparative analysis between revolutions and civil rights movements as a means to understand both the intent and outcomes of the Green Movement. From this analysis, lessons learned are put forth as a means to establish a series of recommendations for future Western political engagements with Iran. In doing so, the hope is that a political dialogue will emerge between Western governments that both alleviate the current tensions while also addressing security concerns in the region.
In recent years, with some frequency it is heard that Latin America, especially South America, is witnessing the rise of an arms race. Frequent reports in the press and strong statements made by politicians in the region have fueled this fear. At the same time, scholars have also reached to this conclusion, as pointed out by Malamud and Garcia: "The famous arms race in Latin America, led by Venezuela, is no longer just talk."
What is the relationship between security and secularization in International Relations? The widespread acceptance of secularism as the paradigmatic framework that underlies the study of world politics has left this question largely unexplored. Yet, the recent challenges to the secularization thesis and the growing attention that is being devoted to questions of religion and secularism in international politics increasingly suggest the importance of undertaking this investigation. This article takes up this task in three main steps. First, it will explore how the limits of a widely accepted but nonetheless problematic account of the emergence of the modern Westphalian nation-state contribute to a dominant underlying assumption in security studies that implicitly associates security with secularization. Second, it will articulate a competing genealogy of security and secularization which suggests that rather than solving the problem of religious insecurity, secularization makes the question of fear and the politics of exceptionalism central to the state-centric project of modernity and its related vision of security. Finally, the article will examine how these elements inform and, most of all, constrain attempts to move beyond the traditional state-centric framework of security. The focus will be on three such attempts: human security, the securitization theory and Ken Booth’s critical theory of security.